トランスのスパイスモデル(PART3)

スパイスモデル解説

トランスモデル編(Part 3)

2012年2月3日(金曜日)
株式会社ビー・テクノロジー
http://www.beetech.info/
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2012 1

ビー・テクノロジーのサービス内容について
「デバイスモデリングサービス」から必要なスパイスモデ解析に専念したいので専用の
ルを入手する(58種類のデバイスモデリングが可能) 回路シミュレーションの
テンプレートを提供して欲しい
スパイスモデルの配信サイト →カスタム・デザインキット・サービス
「スパイス・パーク」から入手する
(3,777モデル)
実際の設計で使用できる詳細の
すでに自分が使用するテンプレートが欲しい
型名が決まっている →デザインキット(14種類)

自分でパラメータを設定し概念設計のテンプレートが欲しい
スパイスモデルを作成したい →コンセプトキット(6種類)
→シンプルモデル(8種類)

回路図は作成済み回路シミュレーションの
必要なスパイスモデルを入手したいテンプレートを入手したい

回路設計者

問題を解決したい。相談したい。技術を向上させたい。学習したい。

コンサルティング・サービスデバイスモデリング教材ワークショップ
(13種類) セミナー(オンサイト含む)

Part 1及びPart 2の資料掲載先について

http://ow.ly/8uBzn http://ow.ly/8uBuD


[復習]トランスのスパイスモデルの種類
巻数モデル

TX1

＋コアモデル

巻数モデル TN33_20_11_2P90

L1_TURNS = 100

L2_TURNS = 100


(1)周波数特性モデル

コイルの等価回路の考え方(周波数を考慮する)

L1 C1
L1 R1 L1 R1

L1
R1

-3 0 3 6 9
10 10 10 10 10 (Hz)
Inductor model
Impedance vs. Frequency

注意：動作周波数により、3素子モデルではなく、5素子モデル、ラダー・モデル
が採用される事もあります。


K K1
K_Linear
COUPLING = 1
1 2

L1 L2
10uH 10uH

2 1

インダクタンス＋結合係数周波数モデル＋結合係数

結合係数とは、1次巻き線で発生した磁
K K1 束が2次巻き線に結合する割合です。デ
K_Linear フォルト値は、結合係数=1です。
COUPLING = 1 実際には、0.99-0.9999を使用します。


トランスのスパイスモデルの種類
事例：周波数モデル＋結合係数


事例：周波数モデル＋結合係数

Agilent 34420A Agilent 4294A

インピーダンスの測定:Agilent 4294A
直列抵抗成分の測定:Agilent 34420A


(2)周波数特性モデル＋コアモデル(PSpice)


コアのスパイスモデル(LTspiceとPSpice)


[PSpice検証&LTspice検証]
Saturable Core: NC-2H

Specification Dynamic Magnetization Curves

Material: NC-2H
Manganese Zinc Ferrite Cores with
• BS = 500(mT)
• Br = 140(mT)
• HC = 15.9(A/m)

Conditions:
• F = 10(KHz)
• TC = 23(C)

 The data is provided in the datasheet


PSpice MAGNETIC CORE MODEL: NC-2H

Evaluation Circuit Simulation Result

600m

K K1 500m
NC-2 H
V1 COUPLING= 0.9999
L1 = L1
400m
1
0V
L1
I1 R1 20 300m
IOFF = 0 10
FREQ = 1
IA MPL = 2A 2
200m

0
100m

0
0 0.2K 0.4K 0.6K 0.8K 1.0K
B(K1)/10000
H(K1)/0.01256


LTSpice IV MAGNETIC CORE MODEL: NC-2H

Evaluation Circuit Simulation Result


[PSpice検証&LTspice検証] LTSpice IV 1:1 Saturable
transformer model (Example)
- Simulation Circuit and Setting


LTSpice IV 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example)
- Simulation Result

Input voltage

Input Current

Output voltage

Output Current


PSpice 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example)

PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS:
Vin = 50V N = 0.1
Freq = 10k Lp = 1

K K2 K K3
NC-2H K_Linear
COUPLING= 0.9999 COUPLING = 1
R1
Prim L1 = L1 L1 = Lp Sec
0.1
IN L2 = Ls OUT

V1 = {-Vin} V1
V2 = {Vin} 0V Ri 0V
1 1
TD = 0 0.1
TR = 0 Lp Ls
TF = 0 1 1H {N*N*Lp} RO
PW = {0.5/Freq} 10
PER = {1/Freq} L1
20
2 2

