Keynote talk given for ICOM CIDOC at Sibiu, Romania September, 2011

1. “…the great trouble with the world
was that which survived
was held in hard evidence as to past events.
A false authority clung to what
persisted, as if those artifacts of the past
which had endured had done so
by some act of their own will.”
[emphasis added]
-- Cormac McCarthy The Crossing

2. © J. Paul Getty Trust
Unintentional artifact…

3. © J. Paul Getty Trust

4. Telephoto view (north) of Laetoli trackway site, 1996
© J. Paul Getty Trust

5. Laetoli, May 1996; Point cloud with elevation data of footprint
© J. Paul Getty Trust

6. [Laetoli Diorama ], Hall of Human Biology, American Museum of Natural
History, (Courtesy Special Collections, AMNH Library)

7. AND

8. “A representation of the cholera epidemic
of the nineteenth century”
http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html

9. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowmap1_1854_lge.htm

10. http://johnsnow.matrix.ms
u.edu/images/online_comp
anion/chapter_images/fig1
2-6.jpg

11. http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/

12. AND

13. “Crimea, 185
5: Which is
"true?" A
road with
cannonballs,
or without?”
“Errol Morris Looks for the Truth in Photography,” by Kathryn Schulz, NYT Sep.1 ,2011
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/books/review/believing-is-seeing-by-errol-morris-book-review.html

14. Collections & Memory,
Data as Evidence
Museums, Libraries and Archives
as Veritistic advocates?

15. “Nothing is required for this enlightenment,
however, except freedom; and the freedom in
question
is the least harmful of all, namely,
the freedom to use reason publicly in all
matters..."
Immanuel Kant
“What is Enlightement?”

16. WIPO “Knowledge Pyramid”
http://www.wipo.int/global_ip/en/knowledge_gap.html

17. “KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES”:
Insight Technology
Repatriation of biodiversity information through Clearing House Mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity and Global
Biodiversity Information Facility; Views and experiences of Peruvian and
Bolivian non-governmental organizations. Ulla Helimo Master’s Thesis University of Turku Department of Biology 6.10. 2004
p.11. http://enbi.utu.fi/Documents/Ulla%20Helimo%20PRO%20GRADU.pdf[06-06-05]

19. Khandhas: Buddhist Constituents of the “self”
“The five khandhas are ‘bundles’ or ‘piles’ of
 form,
 feeling,
 perception,
 fabrications,
 consciousness.”
The Five Aggregates: A Study Guide by ThanissaroBhikkhu
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/khandha.html

20. Meta-cognition --
Descartes: “Cogito ergo sum”
“I have convinced myself that there is absolutely nothing in
the world, no sky, no earth, no minds, no bodies. Does it
now follow that I too do not exist? No: if I convinced myself
of something then I certainly existed. But there is a
deceiver of supreme power and cunning who is deliberately
and constantly deceiving me. In that case I too undoubtedly
exist, if he is deceiving me; and let him deceive me as much
as he can, he will never bring it about that I am nothing so
long as I think that I am something. So after considering
everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that this
proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is
put forward by me or conceived in my mind.” (Med. 2, AT
7:25)
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/#4

21. Samuel Taylor Coleridge:
“Imagination” / “Fancy”
“The Imagination then I consider either as primary, or secondary. The primary Imagination I hold
to be the living power and prime agent of all human perception, and as a repetition in the
finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite I AM... It is essentially vital, even as all
objects (as objects) are essentially fixed and dead.
“FANCY, on the contrary, has no other counters to play with, but fixities and definites. The
fancy is indeed no other than a mode of memory emancipated from the
order of time and space; while it is blended with, and modified by that
empirical phaenomenon of the will, which we express by the word Choice.
But equally with the ordinary memory the Fancy must receive all its
materials ready made from the law of association.” [emphasis added]
-- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
BibliographiaLitera (Chpt 12)
http://www.archive.org/stream/biographialitera06081gut/bioli10.txt

