8. Common SD and HD frame rates and format HD 16:9 2,073,600 (1920 x 1080) 24, 25, 30, 50, 60 1080p HD 16:9 2,073,600 (1920 x 1080) 25, 30 1080i HD 16:9 921,600 (1280 x 720) 24, 25, 30, 50, 60 720p SD 4:3 414,720 (720 x 575) 24, 25, 50 576p SD 4:3 345,600 (720 x 480) 24, 30, 60 480p Type Aspect Ratio Pixels (H x V) Frames/Second Format
9. Industry Standard Terms and Resolutions H V HxV Multiples Aspect QCIF 176 144 25,344 1/4 4:3 CIF 352 288 101,376 1 4:3 2CIF or 1/2 D1 352 576 202,752 2 4:3 4CIF/D1 704 576 405,504 4 4:3 SD - 480i 720 480 345,600 3 4:3 ED - 480p 720 480 345,600 3 4:3 HD - 720p 1280 720 921,600 9 16:9 HD - 1080i/p 1920 1080 2,073,600 20 16:9 SVGA 800 600 480,000 4:3 XGA 1024 768 768,432 4:3 1280 1024 1,310,720 4:3
- The original idea for high definition television came from film producers when they realized that people seated in the first rows of a wide-screen cinema enjoyed a greater level of participation in the action on the screen not possible with conventional (4 x 3 format) movies. Having the screen occupy a greater field of view, especially horizontally, significantly increases the sense of “being there”. This is why the individuals behind high definition television decided that an aspect ratio for the screen should be16 x 9. With high definition technology the image resolution is three times better than standard television and over nine times better than traditional video conferencing. High definition video conferencing also provides cost effective, powerful new camera designs, spatial audio, and improved user interfaces. Time has proven the effectiveness of video conferencing in healthcare. Physicians earn required CME credits using video conferencing, by linking interactively and in real time, with the leaders in their field, regardless of distance. Grand rounds, where physicians share their expertise and Telemanagement Resources comments about complex medical situations, are now done with regularly scheduled video conferences, thus allowing many more people to participate and learn from one another. Boards of specialty practitioners (i.e. cardiologist, psychologists, surgeons, etc.) collaborate through video conferencing to review individual cases. Patients are now reached remotely, using video conferencing, to be educated about their heath care options, learn about new treatments, and share experiences with other patients. Video conferencing allows for greater reach of message, since individuals may now obtain information when it is convenient for them. Video conferencing also allows for an increased number of participants and allows people who might never meet physically, yet who study or work together, to meet virtually – face-to-face over video. With video conferencing, and the instructional tools that are now used with it, all individuals who need information can get the information when it is easiest for them, on a delayed and real-time basis. Enhancing standard video conferencing with high definition only improves the benefits and increases the number of applications for which individuals can obtain medical information and be treated remotely. With the addition of high definition content sharing devices like PCs, DVDs, and high-resolution document cameras and devices, physicians and patients can now connect for training or diagnostic issues and be assured of the highest level of learning or care possible
Higher number of pixels translate into finer resolution images which result in the display of sharper and clearer pictures. The refresh rate (frames/second) signifies the number of times a picture is updated on screen every second. Higher refresh rates result in better perceived motion handling as well as less flickering to the human eye. The “i” and the “p” that follow the format designation have specific meanings. In the “i” or Interlaced Format, pictures are first drawn using the odd numbered resolution lines (1, 3, 5, etc.) followed by the even numbered lines (2, 4, 6, etc.). Thus, there are two fields (odd and even) drawn on the monitor for each frame. This scheme is referred to as interlaced video and commonly operates at rates of 50 or 60 fields per second. This odd/even drawing pattern is called interlacing (i), and was developed to improve picture quality without increasing transmission bandwidth (the data rate capacity of a given network connection). The progressive scan (p) format is an alternative to interlaced video that improves the overall picture quality. Progressive scanning treats the entire video image as one frame and does not suffer from the interlacing artifacts (jagged edges in pictures). In addition, progressive scanning provides motion handling that is as good as the interlaced format.
CIF is the resolution that you see in today’s video conferences VSX 8000 can send and receive twice the resolution – while maintaining a high frame rate, which gives very good video quality HD is a quantum leap in resolution – delivering 9 times the CIF resolution. Note that this is requiring a video conferencing system to process (send and receive) almost a million pixels, as compared to about 100,000 today. This will require vastly increased raw processing power that most VC systems in the market today are not capable of.
A video conferencing system needs a display or projection device for maximizing visual output. Initially, video conferences were displayed on a TV set or a computer monitor. Today there are many more choices and often two or more displays are used for video conferencing. This could mean a display device for the medical staff or patient, a document camera, PCs, DVD content, specialty scopes for diagnosis, etc. When standards for high definition television were initially discussed, the aim was to double the horizontal and vertical resolution and increase the viewing angle from 10 degrees to 30 degrees horizontally and 20 degrees vertically. This is done by going to a 16 x 9 wide screen, instead of a traditional 4 x 3 screen. Having the screen occupy a greater field of view significantly increases the sense of “being there”. The viewer experiences an increased sense of reality and 3-dimensional depth in the picture, as soon as the viewing angle exceeds 20 degrees.
Not only do you receive increase resolution and motion handling with HD – you also can see more of the room – up to 20% more of the room. This means that the large rooms that have installed video conferencing equipment will be able to even better utilize the technology and have an even richer experience than before, when they switch to HD.
Better picture quality means teachers are able to hold students’ attention – blueprints, x-rays, Not having to deal with the stress over time put on your eyes The depth and the color of HD – ex: Olympics currently shown in HD Increasing – accessible bandwidth, resolution & picture quality, content providers with VC, corporate sponsors that help with cost of I2 access Decreasing – complexity and size of equipment and price of equipment IN Australia - AARNET
Bandwidth is defined as the capacity a telecommunications channel has to move information. Many of the standard video conferencing systems used today operate at bandwidths ranging from 128 Kbps to 768 Kbps. These ranges have historically been selected to minimize cost and because additional bandwidth was not always available. High definition video conferencing systems use a minimum of 1 Mbps of bandwidth to operate effectively, with bandwidth at 2 Mbps or better recommended to achieve premium audio and video quality and allow the use of additional high definition content sharing devices like PCs, DVDs, or high-resolution document cameras. In recent years, cost effective and plentiful bandwidth has become accessible to healthcare institutions, enterprises, educational institutions and the government. Organizations using high definition video systems will also find the video better at any bandwidth (Cable TV quality at 384 Kbps, DVD quality at 512 Kbps, 2 times Cable TV quality at 768 Kbps, or 1 Mbps). This is important for organizations that might wish to run multiple video conferences at the same time, but cannot offer 1 Mbps to all of them. This is because HD video offers almost twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of traditional video systems which results in improved capture, process, and reproduction capabilities across the entire system.
Thanks…and I would be happy to answer any questions you have.