2

0 0


- Simulation Result at R1=0.1

100s -499.8A
1 2

0s

-499.9A

-100s

-500.0A

-200s

SEL>>
-300s -500.1A
1 V(IN) 2 I(Lp)
10V 3.0A
1 2

0V 2.0A

-10V 1.0A

-20V 0A

>>
-30V -1.0A
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms
1 V(OUT) 2 I(Sec)
Time


- Simulation Result at R1=1

100s -49.90A
1 2

0s

-100s

-50.00A

-200s

SEL>>
-300s -50.05A
1 V(IN) 2 I(Lp)
10V 3.0A
1 2

0V 2.0A

-10V 1.0A

-20V 0A

>>
-30V -1.0A
1 V(OUT) 2 I(Sec)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2012
Time 18

[PSpice検証&LTspice検証] PSpice 1:1 Saturable
transformer model (Example)
- Simulation Result at R1=10

100s -4.90A
1 2

0s

-100s

-5.00A

-200s

SEL>>
-300s -5.05A
1 V(IN) 2 I(Lp)
10V 3.0A
1 2

0V 2.0A

-10V 1.0A

-20V 0A

>>
-30V -1.0A
1 V(OUT) 2 I(Sec)
Time

シンプルモデル：トランスモデルのコンセプト


Saturable transformer model
Simplified SPICE Behavioral Model

Bee Technologies Inc.


Contents
1. Model Overview
2. Concept of the Model
3. Parameter Settings of Saturable Core
4. Saturable core SUBCKT using LTspiceIV <<-- Netlist is not open(If you buy this model , you can show netlist)
5. Saturable Core Parameter Setting (Example)
5.1 Curve fitting: RLOSS
5.2 Curve fitting: LM
5.3 Curve fitting: BEXP
6. Dynamic Magnetizing Curves Characteristics
7. Basic Ideal Transformers and Their Parameters
7.1 Parameter settings of 1:1 ideal transformer
8. Saturable transformer SUBCKT Using LTspiceIV <<-- Netlist is not open(If you buy this model ,
you can show netlist)
9. 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example)
10. 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example) (Phase reverse)
13. 1:2 Saturable transformer model (Example) (Center tap)
14. Application Circuit Example: Flyback converter
Library Files and Symbol Files Location
Library Files Index
Simulation Index


1) Model Overview

• This Saturable Transformer Simplified SPICE Behavioral Model is for users
who require the model of the core loss and hysteresis as a part of their
system.

• The model focuses on the hysteresis loop behavior in their operation area,
which user can shape the B-H curve.
B (Teslas)

600mV

Remanent Flux Saturation Flux
Density Br Density BS

0V

Saturation Field HS
Coercive Field HC

-600mV H (A-turns/m)
-1.0KV 0V 1.0KV
V(U1:B)
Figure 1, Hysteresis Loop and Magnetic Properties.
V(H)


2) Concept of the Model

Saturable Core Ideal Transformer
Simplified SPICE Behavioral Model Simplified SPICE Behavioral Model

[Model parameters: BSAT, RLOSS, LM and BEXP] [Model parameters: N, RP, RS and LP]

• The Saturable core is characterized by parameters: BSAT, RLOSS, LM and BEXP, which
represent the Flux density vs. Magnetic field characteristics of the Saturable core.

• The Ideal transformer is characterized by parameters: N, RP, RS and LP .


3) Parameter Settings of Saturable Core
Model Parameters:
BSAT  The saturation flux density (in teslas).
– e.g. 100mT, 350mT, 500mT
B-H Curve – Value = <BSAT>
test points
RLOSS  The resistor RLOSS represents a loss
when a voltage is applied.
– e.g. 0.5Ω, 1Ω, 100KΩ
– Value = <RLOSS>

LM  Magnetizing inductance of the core inductor
(in henry).
– e.g. 1uH, 5uH, 50uH
– Value = <LM>
Figure 2, Saturable core model (Default parameters).
BEXP  The exponent in the expression for
coupling factor KC.
– e.g. 2, 4, 8
– Value = <BEXP>

• From the Saturable Core specification, the model is characterized by setting parameter
BSAT, then adjust the parameters RLOSS, LM and BEXP to shape the dynamic
magnetic curve.


4) Saturable core SUBCKT using LTspiceIV

Information of Netlist

Figure 3, Saturable core subcircuit SPICE compatible,
the key parameters are shown in bold.