22. Meta-cognition --
Descartes: “Cogito ergo sum”
“I have convinced myself that there is absolutely nothing in
the world, no sky, no earth, no minds, no bodies. Does it
now follow that I too do not exist? No: if I convinced myself
of something then I certainly existed. But there is a
deceiver of supreme power and cunning who is deliberately
and constantly deceiving me. In that case I too undoubtedly
exist, if he is deceiving me; and let him deceive me as much
as he can, he will never bring it about that I am nothing so
long as I think that I am something. So after considering
everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that this
proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is
put forward by me or conceived in my mind.” (Med. 2, AT
7:25)
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/#4

23. ”First Person Ontology”
EXPRESSION Physics PERCEPTION
Engineering
Biology
Problem Domain of Problem Domain of
“AESTHETICS” “CONSCIOUSNESS”
“INTUITION” “VALUATION”
(Memory)
Social Sciences Cognitive Studies
REASON

24. Letter: Charles Darwin to Alfred Russell Wallace
May 1, 1857
” …it is lamentable how each man
draws his own different conclusions
from the very same fact.”
Darwin Correspondence Project
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2086

25. ”Third Person Ontology”?
Physics
Engineering
Biology
Problem Domain of
“CONSCIOUSNESS”
Social sciences Cognitive Studies
With presumed values of OBJECTIVITY and INVARIANCE

26. WIPO “Knowledge Pyramid”

27. Paul Otlet ¬–
LaboratoriumMundaneum –
Dissection of Documents and
Re-order in UDC –
Mundaneum Mons

28. Complex types
of knowledge
resources
support all
forms of
research
Research Information Network and British Library “Patterns of information use and exchange: case
studies of researchers in the life sciences”
http://www.rin.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/Patterns_information_use-REPORT_Nov09.pdf

29. “Competence”
“Involvement”
This is a very useful effort to depict graphically the “involvement” of a range of “actors” in a scientific debate
based in evidence. It has implications for Web 2.0 approaches and for social media… as opportunities for both
peer review and public review
D. J. Meltzer, “Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill” Univ of California Press, 2006.

30. Essential Definitions: “Data”?

31. Essential Definitions: “Data”?
“Data” – a philosophical definition
The Diaphoric Definition of Data (DDD):
“A datum is a putative fact
regarding some difference or lack of uniformity
within some context.”
Luciano Floridi<luciano.floridi@philosophy.ox.ac.uk> “Semantic Conceptions of
Information”
(First published Wed Oct 5, 2005) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-semantic/ [visited 11/12/09]

32. Essential Definitions: “Data” ? [technical]
“…’data’ are defined as any information that can be stored in
digital form and accessed electronically, including, but not
limited to, numeric data, text, publications, sensor
streams, video, audio, algorithms, software, models and
simulations, images, etc.”
-- US NSF Program Solicitation 07-601
“Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network Partners (DataNet)”
Taken in this broadest possible sense, “data” are thus simply
coded electronic forms of information (bits and bytes).
Virtually anything can be represented as “data” so long as it is
electronically machine-readable.

33. “Most commonly, computer scientists are concerned with
digital objects that are defined as a set of sequences of
bits. One can then ask computationally based questions
about whether one has the correct set of sequences of
bits, such as whether the digital object in one's
possession is the same as that which some entity
published under a specific identifier at a specific point in
time… However, this is a simplistic notion. There are
additional factors to consider.” *!+
Clifford Lynch, “Authenticity and Integrity in the Digital Environment: An
Exploratory Analysis of the Central Role of Trust,”
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub92/lynch.html

34. Definition: “Data” [epistemic]
“Measurements, observations or descriptions of a
referent -- such as an individual, an event, a specimen
in a collection or an excavated/surveyed object --
created or collected through human interpretation
(whether directly “by hand” or through the use of
technologies)”
-- AnthroDPA Working Group on Metadata
(May, 2009)

