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S
ENDOSCOPIC
MANAGEMENT OF
NECROTIZING
PANCREATITIS
MODERATOR – DR.MANDHIR
SENIOR CONSULTANT GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
AGENDA
S ACUTE PANCREATITIS – DIAGNOSIS AND TYPES
S CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID COLLECTIONS
S WHEN TO INTERVENE IN NECROTISING
PANCREATITIS
S METHODS FOR INTERVENTIONS IN WOPN
S ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES OF
DRAINAGE/NECROSECTOMY
S RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS IN EUS-GUIDED
DRAINAGE
S REVIEW OF LITERATURE
S
Classification of acute
pancreatitis—2012:
revision of the Atlanta
classification and
definitions by
international consensus
Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
DIAGNOSIS (ANY OF THE
TWO)
S Abdominal pain consistent with acute pancreatitis
S Serum lipase activity (or amylase activity) at least three
times greater than the upper limit of normal
S Characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis on contrast-
enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and less
commonly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or
transabdominal ultrasonography
S Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
Banks PA et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2379; Tsiotos GG et al. Br J Surg 1998;85:1650;
Fagenholz PJ et al. Ann Epidemiol 2007;17:491; Martinez J et al. Pancreatology 2006;6:206;
Chauhan S et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:443.
Acute Pancreatitis
(AP)
15% Necrotising AP
 Mortality 15%
 Organ failure 54%
 Organ failure with
infected necrosis
(mortality 30%)
85% Interstitial AP
 Mortality 3%
 Organ failure 10%
 Recovery within 5-7 d
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
GRADES OF SEVERITY
S Mild acute pancreatitis
▸ No organ failure
▸ No local or systemic complications
S Moderately severe acute pancreatitis
▸ Organ failure that resolves within 48 h (transient organ
failure) and/or
▸ Local or systemic complications without persistent
organ failure
S Severe acute pancreatitis Persistent organ failure
(>48 h) –Single organ failure
–Multiple organ failure
Type of
pancreatitis
Collections < 4 weeks
(Acute collections)
Collections > 4 weeks
Interstitial
(85%)
APFC (acute pancreatic fluid
collection)
- sterile
- infected
Pseudozyste
- sterile
- infected
Necrotising
(15%)
ANC (acute necrotic collection)
- containing solid and fluid material
- intra and/or extrapancreatic
- sterile/infected
WON (walled off pancreatic necrosis)
- sterile
- infected
Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
Pancreatic fluid collections
According to the revised Atlanta classification
Key points
Acute fluid collections:
 Lack a well-defined wall
 > 1 week distinction
between APFC vs. ANC
 Usually NO treatment
Acute peripancreatic fluid
collection
S Occurs in the setting of interstitial oedematous
pancreatitis
S Homogeneous collection with fluid density
S Confined by normal peripancreatic fascial planes
S No definable wall encapsulating the collection
S Adjacent to pancreas (no intrapancreatic extension)
ACUTE
PERIPANCREATIC
COLLECTION
AT 1st week and 3rd week
ACUTE NECROTIC
COLLECTION
S Occurs only in the setting of acute necrotising
pancreatitis
S Heterogeneous and non-liquid density of varying degrees
in different locations (some appear homogeneous early in
their course)
S No definable wall encapsulating the collection
S Location—intrapancreatic and/or extrapancreatic
Acute necrotic collection (ANC)
Banks PA et al. Gut 2012;62:102-111.
Stars: necrosis; arrows: borders of the ANC
S Pancreatic and peripancreatic collections should be
described on the basis of…….
S Location (pancreatic, peripancreatic, other)
S Nature of the content (liquid, solid, gas)
S Thickness of any wall (thin, thick).
Pancreatic fluid collections
According to the revised Atlanta classification
Type of
pancreatitis
Collections < 4 weeks Collections > 4 weeks
Interstitial
(85%)
APFC (acute pancreatic fluid
collection)
- sterile
- infected
Pseudocyst
- sterile
- infected
- no solid material
Necrotising
(15%)
ANC (acute necrotic collection)
- solid material
- parenchymal and/or
peripancreatic tissue
- sterile/infected
WON (walled-off pancreatic necrosis)
- mature, encapsulated necrotic
collection with well defined wall
- sterile/infected
- parenchymal/peripancreatic/distant
from pancreas
Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST
S Well circumscribed, usually round or oval
S Homogeneous fluid density
S No non-liquid component
S Well defined wall; that is, completely encapsulated
S Maturation usually requires >4 weeks after onset of acute
pancreatitis
PANCREATIC
PSEUDOCYST
Note the round to oval, low-
attenuated, homogeneous
fluid collections with a well
defined enhancing rim, but
absence of areas of greater
attenuation indicative of non-
liquid components.
