Paper title:
“Paricle Accelerators: a brief paper on high-energy particle physics revolving around the Large Hadron Collider.”
Introduction
The general structure of accelerators.
Injector
LINAC
Booster
PS
Intersecting storage rings for collision
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
(Path of protons)
Collision
The LHC
Issues
Higgs Boson existence
LHC will recreate the big bang for this sake.
A look at the working of LHC
Hydrogen atoms fed into source chamber of LINAC
Occurs in the injector
Electrons stripped off to leave Hydrogen nuclei.
Protons accelerated by an electric field into LINAC (1 of LHC)
Occurs in LINAC
Travel like a rocket taking off
Attain 1/3rd the speed of light
Enter the booster
Enter the booster
Speed boosted by a varying electric field and perpendicular magnetic field in accordance with elementary physics
Leaves to the PS
Follow 2 proton packets:
99.9% of light velocity reached
Energy increase translated to increase in mass
Energy of each proton=25GeV
Sent to stage 4: SPS
PS
Increased to 450GeV
Made suitable to enter Orbit of LHC: Intersecting rings for collisions and experiments.
Orbit/ISR
Near Alps, between FRA and SWZ
27km circumference
2 vacuum pipes with proton beams travelling in opposite directions: anti-clockwise and clockwise
Crossover occurs in four detector caverns where collisions can be made for experiments
Protons injected for half and hour, 2808 packets ready for collision
Speed is very near to that of light: goes around the 27km ring 11,000 times per second
Final energy during collision: a combined 14 TeV, protons are 7000 times heavier than rest mass
Collision debris is tracked using detectors.
12000Amps used to keep protons inside the rings: achieved by making LHC colder than outer space so its magnets become superconductors
Particle tracks will give insight into the birth of our universe
Particle track picture obtained
Results
Pions and kaons not found
Higgs Boson: outer, unnecessary tracks need to be eliminated first
Quotes
Prof David Evans: a new outlook at the pseudorapidity of the LHC experiment