35. Raw Data and “Native” Metadata
“manzanita_sapflow_12-5-07_to_7-7-08.xls”
“instantaneous sap flow data (as temperature differences on a constant temperature heat
dissipation probe) for multiple branches of Manzanita, collected with a datalogger.
used to correlate physiological activity with below-ground measures of root grown and
CO2 production.”
sbid battery datetime heater_voltage Manz1Sap1 Manz1Sap2 Manz1Sap3 Manz1Sap4 Manz2Sap5 Manz2Sap6 Manz2Sap7 Manz3Sap10 Manz3Sap8 Manz3Sap9 Manz4Sap11 timestamp Datagap Julian
2 12.365 1196796112 2018.8 0.5585 0.51029 0.55517 0.54354 0.6067 0.52858 0.55351 0.59008 0.59506 0.60337 0.56514 12/4/07 11:21 4.47351
3 12.348 1196796232 2017.9 0.55682 0.51028 0.5535 0.54352 0.60669 0.52857 0.55017 0.59007 0.59505 0.60336 0.56513 12/4/07 11:23 0 4.47490
4 12.357 1196796352 2018.6 0.55514 0.51027 0.55348 0.54351 0.60501 0.52855 0.55016 0.59005 0.59504 0.60501 0.56512 12/4/07 11:25 0 4.47628
5 12.354 1196796472 2017.6 0.55514 0.51026 0.55181 0.5435 0.60334 0.52855 0.54849 0.59004 0.59503 0.60334 0.56511 12/4/07 11:27 0 4.47767
6 12.334 1196796592 2018.3 0.55347 0.51026 0.55015 0.5435 0.60333 0.52854 0.54682 0.59004 0.59502 0.605 0.56511 12/4/07 11:29 0 4.47906
7 12.34 1196796712 2018.5 0.55014 0.50859 0.55014 0.54349 0.60332 0.53019 0.54349 0.59003 0.59501 0.60498 0.56676 12/4/07 11:31 0 4.48045
8 12.337 1196796832 2017.8 0.55013 0.50692 0.55013 0.54348 0.60332 0.53019 0.54182 0.59002 0.59501 0.60498 0.56675 12/4/07 11:33 0 4.48184
9 12.328 1196796952 2017.5 0.5468 0.50691 0.5468 0.54347 0.60331 0.53018 0.53849 0.59001 0.595 0.60497 0.56674 12/4/07 11:35 0 4.48323
10 12.323 1196797072 2017 0.54679 0.50524 0.54679 0.54347 0.59998 0.53017 0.53682 0.59 0.59499 0.60496 0.56674 12/4/07 11:37 0 4.48462
11 12.328 1196797192 2018.9 0.54679 0.50191 0.54512 0.5418 0.59665 0.53017 0.53349 0.59 0.59498 0.60496 0.56673 12/4/07 11:39 0 4.48601
12 12.319 1196797312 2017.7 0.54345 0.49857 0.54178 0.54178 0.59663 0.53015 0.53015 0.58998 0.5933 0.60327 0.56671 12/4/07 11:41 0 4.48740
13 12.311 1196797432 2017.3 0.54343 0.4969 0.54011 0.54177 0.59661 0.53014 0.52848 0.58997 0.59329 0.6016 0.5667 12/4/07 11:43 0 4.48878
14 12.316 1196797552 2018.6 0.5401 0.49357 0.53678 0.54176 0.59328 0.53013 0.5268 0.58995 0.59328 0.60325 0.56669 12/4/07 11:45 0 4.49017
15 12.31 1196797672 2016.8 0.53844 0.4919 0.53511 0.54176 0.59494 0.53013 0.52514 0.58995 0.59328 0.60325 0.56503 12/4/07 11:47 0 4.49156
16 12.31 1196797792 2017.1 0.53676 0.48856 0.53343 0.54174 0.59326 0.53011 0.5218 0.58993 0.59326 0.60323 0.56501 12/4/07 11:49 0 4.49295
17 12.31 1196797912 2017.1 0.53342 0.48523 0.5301 0.54173 0.59324 0.5301 0.51846 0.58826 0.59324 0.60321 0.56499 12/4/07 11:51 0 4.49434
18 12.301 1196798031 2017.5 0.53174 0.48521 0.52842 0.53839 0.59156 0.53008 0.51845 0.58824 0.59323 0.6032 0.56498 12/4/07 11:53 0 4.49573
19 12.301 1196798151 2016.3 0.53007 0.48188 0.52509 0.53838 0.59155 0.53007 0.51512 0.58823 0.59321 0.60152 0.5633 12/4/07 11:55 0 4.49712
20 12.303 1196798271 2016.6 0.5284 0.47855 0.52175 0.53837 0.59154 0.5284 0.5151 0.58821 0.59154 0.60151 0.56163 12/4/07 11:57 0 4.49851
Datum: “0.59998”