WALLED OF NECROSIS
(WON)
S Heterogeneous with liquid and non-liquid density with
varying degrees of loculations (some may appear
homogeneous)
S Well defined wall, that is, completely encapsulated
S Location—intrapancreatic and/or extrapancreatic
S Maturation usually requires 4 weeks after onset of acute
necrotising pancreatitis
WALLED OF NECROSIS
(WON)
Heterogeneous, fully encapsulated collection is noted in the pancreatic and peripancreatic
Non-liquid components of high attenuation (black arrowheads) in the collection are noted
Natural history of pancreatic necrosis
is variable
 May remain solid or liquefy
 May remain sterile or become infected
 May persist or disappear over time
Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
Available methods for intervention in pancreatic
necrosis
Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194.
Endoscopic
Image-guided
percutaneous
Minimally-
invasive
surgery
Open surgical
necrosectomy
Available methods for intervention in pancreatic
necrosis
Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194.
Endoscopic
Image-guided
percutaneous
Minimally-
invasive
surgery
Open surgical
necrosectomy
Last choice!
S
When is
intervention
indicated for
Necrosis?
Besselink MG et al. Arch Sur 2007;142:1194-1201.
It’ s all about timing...!
WAIT
at least 3-4 weeks
Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the
treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis:
results from a multicenter U.S. series
S The median number of days from acute pancreatitis to
first endoscopic intervention was 46 days.
S Clearly waiting for encapsulation or “walling off” is critical
to the success of primary endoscopic therapy, and the
success of necrosectomy often directly correlates with
the degree to which the collection is encapsulated.
S Gardner TB, Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment of walled-off
pancreatic necrosis: results from a multicenter U.S. series. Gastrointest Endosc.
2011 Apr;73(4):718-26
Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194;
Baron TH et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:1202-1207.
 High suspicion for or known infected WOPN
 Early intervention should be avoided whenever possible
(wait >4weeks)
Infected necrosis (WOPN)
Symptomatic sterile necrosis (WOPN)
 Intractable pain
 Obstructive symptoms (gastric outlet / biliary obstruction)
 Inability to eat
When is intervention indicated for necrosis?
Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194.
Peroral flexible
endoscopic
drainage
transpapillary
transmural
Direct
endoscopic
necrosectomy
Nasocystic
catheter
FIRST EXPERIENCE
S In 1996, Baron and colleagues reported the first
experience with endoscopic management of WON in 11
patients by performing a standard cystgastrotomy with
nasoscystic tube irrigation.
S Complete resolution occurred in 9 patients.
S Gastroenterology 1996;111:755–64.
S
ENDOSCOPIC
INTERVENTIONS
PREPARATIONS
S Define whether the procedure is being performed for
source control or removal of the collection
S Timing of intervention is appropriate
S Patient does not have any obvious medical
contraindications to the procedure—coagulopathy
S Procedure is within the realm of the endoscopist’s.
S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
PREPARATIONS
S Make sure the collection is an inflammatory collection
and not a premalignant condition, such as a mucinous
cystic neoplasm or intraductal papillary mucinous
neoplasm.
S Anesthesia team- managing the patients with appropriate
airway protection because there is the potential for
extensive reflux and subsequent aspiration of fluid
following initial cavity puncture.
S Be certain to have availability of appropriate endoscopic
expertise following the procedure
S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
PATIENT POSITION
S Prone positioning may allow for better gravitational
drainage from posteriorly located collections and
decrease the incidence of fluid reflux and aspiration.
Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
TECHNIQUE
S Initial endoscopy is performed using a therapeutic, side-
viewing video duodenoscope, gastroscope, or
echoendoscope.
S There is evidence that EUS-guided drainage of PFCs is
substantially more effective and less prone to
complications than “conventional” techniques.
S Varadarajulu S et al Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:1102–11.
Prospective randomized trial comparing
EUS and EGD for transmural drainage of
pancreatic pseudocysts
S Technical success was defined as the ability to access
and drain a pseudocyst by placement of transmural
stents.
S Complications were assessed at 24 hours and at day 30.
S Treatment success was defined as the complete
resolution or decrease in size of the pseudocyst to <2 cm
on CT
S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 68, No. 6 : 2008
S 30 patients randomized to undergo pseudocyst drainage
by EGD or the EUS-guided approach.
S All patients who had an EUS underwent successful
drainage.
S EGD was technically successful in only 33%; all who
failed underwent successful drainage on crossover to
EUS.
S Major procedure related bleeding was encountered in 2
patients in whom drainage by EGD was attempted
S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 68, No. 6 : 2008
PREPARATION
S Routine antibiotic use is recommended for those not
already receiving broad- spectrum antibiotics for
presumed or documented infection.
S If possible, CO2 insufflation should be used to help
minimize the risk of air embolism, a rare but potentially
catastrophic complication
IDENTIFICATION OF
FISTULA SITE
S With EUS: Endosonography is used to identify the
appropriate site of transmural puncture.
S It is important to ensure that the cyst lumen is well
approximated against the luminal gastroinestinal
tract.
S The most appropriate site of transmural puncture
should ideally be through a combined wall of 10 mm
or less in thickness, although in some circumstances
up to 20 mm may be acceptable.
S Without EUS: External compression of the gastric or
duodenal wall is determined endoscopically while
referencing the most recent cross-sectional imaging
S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–
802
PUNCTURE
S Most endoscopists use a 19-gauge fine-needle aspiration
needle for puncture, and subsequently the needle sheath
for initial dilation.
