Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
3 G Technology from VSS Technologies
1. 3G is an one of a most recent radio transmission technologies (RTTs). To Completely Understand The Modern Technology, Have To Know What is 3G Standards and 3G Spectrum . 3G Technology
2. The Third Generation (3G) digital mobile multimedia offering broadband mobile communications with voice, video, graphics, audio and other information. The mobile communications industry has evolved in three stages, and correspondingly three generations of mobile phones have emerged thus far. Each one has provided more flexibility and usability than the previous ones . (1G) Analog : Analog phones helped to make voice calls inside one's country without roaming facilities. (2G) Digital mobile phone systems added fax, data and messaging capabilities as well as voice telephone service in many countries offering worldwide roaming. (3G) Multimedia services add high speed data transfer to mobile devices, allowing new video, audio and other applications (including Internet services) through mobile phones. 3G Introduction
3. 1. With 3G, the information is split into separate but related packets before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. Packet switched data formats are much more common than their circuit switched counterparts. 2. The World Wide Web (WWW) is becoming the primary communications interface. People access the Internet for entertainment, services, and information collection, the intranet for accessing enterprise information and connecting with colleagues and the extranet for accessing customers and suppliers. 3. Speeds of up to 2 Megabits per second (Mbps) are achievable with 3G. The data transmission rates will depend upon the environment, the call is being made in, however, only indoors and in stationary environments that these types of data rates will be available. For high mobility, data rates of 144 kbps are expected to be available. 3G Features
7. When people use walkie-talkie radios to communicate, only one person can talk at a time (the person doing the talking has to press a button). This is because walkie-talkie radios only use one communication frequency - a form of communication known as simplex : Simplex vs. Duplex Simplex: Using a walkie-talkie you have to push a button to talk one-way. Of course, this is not how mobile phones work. Mobile phones allow simultaneous two-way transfer of data - a situation known as duplex (if more than two data streams can be transmitted, it is called multiplex):
8. Duplex: Allows simultaneous two-way data transfers. The communication channel from the base station to the mobile device is called the downlink , and the communication from the mobile device back to the base station is called the uplink . How can duplex communication be achieved? Well, there are two possible methods which we will now consider: TDD and FDD . What is Duplex ?
9. Wireless duplexing has been traditionally implemented by dedicating two separate frequency bands: one band for the uplink and one band for the downlink (this arrangement of frequency bands is called ( paired spectrum ). This technique is called Frequency Division Duplex, or FDD. The two bands are separated by a "guard band" which provides isolation of the two signals: TDD vs. FDD
10. FDD: Uses paired spectrum - one frequency band for the uplink, one frequency band for the downlink. TDD: Duplex communications can also be achieved in time rather than by frequency. In this approach, the uplink and the downlink operate on the same frequency, but they are switched very rapidly one moment the channel is sending the uplink signal, the next moment the channel is sending the downlink signal. Because this switching is performed very rapidly. This is called Time Division Duplex, or TDD. TDD requires a guard time instead of a guard band between transmit and receive streams.
11. Data transmission is Symmetric if the data in the downlink and the data in the uplink is transmitted at the same data rate. This will probably be the case for voice transmission - the same amount of data is sent both ways). Symmetric Transmission vs. Asymmetric Transmission Asymmetric applications, e.g., the internet- 384kbps for the downlink, and 64kbps for the uplink
12. We have considered how a mobile phone can send and receive calls at the same time (via an uplink and a downlink). Now we will examine how many users can be multiplexed into the same channel (i.e., share the channel) without getting interference from other users, a capability called multiple access . For 3G technology, there are basically two competing technologies to achieve multiple access: TDMA and CDMA. TDMA is Time Division Multiple Access. It works by dividing a single radio frequency into many small time slots. Each caller is assigned a specific time slot for transmission. CDMA is Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA works by giving each user a unique code. The receiver has knowledge of the sender's unique code, and is therefore able to extract the correct signal no matter what the frequency TDMA vs. CDMA