36. “Quality of Data”??? / 3 Key Values
“Validity”: logical decisive force in support of an hypothesis or proposition – may be
discipline or domain specific (in United States Law, generally, the Popperian notion of
falsifiability or testability is normative). This value requires close consideration of the full
range of possible and available types of evidence… The ideal form of evidence – in law – is
“dispositive” – that is conclusively decisive in settling the matter under adjudication…
“Reliability”: acquisition of data: The use of competent (certified?) expert personnel, methods and
properly calibrated deployed and operated equipment/apparatus to collect and/or record data? (Were
these methods and equipment appropriately selected, calibrated, deployed and operated properly? Were
the human agents properly trained and certified for the work they performed? Was the work performed
properly?) [These elements can be systematically presented using open source work-flow applications like
Kepler SEE: https://kepler-project.org/ [
“Integrity”:
– Management and Maintenance of Data: Secure maintenance and proper management of data?
(Accordance with established best practices?) Maintenance of the integrity of original data includes
appropriate description, documentation of the chain of custody and uses all appropriate methods and metrics
that establish data have not been inadvertently lost or changed.
– Transformations of Data: Proper selection, execution and documentation of all data
transformations. (Have all transformations been validly applied to insure the integrity of original
data? Can the complete documented “audit trail” of data be analyzed to reveal provenance and
lineage, the integral, original data sources?)

37. What is “Evidence”?:“Data having potentially
decisive / dispositive value as proof of a
hypothesis”
(in terms of applicable rules of evidence
within a domain of knowledge)
• Being demonstrably valid (i.e. well supported by
scientific logic)
• Being reliable by conformity to expert consensus
and expert practice
• Having integrity as demonstrated by well
documented lineage and provenance.

38. Conscious
Validity??? No Stated hypothesis as basis
for defining valid data-types
An example from
wildlife
management
Page image is from
“Road Ecology” RTT
Forman et al. Island
Press, 2002
SEE:
http://www.indiebound.
org/book/97815596393
30

39. COMPREHENSIVE VALIDITY???
An exemplar of the possible range of data types available as “evidence” – in this case, that a zoological
survey has generated comprehensive results… Note: an inclusive combination of evidence types is ideally
necessary to optimize the evidentiary force of a survey…
Comprehensive set of data types
Source: Voss & Emmons, AMNH Bull. No. 230, 1996
(by permission)

40. “Reliability” ???
“Methodology/Principal Findings: The present study uses a large set of
fungal DNA sequences from the inclusive International Nucleotide
Sequence Database to show that the taxon sampling of fungi is far
from complete, that about 20% of the entries may be incorrectly
identified to species level, and that the majority of entries lack
descriptive and up-to-date annotations.
“Conclusions: The problems with taxonomic reliability and insufficient
annotations in public DNA repositories form a tangible obstacle to
sequence-based species identification, and it is manifest that the
greatest challenges to biological barcoding will be of
taxonomical, rather than technical, nature.”
RH Nilsson et al. “Taxonomic Reliability of DNA Sequences in Public Sequence
Databases: A Fungal Perspective,” PLoS ONE 1(1): e59.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000059
http://www.plosone.org/article/citationList.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371
%2Fjournal.pone.0000059

41. Losses of Integrity: Data Degraded by successive transformations
Data
transformations
and the risks of loss
of integrity --
(we must fully
analyze the
etiology of data
degradation!)