S Aspiration of cavity contents and/or demonstration of
contrast injection into the cavity under fluoroscopic
guidance confirms cavity access and allows collection of
liquid for microbial culture.
Puncture of the
cavity by using the
sheath of an EUS
needle.
Validation of the
guidewire within the
cavity by using
fluoroscopic
guidance.
Multiple transluminal gateway
technique for EUS-guided drainage of
symptomatic walled-off pancreatic
necrosis
S Comparison between patients with walled-off pancreatic
necrosis managed endoscopically by a multiple transluminal
gateway technique (MTGT) or a conventional drainage
technique (CDT).
S In MTGT, 2 or 3 transmural tracts were created by using EUS
guidance between the necrotic cavity and the GI lumen.
S One tract was used to flush normal saline solution via a
nasocystic catheter, multiple stents were deployed in others to
facilitate drainage of necrotic contents
S In the CDT, two stents with a nasocystic catheter were
deployed via 1 transmural tract.
S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 74, No. 1 : 2011
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
S Of 60 patients with symptomatic walled-off pancreatic
necrosis, 12 were managed by MTGT and 48 by CDT.
S Treatment was successful in 11 of 12 (91.7%) patients
managed by MTGT versus 25 of 48 (52.1%) managed by
CDT (P < .01)
S In the CDT cohort, 17 required surgery, 3 underwent
endoscopic necrosectomy, and 3 died of multiple-organ
failure.
S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 74, No. 1 : 2011
EUS versus surgical cystgastrostomy for
management of pancreatic pseudocysts.
S Matched 10 patients who underwent surgical cystgastrostomy with 20
patients who underwent an EUS-guided cystgastrostomy
S No significant differences in rates of treatment success (100% vs
95%), procedural complications (none in either cohort), or
reinterventions (10% vs 0%) was found.
S Mean length of a post procedure hospital stay for an EUS-guided
cystgastrostomy was significantly shorter than for surgical
cystgastrostomy (2.65 vs 6.5 days, P 5 .008).
S Direct cost per case for EUS-guided cystgastrostomy was
significantly less.
S Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:649–55.
FISTULA TRACT CREATION
AND DILATATION
S Standard-sized guidewire (as small as 0.018 inch)
is advanced into the collection under fluoroscopic
guidance.
S Pseudocyst drainage - the tract is dilated to at least
10 mm in size using sequentially larger hydrostatic
balloons.
S Endoscopic debridement - the goal is to dilate the
fistula tract fully to 20 mm at the time of the first
endoscopy.
Dilation of the
fistula tract by
using a through-
the-scope balloon.
The
cystduodenostomy
after balloon
deflation
Stent placement for drainage
S Pseudocyst - place stents to maintain the patency of the fistula
tract and not necessarily act as a conduit for drainage.
S Recommend 10-F double-pigtail stents of 2 to 4 cm length,
preferably of soft material to minimize trauma to the back wall of the
cavity or intestinal obstruction if the stents migrate spontaneously.
S Alternatives are placement of a fully covered biliary type metallic
stent, or even various forms of larger enteral or esophageal metallic
stents to create a larger fistula.
S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
Insertion of pigtail & nasocystic catheter
10 F double pigtail
7 F nasocystic catheter
Irrigation with 1500 ml saline/24h
via nasocystic catheter
Debridement of WON
S Necrosis will often not resolve with the simple creation of a fistula
tract.
S Drive an endoscope through the dilated fistula tract into the
necrotic cavity.
S Devitalized pancreatic tissue can be removed via a combination of
several accessories including balloons, snares, waterjets,
baskets, and cap-suction techniques.
S Goal is to remove as much of the devitalized necrotic tissue as
possible from the cavity, but without disrupting a major vessel or
the wall of the cavity, potentially leading to perforation, bleeding,
or air embolus.
Endoscopic necrosectomy (≠ 1. session)
Dilate up to 18-20 mm
Insert a therapeutic gastroscope, generous lavage,
Instruments:
 Dormia basket
 Retrieval nets
 Soft snares
Nasocystic catheter
Remove debris
Débridement of
the cavity by
using a snare.
S At conclusion of each debridement session, stents must
be left in place to allow the fistula tract to remain patent.
S Preferably to use pigtail stents as with the pseudocyst
drainage.
S Fully covered metal stents can be used which may allow
for dissolution of solid necrosis by gastric and bile acids
over several weeks to months ??
S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
Stent placement after
cavitary débridement
S
COMPLICATIONS
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
TRANSPAPILLARY STENT
PLACEMENT
S Whether to perform direct pancreatography using
ERCP at the time of initial drainage is subject to
variable opinion.
S Transpapillary stenting of the duct is required if the
duct is found to have a persistent leak.
S In ill patients with infected necrosis, ERCP should
generally be avoided at the initial intervention and
postponed until after the infection is controlled.
Disconnected pancreatic duct
S Creating a cystenterotomy fistula tract will
usually allow for adequate pancreatic
drainage and general current practice it to
leave the stents across the fistula tract
permanently to allow for adequate pancreatic
drainage proximal to the site of disruption.
