Data-Driven Place Name Translations and Replaying Memories
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March 3, 2015 CGC 2016 Conference Play / Rewind River Building, Carleton University http://carletoncgc.com/upcoming-events-lectures/cfps/
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Data-Driven Place Name Translations and Replaying Memories
- 1. March 3, 2015 CGC 2016 Conference Play / Rewind River Building, Carleton University WOOD QUAY VENUE, DUBLIN, 24 APRIL 2015 Dr Tracey P. Lauriault Communication Studies School of Journalism and Communication Tracey.Lauriault@carleton.ca @TraceyLauriault Data Based Translations / Re-Playing Memories
- 2. PLACE NAMES
- 3. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University PLACE NAMES ‘‘storytelling organization or a collective storytelling system in which the performance of stories is a key part of members’ sense making and a means to allow them to supplement individual memories with institutional memory” “label, define, and represent places and people; ‘a place name sometimes fills up its territory with sense of place and homogenizes it”. Kim, Y.-C. & Ball-Rokeach, 2006, Civic Engagement From a Communication Infrastructure Perspective, p.180. Mayhew, 2015, Place Name, Oxford Dictionary of Geography.
- 4. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University INFRASTRUCTURAL SCRIPTS “the experience of space is the experience of multiple infrastructures – infrastructures of naming, of movement, of interaction, etc. – and these infrastructures emerge from and are sustained by the embodied practices of the people who populate and inhabit the spaces in question”. Dourish & Bell, 2007, The Infrastructure of Experience and the Experience of Infrastructure p. 424
- 5. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University NEW SCRIPT “A frequent result of an old order yielding to a new, whether painfully or painlessly, is a change of another kind…the renaming of places” and a “broad principle holds, that the more turbulent the history of a country, the more numerous are its renamings” Room, 1993, Place-Name Changes 1900-1991, p. vii
- 6. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University COLONIALIZATION Special instructions, concerning the treatment of Placenames, issued by the officer in charge of the survey Lt. Col. Thomas Colby (1829?) “The persons employed on the survey are to endeavour to obtain the correct orthography of the names of places diligently consulting the best authorities within their reach. The name of each place is to be inserted as it is commonly spelt, in the first column of the name book; and the various modes of spelling it used in books, writings &c., are to be inserted in the second column, with the authority placed in the third column opposite to each. The situation of the place is to be recorded in a popular manner in the fourth column of the namebook. A short description of the place and any other remarkable circumstances relating to it are to be inserted. This data was recorded in Namebooks which are now stored in the National Archive.” http://www.osi.ie/education/third-level-and-academic/history-of- place-names/
- 7. LOGAINM
- 8. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University TRANSLATIONS Set in Baile Beag, County Donegal, in 1833 Turbulent times in the British Colony. The British want to map the island and translate Gaelic place names into ‘proper’ standardized English.
- 9. Brian Friel, 1981, Translations: A Play, London: Faber & Faber
- 10. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University POST-COLONIAL RECLAIMING The post office always resisted the new names After the 1916 uprising scientists produced a list of toponyms in Irish versions As an act of independence new official authorities were reclaiming Irishness 1946 a toponymic committee was struck to investigate how to restore anglicized place names into Irish form 1968 the original Irish names stated to get put onto the map 1983 the Ordnance Survey policy was directed toward the creation of bilingual maps, with original Irish place names and if the English names did not have an Irish equivalent these were translated Ormeling, 1983, Minority Toponyms on Maps
- 11. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University POST-COLONIAL AUTHORITY
- 12. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University CODED TRANSLATIONS http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/docs/linked _logainm_narrative_report_en.pdf http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/docs/usi ng_linked_logainm_en.pdf
- 13. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University MAPPING http://www.logainm.ie
- 14. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University LOCATION LODER logainm.ie DBpedia The data held in Wikipedia’s infoboxes are made available as Linked Open Data via DBpedia.org. Irish Historic Town Atlas Established in 1981 aims to record the topographical development of a selection of Irish towns both large and small. This dataset tracks changes to streets and street names in Dublin over time, and includes bibliographic references to original sources where present. National Library of Ireland Longfield map collection consists of 1,671 individual maps bound into twenty-eight volumes. The maps represent all counties in Ireland with the exception of Kerry. Europeana.eu is an internet portal which acts as a hub for digitized cultural content across Europe. Content on Europeana includes digitised artworks, books, archival documents, film and audio. http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/
- 15. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University JOHN O'DONOVAN, GLOSSARY, IRISH TOPOG[RAPHICAL] DICT[IONARY] MANUSCRIPT 1830-1832 “A glossary in alphabetical order of various Anglicised placename elements, followed by their Irish forms and a translation. ‘Derivation of all the names of places in Lanigan’s Ecclesiastical History of Ireland [four volumes, 1822] as given by himself, by Vallancey and others with remarks by J. O’Donovan. December 23, 1830’. ‘A list of Irish words that enter into the composition of many names of places in Ireland’. The Irish words are followed by a translation and generally by relevant examples from placenames. Some personal names and surnames are also included. ‘A list of saints’ names to whom Irish church[es] were dedicated’. This short list is on the final verso page and includes toponymic examples of the saints’ names.” http://www.logainm.ie/en/res/179 John O'Donovan, Ordnance Survey
- 16. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University BIOGRAPHIES National Database of Irish Biographies with publishers Cló Iar-Chonnacht. This features more than 1,700 people since the year 1560 who have had an involvement with the Irish language. There is an alphabetical listing as well as comprehensive cross-referencing, full-text search for keywords and phrases, timelines, and life attributes such as works, awards and events http://www.ainm.ie/ .
