3. Cost Action 351 - WATMOVE
Water Movements in Road Pavements and Embankments
• Homepage: www.watmove.org
– Water In Pavements - WIP'05 Presentations
– Water In Pavements - WIP'06 Presentations
• Text book (Springer 2009)
– WATER IN ROAD STRUCTURES
Movement, Drainage & Effects
Dawson, A (Ed.)
http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences/hydrogeology/book/978-1-4020-8561-1
4. The book
1 Introduction
2 Water Flow Theory for Saturated and Unsaturated Pavement Material
3 Measurement Techniques for Water Flow
4 Heat Transfer in Soils
5 Water in Pavement Surfacing
6 Sources of Fate of Water Contaminants in Roads
7 Contaminant Sampling and Analysis
8 Water Influences on Bearing Capacity and Pavement Performance: Field
Observations
9 Water Influence on Mechanical Behaviour of Pavements: Constitutive
Modelling
10 Water Influence on Mechanical Behaviour of Pavements: Experimental
Investigation
11 Modelling Coupled Mechanics, Moisture and Heat in Pavement
Structures
12 Pollution Mitigation
13 Control of Pavement Water and Pollution Prevention
5. A moisture monitoring program
20
Gravimetric moisture cont. [%]
Winter thaw Spring thaw
15
Non-frost Unfrozen moisture Unfrozen moisture
during winter during winter
10
5
0
1/3/00
1/4/00
1/10/99
1/12/99
31/1/00
31/10/99
31/12/99
15
Grundartangi
10
Temperature [°C]
5
0
-5
-10
1/1/00
1/2/00
1/3/00
1/4/00
1/10/99
1/11/99
1/12/99
6. Moisture variation with depth and
time
20
15 Air temperature
10
Temperature [°C]
5
0
-5
-10
-15
15.3.02
31.3.02
16.4.02
2.5.02
18.5.02
3.6.02
Base
course
Subbase
Subgrade
March, 15th
2002
8. FWD results & grav. moisture in 1999
Section 1.4.1
25 500
Moisture in base course 2, d = 15 cm
Moisture in subbase 1, d = 25 cm
Moisture in subbase 2, d = 45 cm
20 400
Stiffness of base & subbase
Gravimetric moisture cont. [%]
Stiffness of subgrade
Moduli, Mr [MPa]
15 300
10 200
5 100
0 0
1/3/99
1/4/99
1/5/99
1/6/99
1/7/99
1/8/99
9. The APT device - The HVS Nordic
The HVS Nordic is a mobile APT
test facility.
Technical Specifications
Test wheel: Dual or single wheel
Load range: 30 – 110 kN
Capacity: 150 000 passages/week
Loading direction: single or bi-directional
Max speed: 12 km/h
Lateral wander: 0 – 0.7 m
Pavement temp: 0 – 30°C
Power: Diesel or electricity
11. The instrumented test structures – SE06
0.0
Asphalt Concrete
4.8 3 x 3 Pressure cells
Bituminous Base
10.1 3 x 4 Vertical strain gauges
Granular Base Course 4 x 2 Horizontal strains gauges
20.9 1 x 3 Deflection sensors
Granular Subbase
35.1
Subgrade, sand
Instrumentation
Pressure cell
Horizontal strain, longitudinal
Horizontal strain, transversal
Vertical strain
Depth [cm] Vertical deflection
12. Test procedure
0.0
Asphalt Concrete
4.8
Bituminous Base
10.1
Granular Base Course
20.9
Granular Subbase
35.1
Subgrade, sand
30 cm
35 cm
30 cm gwt Depth [cm]
300 cm
13. The Response Measurements
200 60
Vertical stress, σv [kPa]
Vertical stress, σv [kPa]
SPC-214 d = 17.5 cm 50 SPC-215 d = 44.0 cm
150
40
100 30 0.0
20
Asphalt Concrete
50 4.8
10 Bituminous Base
0 0 10.1
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 Granular Base Course
Number of load repetitions, N Number of load repetitions, N
20.9
60 Granular Subbase
Vertical stress, σv [kPa]
50 SPC-218 d = 60.0 cm
40 35.1
30
20
Subgrade, sand
10 30 cm
0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 gwt
0.0040 of load repetitions, N
Number 0.0010
Z-35 d = 10.1/20.7 65.1
Vertical strain, εv [-]
Vertical strain, εv [-]
0.0008 Z-38 d = 20.7/35.3
0.0030
0.0006
0.0020
0.0004
0.0010
0.0002
0.0000 0.0000
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of load repetitions, N Number of load repetitions, N
Depth [cm]
0.0010 0.0010
Z-29 d = 35.3/50.5
Vertical strain, εv [-]
Vertical strain, εv [-]
0.0008 0.0008 Z-30 d = 50.5/65.5
0.0006 0.0006
0.0004 0.0004
0.0002 0.0002
0.0000 0.0000
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of load repetitions, N Number of load repetitions, N
15. Permanent deformation prediction
10 0.0
Asphalt Concrete
4.8
Bituminous Base
Permanent deformation, δ [mm]
Sg measurements 10.1
8
Sg calculations Granular Base Course
20.9
6
Granular Subbase
2.0
4 35.1
Sb measurements
Permanent deformation, δ [mm]
Subgrade, sand
Sb calculations
1.5 30 cm
2
2.0
gwt
0 BC measurements
65.1
Permanent deformation, δ [mm]
1.0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 BC calculations
1000000
1.5
Number of passes, N
15
0.5
Rut measurements
1.0
Rut calculations
Permanent deformation, δ [mm]
Depth [cm]
0.0
0 200000 0.5 10
400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of passes, N
0.0
0 200000 400000 5
600000 800000 1000000
Number of passes, N
0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of passes, N
16. Conclusions
• Water influences the structural behaviour of pavements.
• A state of the art text book: Water in road structures –
movement, drainage & effects has recently been published.
• More knowledge need to be established regarding how water
affects the pavement structure.
• Water influence on pavement response and performance can be
studies in field monitoring programs, lab experiments as well is
full scale testing.
• We need to take advantage of this to build up the knowledge of
water impact on pavement structures.