S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013)
787–802
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment
of walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a
multicenter U.S. series
S Largest published multicenter series to date
S Six U.S. tertiary medical centers.
S 104 patients with a history of acute pancreatitis
and symptomatic WOPN since 2003
S Gardner et al.Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:718–26
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
S 14 % patients had complications
S 19 patients had bleeding requiring endoscopic intervention
S 2 patients had a retrogastric perforation
S 3 patients had pneumoperitoneum
S One death occurred during the initial débridement procedure
STEP UP APPROACH
S Minimally invasive technique is initially used
for drainage of WON such as percutaneous
drainage.
S Progress to minimally invasive necrosectomy
(by endoscopic, sinus tract endoscopy,
VARD, or open surgery) as needed.
Minimally invasive surgical
necrosectomy
S SINUS TRACT ENDOSCOPY
S VIDEO-ASSISTED RETROPERITONEAL DEBRIDEMENT
(VARD)
S Access to the necrotic pancreas is achieved by following the tract
of a radiologically placed drainage catheter.
Sinus tract endoscopy
S A nephroscope is inserted into the infected collection after dilatation
of the drain tract to 30 Fr under fluoroscopic guidance.
S Debridement is carried out using a long forceps, and the necrotic
cavity is flushed using jet irrigation and suction devices.
S Three to five procedures is needed for adequate necrosectomy.
S A large retrospective cohort series indicated that survival rates are
potentially better with sinus tract endoscopy compared with open
necrosectomy (mortality rate: 19 per cent of 137 patients versus 38
per cent of 52 patients)
S Minimal access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy: improvement in morbidity and mortality with a less invasive approach.
Ann Surg 2010; 251: 787 – 793
VIDEO-ASSISTED
RETROPERITONEAL DEBRIDEMENT
(VARD)
S Uses a 5-cm subcostal incision in the left flank near the exit
point of the percutaneous drain
S First solid debris that is encountered can be removed bluntly
using a long grasping forceps.
S Subsequently a laparoscope is introduced into the necrotic
cavity and more central necrotic debris can be removed
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
A Step-up Approach or Open
Necrosectomy for Necrotizing
Pancreatitis (NEJM 2010)
S 88 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis and suspected or
confirmed infected necrotic tissue were randomized to
undergo primary open necrosectomy or a step-up
approach to treatment.
S Step-up approach consisted of percutaneous drainage
followed, if necessary, by minimally invasive
retroperitoneal necrosectomy
S Primary end point was a composite of major
complications (new-onset multiple-organ failure or
multiple systemic complications, perforation of a visceral
organ or enterocutaneous fistula, or bleeding) or death
S 31 of 45 patients (69%) assigned to open necrosectomy
and in 17 of 43 patients (40%) assigned to the step-up
approach
S 35% were treated with percutaneous drainage only (step
up group).
Endoscopic Transgastric vs Surgical
Necrosectomy
for Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis
A Randomized Trial
S First and the only trial comparing endoscopic v/s surgical
necrosectomy.
S Objective To compare the proinflammatory response and clinical
outcome of endoscopic transgastric and surgical necrosectomy.
S 3 academic hospitals and 1 regional teaching hospital in the
Netherlands between August 20, 2008, and March 3, 2010.
Bakker OJ et al. JAMA 2012,307:1053-1061.
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
S The primary end point was the postprocedural
proinflammatory response as measured by serum
interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels.
S Secondary clinical end points included a predefined
composite end point of major complications (new- onset
multiple organ failure, intra-abdominal bleeding,
enterocutaneous fistula, or pancreatic fistula) or death.
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
ENDOSCOPIC
NECROSECTOMY
 Significant reduction of proinflammatory
response (IL-6)
 Significant reduction of major complications
(20% vs. 80%; P=0.03)
 Reduction of pancreatic fistula (10% vs.70%;
P=0.02)
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
Comparative evaluation of structural and
functional changes in pancreas after
endoscopic and surgical management
of pancreatic necrosis
S Records of patients who underwent endoscopic transmural
drainage of walled off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) over the last 3
years and who completed at least 6 months of follow up were
analyzed.