- 17. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University TERMINOLOGY National Terminology Database with Foras na Gaeilge. This is a 200,000+ listing of Irish-language terms in specialised and contemporary subjects. http://www.tearma.ie/
- 18. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University FOLKLORE The objective is to initiate the digitization of the National Folklore Collection (NFC) so that, by 2016: (i) the public will have access to material from the Collection on the public website (ii) a data management system will be available for NFC to which other material can be added in future. http://www.duchas.ie/en
- 19. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University AUDIO RECORDINGS +1,200 hours of recordings made in the 1960s and 1970s in 24 counties and placenames were collected from more than 4,000. The audio material and its catalogue were digitized in 2009 & the database was created in Fiontar as part of an MA Research Fellowship undertaken by Cáit Nic Fhionnlaoich, 2010–2011, sponsored by the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. http://www.logainm.ie/phono/
- 21. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University LAKE HURON TREATY RELATIONSHIP PROCESS
- 22. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University INUIT SIKU (SEA ICE) ATLAS
- 23. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University PLACE NAME ATLASES Photos © 2012 Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute
- 24. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University
- 25. Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, Communication Studies, Carleton University COLLECTIVE MEMORY PROJECTS These atlases embody the collective memories of those who have contributed to their creation and have become a means to records the historical, geographical, cultural and scientific facts that have been transmitted orally for centuries. These atlases are the first official recordings of this aurally transmitted knowledge and elders and communities have authoritatively endorsed each record. The communities who have contributed to and authorized them regard these atlases as living archives.
- 26. REPLAYING
- 27. We are continuously translating. The land and the people dynamically change, so do the socio- technological data assemblages, from Gaelic to English in the colonial Survey, back into Gaelic in the post-colonial Linked Logainm Project, the territory is then translated from the colonial cartographic maps into a post-colonial real-world object database. Local and traditional knowledge once transmitted orally, in song and stories, are translated into digital multimedia artefacts accessible to youth and embedded into curricula into local languages. These become geospatial data, maps and atlases that become a fundamental source in our memory of the world. They form part of our collective memory system, they help us understand our geo-narratives, they counter colonial mappings, are the result of scientific endeavours, represent multiple worldviews, and they inform decisions.
- 28. The interconnections increase. In each case, the translation technologically mediates places and culture, with each iteration it remains infrastructure, one that increasingly finds itself interconnected with others. Databases are augmenting meaning. Our job is to build better systems, but more critical, reflexive, sensitive and nuanced ones, always thinking of the meaning we are inscribing, cognitive of the material and cultural affect on the world. Data Based Translations / Re-Playing Memories
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Translations is a three-act play by Irish playwright Brian Friel, written in 1980.
- The maps with their names legibly arranged, today seem so neat and tidy. Who gets to write on the land? How do they get to write it? Whose land are they writing on? Is this only about colonization?
- http://www.ahg.gov.ie/gaeltacht/the-irish-language/the-placenames-branch/ Provides authoritative Irish Language Versions of place names for official and public use, decided by order by minister of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht in consultation with the public and the Placenames Commission Counties, baronies, civil parishes, townlands and electoral divisions along with administrative names etc.