42. “…the “validation” of any scientific hypothesis
rests upon the sum validity, reliability and integrity
of all original data and
on the iterative validation of all subsequent sequences
of data transformation
to which original data have been subject. “
T. Moritz
“The Burden of Proof”

43. The ethos of knowledge sharing

44. “The field of knowledge is the common
property of all mankind “
-- Thomas Jefferson “Letter to Henry Dearborn” 1807

45. “Declaration of Scientific Principles”
in
“The Commonwealth of Science”
“7. The pursuit of scientific inquiry demands
complete intellectual freedom. And
unrestricted international exchange of
knowledge…“
from “The Commonwealth of Science ” Nature No.3753 October
4, 1941.

46. The erosion of the ethic of data sharing:
“Could you patent the sun? “
In a 1954 interview with Edward R Murrow, Jonas Salk
responded to a question suggesting the patenting of
the polio vaccine : “Could you patent the sun?”
and then ca 50 years later
In a 2002 study, 47% of surveyed geneticists had been
rejected at least once in their efforts to gain access to
key genetics data (this result indicated a significant
increase over a previous survey).
EG Campbell et al. “Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence From a National Survey”
JAMA, Jan 2002; 287: 473 – 480; Massachusetts General Hospital (2006). “Studies examine withholding of scientific data among
researchers, trainees: Relationships with industry, competitive environments associated with research secrecy.” News release (January 25).
Massachusetts General Hospital. http://www.massgeneral.org/news/releases/012506campbell.html,
as of November 17, 2008.

47. Isknowledge a “commodity” ??? What
are the implications of this view?
???
Julian Birkinshaw and Tony Sheehan, “Managing the Knowledge Life Cycle,”
MIT Sloan Management Review, 44 (2) Fall, 2002: 77.

48. “Full Life Cycle”
Data Management

49. The risks of curatorial inaction: Data Entropy
“…data longevity is increased. Comprehensive metadata counteract the natural tendency for
data to degrade in information content through time
(i.e. information entropy sensu Michener et al., 1997; Fig. 1).”
W. K. Michener “Meta-information concepts for ecological data management” Ecological Informatics 1 (2006) 3-7

50. “The Data Life Cycle” #1
US NSF “DataNet” Program:
“the full data preservation and access lifecycle”
• “Acquisition”
• “Documentation”
• “Protection”
• “Access”
• “Analysis and dissemination”
• “Migration”
• “Disposition”
“Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network Partners (DataNet) Program Solicitation” NSF 07-601 US National Science
Foundation Office of Cyberinfrastructure Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering

51. “The Data Life Cycle”
US Interagency Working
Group on Digital Data
http://wiki.esipfed.org/images/c/c4/IWGDD.ppt

53. “JISC DCC Curation Lifecycle Model”

54. W. K. Michener “Meta-information concepts for ecological data management”
Ecological Informatics 1 (2006) 3-7

55. Commentary and the Accretion
of Knowledge

56. “Talmud and its Shape”
“Here is the first page of the Babylonian
Talmud, as it appears in the standard Vilna
edition. The standardized pagination follows
that of the third Bomberg edition, Venice, 1548.
Pages are numbered by folio. This page is
Berakhoth 2a (that is, the first side of folio 2 in
the tractate Berakhoth, "Blessings").
“Considered from the standpoint of typography
alone, the printed page of the Talmud is an
amazingly complex text with many intertextual
connections representing fifteen centuries of
discussion.”
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/Judaism/talmud.html