S Structural and functional changes in these patients were
compared with 25 historical surgical controls (operated in 2005-
2006)
S Surinder Singh Ranaa, Deepak Kumar Bhasin Annals of
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis
KEY MESSAGES
 Define the pancreatic fluid collection (Revised Atlanta classification)
 Acute fluid collection: Usually no treatment
 Collections > 4 weeks: Distinct between pseudocyst / WOPN
 WOPN with solid material
 Intervention in WOPN: Timing! Wait >3-4 weeks
 Endoscopic interventions in WOPN: effective and safe
Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis

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Endoscopic management of walled of pancreatic necrosis

  • 1. S ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF NECROTIZING PANCREATITIS MODERATOR – DR.MANDHIR SENIOR CONSULTANT GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
  • 2. AGENDA S ACUTE PANCREATITIS – DIAGNOSIS AND TYPES S CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID COLLECTIONS S WHEN TO INTERVENE IN NECROTISING PANCREATITIS S METHODS FOR INTERVENTIONS IN WOPN S ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES OF DRAINAGE/NECROSECTOMY S RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS IN EUS-GUIDED DRAINAGE S REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 3. S Classification of acute pancreatitis—2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
  • 4. DIAGNOSIS (ANY OF THE TWO) S Abdominal pain consistent with acute pancreatitis S Serum lipase activity (or amylase activity) at least three times greater than the upper limit of normal S Characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis on contrast- enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and less commonly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or transabdominal ultrasonography S Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
  • 5. Banks PA et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2379; Tsiotos GG et al. Br J Surg 1998;85:1650; Fagenholz PJ et al. Ann Epidemiol 2007;17:491; Martinez J et al. Pancreatology 2006;6:206; Chauhan S et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:443. Acute Pancreatitis (AP) 15% Necrotising AP  Mortality 15%  Organ failure 54%  Organ failure with infected necrosis (mortality 30%) 85% Interstitial AP  Mortality 3%  Organ failure 10%  Recovery within 5-7 d
  • 8. GRADES OF SEVERITY S Mild acute pancreatitis ▸ No organ failure ▸ No local or systemic complications S Moderately severe acute pancreatitis ▸ Organ failure that resolves within 48 h (transient organ failure) and/or ▸ Local or systemic complications without persistent organ failure S Severe acute pancreatitis Persistent organ failure (>48 h) –Single organ failure –Multiple organ failure
  • 9. Type of pancreatitis Collections < 4 weeks (Acute collections) Collections > 4 weeks Interstitial (85%) APFC (acute pancreatic fluid collection) - sterile - infected Pseudozyste - sterile - infected Necrotising (15%) ANC (acute necrotic collection) - containing solid and fluid material - intra and/or extrapancreatic - sterile/infected WON (walled off pancreatic necrosis) - sterile - infected Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111. Pancreatic fluid collections According to the revised Atlanta classification Key points Acute fluid collections:  Lack a well-defined wall  > 1 week distinction between APFC vs. ANC  Usually NO treatment
  • 10. Acute peripancreatic fluid collection S Occurs in the setting of interstitial oedematous pancreatitis S Homogeneous collection with fluid density S Confined by normal peripancreatic fascial planes S No definable wall encapsulating the collection S Adjacent to pancreas (no intrapancreatic extension)
  • 12. ACUTE NECROTIC COLLECTION S Occurs only in the setting of acute necrotising pancreatitis S Heterogeneous and non-liquid density of varying degrees in different locations (some appear homogeneous early in their course) S No definable wall encapsulating the collection S Location—intrapancreatic and/or extrapancreatic
  • 13. Acute necrotic collection (ANC) Banks PA et al. Gut 2012;62:102-111. Stars: necrosis; arrows: borders of the ANC
  • 14. S Pancreatic and peripancreatic collections should be described on the basis of……. S Location (pancreatic, peripancreatic, other) S Nature of the content (liquid, solid, gas) S Thickness of any wall (thin, thick).
  • 15. Pancreatic fluid collections According to the revised Atlanta classification Type of pancreatitis Collections < 4 weeks Collections > 4 weeks Interstitial (85%) APFC (acute pancreatic fluid collection) - sterile - infected Pseudocyst - sterile - infected - no solid material Necrotising (15%) ANC (acute necrotic collection) - solid material - parenchymal and/or peripancreatic tissue - sterile/infected WON (walled-off pancreatic necrosis) - mature, encapsulated necrotic collection with well defined wall - sterile/infected - parenchymal/peripancreatic/distant from pancreas Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
  • 16. PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST S Well circumscribed, usually round or oval S Homogeneous fluid density S No non-liquid component S Well defined wall; that is, completely encapsulated S Maturation usually requires >4 weeks after onset of acute pancreatitis
  • 17. PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST Note the round to oval, low- attenuated, homogeneous fluid collections with a well defined enhancing rim, but absence of areas of greater attenuation indicative of non- liquid components.
  • 18. WALLED OF NECROSIS (WON) S Heterogeneous with liquid and non-liquid density with varying degrees of loculations (some may appear homogeneous) S Well defined wall, that is, completely encapsulated S Location—intrapancreatic and/or extrapancreatic S Maturation usually requires 4 weeks after onset of acute necrotising pancreatitis
  • 19. WALLED OF NECROSIS (WON) Heterogeneous, fully encapsulated collection is noted in the pancreatic and peripancreatic Non-liquid components of high attenuation (black arrowheads) in the collection are noted
  • 20. Natural history of pancreatic necrosis is variable  May remain solid or liquefy  May remain sterile or become infected  May persist or disappear over time Banks PA et al. Gut 2013;62:102-111.
  • 21. Available methods for intervention in pancreatic necrosis Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194. Endoscopic Image-guided percutaneous Minimally- invasive surgery Open surgical necrosectomy
  • 22. Available methods for intervention in pancreatic necrosis Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194. Endoscopic Image-guided percutaneous Minimally- invasive surgery Open surgical necrosectomy Last choice!