5) Saturable Core Parameter Setting (Example)

Specification

Material: NC-2H
Manganese Zinc Ferrite Cores with
• BS = 500(mT) Input the
• Br = 140(mT) parameter
BSAT=500m
• HC = 15.9(A/m)

Conditions:
• F = 10(KHz)
• TC = 23(C)

 The data is provided in the datasheet

Figure 4, Dynamic Magnetization Curves.


5.1) Curve fitting: RLOSS
B (Teslas)

0.5Ω ---
1Ω ---
100KΩ ---

H (A-turns/m)

Figure 5, The magnetizing line difference, RLOSS.
• Condition: F=10KHz, Vin=80VP
• Parametric sweep: RLOSS=0.5Ω, 1Ω, 100KΩ


5.2) Curve fitting: LM
B (Teslas)

1uH ---
5uH ---
50uH ---

H (A-turns/m)

Figure 6, The magnetizing line difference, LM .
• Parametric sweep: LM=1uH, 5uH, 50uH


5.3) Curve fitting: BEXP
B (Teslas)

2 ---
4 ---
8 ---

H (A-turns/m)

Figure 7, The magnetizing line difference, BEXP.
• Parametric sweep: BEXP=2, 4, 8


6) Dynamic Magnetizing Curves Characteristics
- Evaluation Circuit and Setting

Sine wave excitation Square wave excitation

Condition: F=10KHz, Vin=80VP, TC=23°C
.tran 0 200u 100u 10n
.lib score.sub


6) Dynamic Magnetizing Curves Characteristics
- Simulation Result

Figure 8, Sine wave excitation Figure 9, Square wave excitation

• The saturable core model is completed with both sine and square wave (above)
excitation as shown in these LTspiceIV simulations.


7) Basic Ideal Transformers and Their Parameters

• The relationship between the Voltage and
IP IS
current are defined as equations below.

NS
+ NP NS + N (7.1)
NP
N is the turns ratio of Ideal transformer (above).

VP VS

VS  VP  N (7.2)

- -
IP  IS  N (7.3)

1:N VP is the primary voltage.
VS is the secondary voltage.
Figure 10, Symbol of basic ideal transformer with IP is the primary current.
The voltage to current relationships.
IS is the secondary current.
NP is the turns number of primary winding.
NS is the turns number of secondary winding.


7.1) Parameter settings of 1:1 ideal transformer

Model Parameters:
LP  Inductance of primary winding (in henry).
– e.g. 100uH, 250uH, 500uH
– Value = <LP>

N  is the turns ratio of Ideal transformer.
– e.g. 0.1, 0.5, 1
Figure 11, 1:1 Ideal transformer (Default parameters). – Value = <N>

RP  A series resistance of primary winding (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RP>

RS  A series resistance of secondary winding (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RS>

Figure 12, 1:1 Phase reverse ideal transformer
(Default parameters).



Model Parameters:
– e.g. 100uH, 250uH, 500uH
– Value = <LP>

– e.g. 0.1, 0.5, 1
– Value = <N>

RP1  A series resistance of primary winding 1 (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RP1>

RP2  A series resistance of primary winding 2 (in ohm).
Figure 13, 2:1 Ideal transformer (Default parameters). – e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RP2>

RS  A series resistance of secondary winding (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RS>



Model Parameters:
– e.g. 100uH, 250uH, 500uH
– Value = <LP>

– e.g. 0.1, 0.5, 1
Figure 14, 1:2 Ideal transformer (Default parameters). – Value = <N>

RP  A series resistance of primary winding (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RP>

RS1  A series resistance of secondary winding 1 (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RS1>

RS2  A series resistance of secondary winding 2 (in ohm).
– e.g. 1mΩ, 10mΩ, 100mΩ
– Value = <RS2>
Figure 15, 1:2 Center tap ideal transformer
(Default parameters).


8) Saturable transformer SUBCKT Using LTspiceIV

Information of Netlist

Figure 16, Saturable transformer symbol,
the key parameters are shown in bold.

Figure 17, Saturable transformer equivalent circuit.


9) 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example)

Secondary current Output Voltage
Primary current

Saturable transformer model

1 : {N}

• Condition: F=10KHz, VIN=50VP, VOUT=5VP, ROUT=10Ω
• .tran 0 2500u 0 50n
• .lib tfmr1.sub


- Simulation Result

Input voltage

Input Current

Output voltage

Output Current

Figure 18, The Input–Output Characteristics of 1:1 Saturable transformer.