- Linked Logainm Linked Data version of the authoritative bilingual database of Irish place names logainm.ie. Irish place name data in a structured, computer-readable format which allows its value to be fully exploited by collaborators, web developers, computer scientists, the heritage community and information professionals. Collaborative project: Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI) INSIGHT @ NUIGalway (Digital Enterprise Research Institute DERI) Fiontar at Dublin City University National Library of Ireland - Longfield Map Collection Placenames Branch of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht Fiontar – cutting edge research in the area of electronic resources for the Irish Language – place names, biographies, National Library – collect, preserve, promote and make accessible the documentary and intellectual record of life in Ireland Place Name Branch http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/docs/linked_logainm_narrative_report_en.pdf http://apps.dri.ie/locationLODer/docs/using_linked_logainm_en.pdf
- Demonstrator Website
- Book - http://www.logainm.ie/Eolas/Data/Brainse/logainm.ie-lamhscribhinn-sheain-ui-dhonnabhain.pdf http://www.logainm.ie/en/res/179 http://www.logainm.ie/en/res/ The Placenames Branch This manuscript is classified as ‘Glossary, Irish Topog[raphical] Dict[ionary]’ on the spine of its bound cover and also on an insertion written in ink which is pasted in one of the blank pages to the front. ‘Ordnance Survey of Ireland’ is also printed on the spine of the cover. In all probability the manuscript was written in its entirety by John O’Donovan while employed by the Ordnance Survey. O’Donovan began his employment with the Ordnance Survey on 28 October 1830. The second section of the manuscript was written less than two months later. There is one further contemporary date in the manuscript, a letter dated Jan[uar]y? 15, 1832 by Myles John O’Reilly to O’Donovan which has been attached to the back page. O’Donovan transcribed various entries from Sanas Cormaic (or Cormac’s Glossary) in the blank spaces of the letter and the same entries are included in the third section of the manuscript. There is also a further small sheet of paper attached to the back page and headed, in O’Donovan’s hand, ‘Topographical words extracted from an Irish song’ The contents of the manuscript, which is unpaginated, are as follows: A glossary in alphabetical order of various Anglicised placename elements, followed by their Irish forms and a translation. ‘Derivation of all the names of places in Lanigan’s Ecclesiastical History of Ireland [four volumes, 1822] as given by himself, by Vallancey and others with remarks by J. O’Donovan. December 23, 1830’. ‘A list of Irish words that enter into the composition of many names of places in Ireland’. The Irish words are followed by a translation and generally by relevant examples from placenames. Some personal names and surnames are also included. ‘A list of saints’ names to whom Irish church[es] were dedicated’. This short list is on the final verso page and includes toponymic examples of the saints’ names.
- Project partners National Folklore Collection, UCD Fiontar, DCU Department of Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht The Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI) is involved in an advisory role with regard to standards and inter-operability in digital archiving.
- The Cybercartographic Atlas of the Lake Huron Treaty Relationship Process (CALHTRP) is retelling and re-mapping the treaty process. Archival records such as surveyor notebooks and diary entries, and numerous personal histories are geo-transcribed and aggregated into a database. This database of stories is mapped with georeferenced photographs, signed treaties, etc.. Some historical maps were geo-rectified according to contemporary map projections and layered with the oral history of events accounted by community elders or with the geo-transcribed stories from surveyor and explorer notes. These participatory and counter cartographies are enacting a post colonial mapping of Canada’s treaty system. Furthermore, they are providing geonarratives to the making of colonial maps, making new records from old oral traditions, and by doing so put into question the ‘authenticity’ and ‘completeness’ of the traditional archival treaty record and giving each of these records a ‘secondary provenance’, the atlases allow for the re-interpretation of original record. . These atlases are therefore ‘remapping’ the official historical record by reflexively using western geospatial technologies, multimedia and methods in such as ways so as not to recolonize. Furthermore, they are also providing geonarratives to the making of colonial maps, making new records from old oral traditions, and by doing so put into question the ‘authenticity’ and ‘completeness’ of the traditional archival treaty record. Also, by geo-transcribing historical records, digitizing oral cultures, and re-purposing old maps in new ways, cybercartographic atlases are giving each of these records a ‘secondary provenance’, even though the provenance of the original record is provided, it becomes less important as the atlases allow for the re-interpretation of original record. Available at https://gcrc.carleton.ca/confluence/display/GCRCWEB/The+Cybercartographic+Atlas+of+the+Lake+Huron+Treaty+Relationship+Process (accessed 29 August 2012). Stephanie Pyne coined this term during the making of the Cybercartographic Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives in, “A “living Atlas” for Geospatial Storytelling: The Cybercartographic Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives and Knowledge of the Great Lakes