  • 24. Besselink MG et al. Arch Sur 2007;142:1194-1201. It’ s all about timing...! WAIT at least 3-4 weeks
  • 25. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a multicenter U.S. series S The median number of days from acute pancreatitis to first endoscopic intervention was 46 days. S Clearly waiting for encapsulation or “walling off” is critical to the success of primary endoscopic therapy, and the success of necrosectomy often directly correlates with the degree to which the collection is encapsulated. S Gardner TB, Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a multicenter U.S. series. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Apr;73(4):718-26
  • 26. Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194; Baron TH et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:1202-1207.  High suspicion for or known infected WOPN  Early intervention should be avoided whenever possible (wait >4weeks) Infected necrosis (WOPN) Symptomatic sterile necrosis (WOPN)  Intractable pain  Obstructive symptoms (gastric outlet / biliary obstruction)  Inability to eat When is intervention indicated for necrosis?
  • 27. Freeman ML et al. Pancreas 2012;41:1176-1194. Peroral flexible endoscopic drainage transpapillary transmural Direct endoscopic necrosectomy Nasocystic catheter
  • 28. FIRST EXPERIENCE S In 1996, Baron and colleagues reported the first experience with endoscopic management of WON in 11 patients by performing a standard cystgastrotomy with nasoscystic tube irrigation. S Complete resolution occurred in 9 patients. S Gastroenterology 1996;111:755–64.
  • 30. PREPARATIONS S Define whether the procedure is being performed for source control or removal of the collection S Timing of intervention is appropriate S Patient does not have any obvious medical contraindications to the procedure—coagulopathy S Procedure is within the realm of the endoscopist’s. S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
  • 31. PREPARATIONS S Make sure the collection is an inflammatory collection and not a premalignant condition, such as a mucinous cystic neoplasm or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. S Anesthesia team- managing the patients with appropriate airway protection because there is the potential for extensive reflux and subsequent aspiration of fluid following initial cavity puncture. S Be certain to have availability of appropriate endoscopic expertise following the procedure S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
  • 32. PATIENT POSITION S Prone positioning may allow for better gravitational drainage from posteriorly located collections and decrease the incidence of fluid reflux and aspiration. Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
  • 33. TECHNIQUE S Initial endoscopy is performed using a therapeutic, side- viewing video duodenoscope, gastroscope, or echoendoscope. S There is evidence that EUS-guided drainage of PFCs is substantially more effective and less prone to complications than “conventional” techniques. S Varadarajulu S et al Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:1102–11.
  • 34. Prospective randomized trial comparing EUS and EGD for transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts S Technical success was defined as the ability to access and drain a pseudocyst by placement of transmural stents. S Complications were assessed at 24 hours and at day 30. S Treatment success was defined as the complete resolution or decrease in size of the pseudocyst to <2 cm on CT S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 68, No. 6 : 2008
  • 35. S 30 patients randomized to undergo pseudocyst drainage by EGD or the EUS-guided approach. S All patients who had an EUS underwent successful drainage. S EGD was technically successful in only 33%; all who failed underwent successful drainage on crossover to EUS. S Major procedure related bleeding was encountered in 2 patients in whom drainage by EGD was attempted S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 68, No. 6 : 2008
  • 36. PREPARATION S Routine antibiotic use is recommended for those not already receiving broad- spectrum antibiotics for presumed or documented infection. S If possible, CO2 insufflation should be used to help minimize the risk of air embolism, a rare but potentially catastrophic complication
  • 37. IDENTIFICATION OF FISTULA SITE S With EUS: Endosonography is used to identify the appropriate site of transmural puncture. S It is important to ensure that the cyst lumen is well approximated against the luminal gastroinestinal tract. S The most appropriate site of transmural puncture should ideally be through a combined wall of 10 mm or less in thickness, although in some circumstances up to 20 mm may be acceptable.
  • 38. S Without EUS: External compression of the gastric or duodenal wall is determined endoscopically while referencing the most recent cross-sectional imaging S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787– 802
  • 39. PUNCTURE S Most endoscopists use a 19-gauge fine-needle aspiration needle for puncture, and subsequently the needle sheath for initial dilation. S Aspiration of cavity contents and/or demonstration of contrast injection into the cavity under fluoroscopic guidance confirms cavity access and allows collection of liquid for microbial culture.
  • 40. Puncture of the cavity by using the sheath of an EUS needle. Validation of the guidewire within the cavity by using fluoroscopic guidance.