- Simulation Circuit and Setting (Phase reverse)

1 : {N}

• .tran 0 2500u 0 50n
• .lib tfmr1_rev.sub


- Simulation Result (Phase reverse)

Input voltage

Input Current

Output voltage

Output Current

Figure 19, The Input–Output Characteristics of 1:1 Saturable transformer (Phase reverse).



1 : {N}

• .tran 0 2500u 0 50n
• .lib tfmr2prim.sub


- Simulation Result

Input voltage 1

Input Current 1

Input voltage 2

Input Current 2

Output voltage

Output Current




1 : {N}

• Condition: F=10KHz, VIN=50VP, VOUT1=VOUT2=5VP, ROUT=10Ω
• .tran 0 2500u 0 50n
• .lib tfmr2.sub


- Simulation Result

Input voltage

Input Current

Output voltage 1

Output Current 1

Output voltage 2

Output Current 2



- Simulation Circuit and Setting (Center tap)

1 : {N}

• Condition: F=10KHz, VIN=50VP, VOUT1=VOUT2=5VP, ROUT=10Ω
• .tran 0 2500u 0 50n
• .lib tfmr2_ct.sub


- Simulation Result (Center tap)

Input voltage

Input Current

Output voltage 1

Output Current 1

Output voltage 2

Output Current 2

Figure 22, The Input–Output Characteristics of 1:2 Saturable transformer (Center tap).


14) Application Circuit Example: Flyback converter

1 : {N}

• Condition: F=40KHz, VIN=24V, VOUT=5V, RL=5Ω, CL=200uF, LP=500uH
• .tran 0 10m 0 100n startup
• .lib tfmr1_rev.sub


14) Application Circuit Example: Flyback converter
- Simulation Result

Secondary voltage of transformer

Input voltage= 24Vdc

Output voltage= 5Vdc

Output ripple voltage

VRIPPLE

Secondary current of transformer

Figure 23, Flyback converter with Saturable transformer model.


Library Files and Symbol Files Location
…¥Simulations

Copy/
Paste
into C:¥Program Files¥LTC¥LTspiceIV¥lib¥sub

Copy/
Paste
into C:¥Program Files¥LTC¥LTspiceIV¥lib¥sym

1. Copy the library files (.lib) from the folder …¥Simulations ¥.lib¥, then paste into the folder
C:¥Program Files¥LTC¥LTspiceIV¥lib¥sub
2. Copy the symbol files(.asy) from the folder …¥Simulations ¥.asy¥, then paste into the folder
C:¥Program Files¥LTC¥LTspiceIV¥lib¥sym


Library Files Index

Model Library Symbol

1. Saturable Core……....................................................... score.sub SCORE.asy
2. 1:1 Saturable transformer model………………….......... tfmr1.sub TFMR1.asy
3. 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Phase reverse)……. tfmr1_rev.sub TFMR1_REV.asy
4. 2:1 Saturable transformer model..…………….………… tfmr2prim.sub TFMR2PRIM.asy
5. 1:2 Saturable transformer model..…….………………… tfmr2.sub TFMR2.asy
6. 1:2 Saturable transformer model (Center tap)……....... tfmr2_ct.sub TFMR2_CT.asy


Simulation Index

Simulations Folder name

1. Curve fitting: RLOSS…………………………………………........ Curve fitting
2. Curve fitting: LM………………………………………………........ Curve fitting
3. Curve fitting: BEXP………………………………………………… Curve fitting
4. Dynamic Magnetizing Curves Characteristics…….................... Sat_Core
5. 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example)…………………….. Sat_Trans1
6. 1:1 Saturable transformer model (Example) (Phase reverse)… Sat_Trans2
7. 2:1 Saturable transformer model (Example)..…………….…….. Sat_Trans3
8. 1:2 Saturable transformer model (Example)..…….…………….. Sat_Trans4
9. 1:2 Saturable transformer model (Example) (Center tap)……... Sat_Trans5
10. Application Circuit Example: Flyback converter……………….... Appl


Bee Technologies Group

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ご了承下さい。また、本文中に登場する製品及びサービス
株式会社ビー・テクノロジーの名称は全て関係各社または個人の各国における商標
〒105-0012 東京都港区芝大門二丁目2番7号 7セントラルビル4階または登録商標です。本原稿に関するお問い合わせは、
代表電話: 03-5401-3851 当社にご連絡下さい。
設立日:2002年9月10日
資本金:8,830万円
【子会社】お問合わせ先)
Siam Bee Technologies Co.,Ltd. (タイランド)
info@bee-tech.com

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