Region”, Cartographica (2009), vol. 44, no.2, pp.83-100. Recently historical maps in the David Rumsey Map Collection have been geo-rectified to be viewed along in Google Map and Google Earth, available at http://rumsey.geogarage.com/gmaps.html (accessed 29 August 2012). For a more detailed account of this process see Stephanie Pyne and D.R. Fraser Taylor, “Mapping Indigenous Perspectives in the Making of the Cybercartographic Atlas of the Lake Huron Treaty Relationships Process: A Performative Approach in a Reconciliation Context”, Cartographica, (2012), vol. 47 no.2, pp.92-104. Lori Podolsky Nordland in “The Concept of "Secondary Provenance": Re-interpreting Ac ko mok ki's Map as Evolving Text” discusses transmedia shifts of pre-Gutenberg archival records and how these digitized records gain new life and acquire new layers of meaning. Furthermore, in the case of the Ac ko mok ki' map, it was argued that it should be reinterpreted according to the Siksika world view and their cartographic conventions thus giving it a secondary provenance, Archivaria, (2004), vol. 58, pp. 147-159. Available at https://gcrc.carleton.ca/confluence/display/GCRCWEB/The+Cybercartographic+Atlas+of+the+Lake+Huron+Treaty+Relationship+Process (accessed 29 August 2012). See: Cybercartographic Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives in, “A “living Atlas” for Geospatial Storytelling: The Cybercartographic Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives and Knowledge of the Great Lakes Region”, Cartographica (2009), vol. 44, no.2, pp.83-100. David Rumsey Map Collection have been geo-rectified to be viewed along in Google Map and Google Earth, available at http://rumsey.geogarage.com/gmaps.html (accessed 29 August 2012). See Stephanie Pyne and D.R. Fraser Taylor, “Mapping Indigenous Perspectives in the Making of the Cybercartographic Atlas of the Lake Huron Treaty Relationships Process: A Performative Approach in a Reconciliation Context”, Cartographica, (2012), vol. 47 no.2, pp.92-104. Lori Podolsky Nordland in “The Concept of "Secondary Provenance": Re-interpreting Ac ko mok ki's Map as Evolving Text” discusses transmedia shifts of pre-Gutenberg archival records and how these digitized records gain new life and acquire new layers of meaning. Furthermore, in the case of the Ac ko mok ki' map, it was argued that it should be reinterpreted according to the Siksika world view and their cartographic conventions thus giving it a secondary provenance, Archivaria, (2004), vol. 58, pp. 147-159.
- The Inuit siku (sea ice) Atlas was developed to respond to Inuit elders’ and hunters’ expressions of interest: to share their knowledge with youth; see more Inuit knowledge and northern content in the northern education system and to share their knowledge more broadly with scientists and the general public. It was compiled and developed to reflect the knowledge, stories, maps, language, and lessons shared through years of interviews, focus groups, sea ice trips, and workshops with local sea ice experts in Cape Dorset, Igloolik, Pangnirtung, and Clyde River, Nunavut. Interactive atlas features are used to enable students to explore and learn about various sea ice topics, maps, Inuktitut terminology, community-specific information, and project background, including audio, video, pictures, text, and maps. The Inuit siku (sea ice) Atlas (http://sikuatlas.ca/) was developed as part of an International Polar Year project called The Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project (ISIUOP), through the collaboration of many northern, academic, government, and private industry contributors. It is a compilation of Inuit sea ice knowledge and use, as documented between 2004 – 2008.
- The Kitikmeot Heritage Society, Inuit Heritage Trust's Traditional Name Placing Project and the Gwich'in Cultural Society approached the GCRC to help them map their place name databases with their collections of audio recordings of place names and video recordings of elders narrating the stories of those places. These place name atlases have become important knowledge transmission tools from elder to youth, are cultural geo-linguistic heritage preservation tools, have been incorporated as part of school curricula and are land occupancy records depicting the territorial extent of a community’s land use and settlement. Naming places is part of the infrastructure of experience and represents social relationships, kinship, historical events and shared cultural memories. These atlases are enabling local communities to re-place their histories onto the map and others to see space from a different cultural lens. Kitikmeot Place Name Atlas http://www.kitikmeotheritage.ca/atlas.htm, The Arctic Bay Atlas http://arcticbayatlas.ca/index.html (accessed 27 August 2012) and Gwich'in Goonanh'kak Goonwandak: The Places and Stories of the Gwich'in (under development). See Paul Dourish and Geneveve Bell, “The Infrastructure of Experience and the Experience of Infrastructure: Meaning and Structure in Everyday Encounters with Space”, (2005), Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design vol. 34, pp. 414 – 430.
- Tell stories - Keep context and connection to people/land Multiple representations (maps, sounds, graphs, timelines, etc.) Open to contributions Devised by community Content is discoverable Open Standards, Open Source Small servers with redundant storage and uninterruptible power supplies host in communities. Communities partner with data centres and/or each other for data preservation and/or internet hosting. Database system that supports “eventual consistency”. Excellent for slow/intermittent links.
- GeoNarratives Geo-Transcribing Geo-Histories Geographic Imaginations Legal Fictions