  • 41. Multiple transluminal gateway technique for EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis S Comparison between patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis managed endoscopically by a multiple transluminal gateway technique (MTGT) or a conventional drainage technique (CDT). S In MTGT, 2 or 3 transmural tracts were created by using EUS guidance between the necrotic cavity and the GI lumen. S One tract was used to flush normal saline solution via a nasocystic catheter, multiple stents were deployed in others to facilitate drainage of necrotic contents S In the CDT, two stents with a nasocystic catheter were deployed via 1 transmural tract. S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 74, No. 1 : 2011
  • 43. S Of 60 patients with symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis, 12 were managed by MTGT and 48 by CDT. S Treatment was successful in 11 of 12 (91.7%) patients managed by MTGT versus 25 of 48 (52.1%) managed by CDT (P < .01) S In the CDT cohort, 17 required surgery, 3 underwent endoscopic necrosectomy, and 3 died of multiple-organ failure. S GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Volume 74, No. 1 : 2011
  • 44. EUS versus surgical cystgastrostomy for management of pancreatic pseudocysts. S Matched 10 patients who underwent surgical cystgastrostomy with 20 patients who underwent an EUS-guided cystgastrostomy S No significant differences in rates of treatment success (100% vs 95%), procedural complications (none in either cohort), or reinterventions (10% vs 0%) was found. S Mean length of a post procedure hospital stay for an EUS-guided cystgastrostomy was significantly shorter than for surgical cystgastrostomy (2.65 vs 6.5 days, P 5 .008). S Direct cost per case for EUS-guided cystgastrostomy was significantly less. S Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:649–55.
  • 45. FISTULA TRACT CREATION AND DILATATION S Standard-sized guidewire (as small as 0.018 inch) is advanced into the collection under fluoroscopic guidance. S Pseudocyst drainage - the tract is dilated to at least 10 mm in size using sequentially larger hydrostatic balloons. S Endoscopic debridement - the goal is to dilate the fistula tract fully to 20 mm at the time of the first endoscopy.
  • 46. Dilation of the fistula tract by using a through- the-scope balloon.
  • 48. Stent placement for drainage S Pseudocyst - place stents to maintain the patency of the fistula tract and not necessarily act as a conduit for drainage. S Recommend 10-F double-pigtail stents of 2 to 4 cm length, preferably of soft material to minimize trauma to the back wall of the cavity or intestinal obstruction if the stents migrate spontaneously. S Alternatives are placement of a fully covered biliary type metallic stent, or even various forms of larger enteral or esophageal metallic stents to create a larger fistula. S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
  • 49. Insertion of pigtail & nasocystic catheter 10 F double pigtail 7 F nasocystic catheter Irrigation with 1500 ml saline/24h via nasocystic catheter
  • 50. Debridement of WON S Necrosis will often not resolve with the simple creation of a fistula tract. S Drive an endoscope through the dilated fistula tract into the necrotic cavity. S Devitalized pancreatic tissue can be removed via a combination of several accessories including balloons, snares, waterjets, baskets, and cap-suction techniques. S Goal is to remove as much of the devitalized necrotic tissue as possible from the cavity, but without disrupting a major vessel or the wall of the cavity, potentially leading to perforation, bleeding, or air embolus.
  • 51. Endoscopic necrosectomy (≠ 1. session) Dilate up to 18-20 mm Insert a therapeutic gastroscope, generous lavage, Instruments:  Dormia basket  Retrieval nets  Soft snares Nasocystic catheter Remove debris
  • 52. Débridement of the cavity by using a snare.
  • 53. S At conclusion of each debridement session, stents must be left in place to allow the fistula tract to remain patent. S Preferably to use pigtail stents as with the pseudocyst drainage. S Fully covered metal stents can be used which may allow for dissolution of solid necrosis by gastric and bile acids over several weeks to months ?? S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
  • 57. TRANSPAPILLARY STENT PLACEMENT S Whether to perform direct pancreatography using ERCP at the time of initial drainage is subject to variable opinion. S Transpapillary stenting of the duct is required if the duct is found to have a persistent leak. S In ill patients with infected necrosis, ERCP should generally be avoided at the initial intervention and postponed until after the infection is controlled.
  • 58. Disconnected pancreatic duct S Creating a cystenterotomy fistula tract will usually allow for adequate pancreatic drainage and general current practice it to leave the stents across the fistula tract permanently to allow for adequate pancreatic drainage proximal to the site of disruption. S Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 23 (2013) 787–802
  • 60. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a multicenter U.S. series S Largest published multicenter series to date S Six U.S. tertiary medical centers. S 104 patients with a history of acute pancreatitis and symptomatic WOPN since 2003 S Gardner et al.Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:718–26
  • 63. S 14 % patients had complications S 19 patients had bleeding requiring endoscopic intervention S 2 patients had a retrogastric perforation S 3 patients had pneumoperitoneum S One death occurred during the initial débridement procedure
  • 64. STEP UP APPROACH S Minimally invasive technique is initially used for drainage of WON such as percutaneous drainage. S Progress to minimally invasive necrosectomy (by endoscopic, sinus tract endoscopy, VARD, or open surgery) as needed.
  • 65. Minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy S SINUS TRACT ENDOSCOPY S VIDEO-ASSISTED RETROPERITONEAL DEBRIDEMENT (VARD) S Access to the necrotic pancreas is achieved by following the tract of a radiologically placed drainage catheter.
  • 66. Sinus tract endoscopy S A nephroscope is inserted into the infected collection after dilatation of the drain tract to 30 Fr under fluoroscopic guidance. S Debridement is carried out using a long forceps, and the necrotic cavity is flushed using jet irrigation and suction devices. S Three to five procedures is needed for adequate necrosectomy. S A large retrospective cohort series indicated that survival rates are potentially better with sinus tract endoscopy compared with open necrosectomy (mortality rate: 19 per cent of 137 patients versus 38 per cent of 52 patients) S Minimal access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy: improvement in morbidity and mortality with a less invasive approach. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 787 – 793
  • 67. VIDEO-ASSISTED RETROPERITONEAL DEBRIDEMENT (VARD) S Uses a 5-cm subcostal incision in the left flank near the exit point of the percutaneous drain S First solid debris that is encountered can be removed bluntly using a long grasping forceps. S Subsequently a laparoscope is introduced into the necrotic cavity and more central necrotic debris can be removed
  • 69. A Step-up Approach or Open Necrosectomy for Necrotizing Pancreatitis (NEJM 2010) S 88 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis and suspected or confirmed infected necrotic tissue were randomized to undergo primary open necrosectomy or a step-up approach to treatment. S Step-up approach consisted of percutaneous drainage followed, if necessary, by minimally invasive retroperitoneal necrosectomy
  • 70. S Primary end point was a composite of major complications (new-onset multiple-organ failure or multiple systemic complications, perforation of a visceral organ or enterocutaneous fistula, or bleeding) or death S 31 of 45 patients (69%) assigned to open necrosectomy and in 17 of 43 patients (40%) assigned to the step-up approach S 35% were treated with percutaneous drainage only (step up group).
  • 71. Endoscopic Transgastric vs Surgical Necrosectomy for Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis A Randomized Trial S First and the only trial comparing endoscopic v/s surgical necrosectomy. S Objective To compare the proinflammatory response and clinical outcome of endoscopic transgastric and surgical necrosectomy. S 3 academic hospitals and 1 regional teaching hospital in the Netherlands between August 20, 2008, and March 3, 2010. Bakker OJ et al. JAMA 2012,307:1053-1061.
  • 73. S The primary end point was the postprocedural proinflammatory response as measured by serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. S Secondary clinical end points included a predefined composite end point of major complications (new- onset multiple organ failure, intra-abdominal bleeding, enterocutaneous fistula, or pancreatic fistula) or death.
  • 75. ENDOSCOPIC NECROSECTOMY  Significant reduction of proinflammatory response (IL-6)  Significant reduction of major complications (20% vs. 80%; P=0.03)  Reduction of pancreatic fistula (10% vs.70%; P=0.02)
  • 78. Comparative evaluation of structural and functional changes in pancreas after endoscopic and surgical management of pancreatic necrosis S Records of patients who underwent endoscopic transmural drainage of walled off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) over the last 3 years and who completed at least 6 months of follow up were analyzed. S Structural and functional changes in these patients were compared with 25 historical surgical controls (operated in 2005- 2006) S Surinder Singh Ranaa, Deepak Kumar Bhasin Annals of
  • 81. KEY MESSAGES  Define the pancreatic fluid collection (Revised Atlanta classification)  Acute fluid collection: Usually no treatment  Collections > 4 weeks: Distinct between pseudocyst / WOPN  WOPN with solid material  Intervention in WOPN: Timing! Wait >3-4 weeks  Endoscopic interventions in WOPN: effective and safe

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. a heterogeneous, fully encapsulated collection is noted in the pancreatic and peripancreatic area. (A) Non-liquid components of high attenuation (black arrowheads) in the collection are noted. The collection has a thin, well defined, and enhancing wall (thick white arrows). (B, C) A largely liquefied collection in the bed of the pancreas is observed with non-liquid components representing areas of trapped fat (black arrowheads). (D) represents the corresponding T2-weighted MRI to (C), showing the true heterogeneity of the collection. Black arrowheads denote areas of necrotic debris surrounded by fluid (white on T2-weighted image)
  2. Depending on the working channel of the linear echoendo− scope used a 10−Fr (working channel 3.7±3.8 mm) or 8.5−Fr (working channel 3.2 mm) double pigtail stent is inserted over the guide wire. A 7−Fr nasoabscess catheter is then in− serted over the second guide wire. The abscess cavity is irrigated with 1500 mL saline daily.
  3. The abscess cavity is recannulated and another 0.035−inch guide wire is inserted. A 7−Fr nasoabscess catheter is then in− serted over the guide wire and advanced to form at least one loop inside the cavity to prevent it from being dislodged when the duodenoscope is withdrawn. 8. The abscess cavity is irrigated with 1500 mL saline daily via the nasoabscess catheter. Once sepsis has resolved and there is no more purulent dis−
  4. A, Cross-sectional view depicting an enlarged, partially necrotic pancreas with a peripancreatic collection containing fluid and necrosis. The preferred access route for video-assisted debridement is within the left retroperitoneal space to reach the necrotic collection between the left kidney and descending colon. A laparoscope is inserted, and long grasping forceps are used to debride the necrosis. B, The access route for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is through the posterior wall of the stomach. The necrotic collection most often bulges into the stomach facilitating endoscopic transgastric necrosectomy. After balloon dilatation of the puncture site in the stomach wall, the endoscope is introduced into the retroperitoneal space and loose necrotic material is removed.