57. Let's color-code the layout so that we can
distinguish the various layers more easily.
Mishnah (Palestine, about 220 CE)
Gemara (Babylonia, about 500 CE)
Comments of Rashi (Northern France, 1040-1105 CE)
Comments of the Tosafists (France and Germany,
12th-13th centuries)
Comments of R. Nissim ben Jacob
(Tunisia, 11th century)
Notes by R. Aqiva Eger (Prussia, 1761-1837)
Anonymous comment (printers?)
Key to scriptural quotations
Cross-references to medieval codes of Jewish law
Cross-references to other passages in Talmud
A textual emendation from the Proofs of Joel Sirkes
(Poland, 1561-1640)
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/Judaism/talmud.html

58. Hashiyat 'ala sharh Muhammad Bin
Mubarakshah al-Bukhari 'ala
Hikmat al-'ayn li-'Ali Bin 'Umar
Author: 'Ibn Mubarakshah al-
Bukharakshah al-Bukhari, Shams-al-
din
Library: National Library of the Czech
Republic
Owner: Czech Republic
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/file_download.php/40ccadf3ed6e2b181b3a8e5fead40c9d0005V.jpg[June 2,2007
]

59. DANTE ALIGHIERI, Inferno e Purgatorio, col commento acefalo di Jacopo della Lana
Sec. XIV, secondo quarto; Bologna, "l'Illustratore" (attr.).Membr.; mm. 380x250; cc. II, 187, II°;littera textualis (copista:
maestro Galvano da Bologna).
http://www.istitutodatini.it/biblio/images/it/riccard/1005/ [clipped 02 / 19 /08 ]

60. How knowledge is developed:
sources…

61. Annotation

62. Annotation: Darwin (notes in Lyell’s Principles
of Geology Vol. 2)

63. Notebooks, Sketchbooks, Diaries

64. http://darwin- http://www.nyu.edu/projects/material
online.org.uk/converted/published/1975_NaturalSelection world/images/1_Darwin%20Tree%20B%
_F1583/1975_NaturalSelection_F1583_fig03.jpg 2036.jpg

65. AMNH: “ The James Chapin Diaries”
Book 1: (May 8, 1909 to July 17, 1909)
May • June • July
Diaries List
[Business card (loose)]:
Y. Le Boulbin, Directeur de l'Ongomo.
Kakamoeka. Par Loango Gabon. (Back): Y Le
BoulbinGoudelin; Cotes-du-Nord; France.
DATE: 5/8/1909 (Saturday)
LOCALITY: Sailed from New York, at 11am on SS
"Zeeland".
“WEATHER: Fair, a fresh easterly breeze.
Going down the bay we saw 10 or 15 herring
gulls, and off Fort Wadsworth, Staten Id. a
flock of at least 50 small gulls, almost certainly
Larusphiladelphia.”
http://diglib1.amnh.org/articles/chapin_diary/chapin_diary.html

66. http://diglib1.amnh.org/cgi-bin/database/index.cgi

67. Peer Review:
Pre-Publication
(
Presentations, Conversations, , Corre
spondence )

68. Darwin Correspondence
w. Alfred Russell Wallace
“Down Bromley Kentf1
May 1.— 1857
My dear Sir
I am much obliged for your letter of Oct. 10th. from Celebes received a
few days ago:f2 in a laborious undertaking sympathy is a valuable &
real encouragement. By your letter & even still more by your paper
in Annals, a year or more ago,f3 I can plainly see that we have
thought much alike & to a certain extent have come to similar
conclusions. In regard to the Paper in Annals, I agree to the truth of
almost every word of your paper; & I daresay that you will agree
with me that it is very rare to find oneself agreeing pretty closely
with any theoretical paper; for it is lamentable how each man
draws his own different conclusions from the very same fact.—”
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2086

69. MOMA Interactives: “FANTASTIC ART, DADA, SURREALISM
December 7, 1936–January 17, 1937”
“Travel notebook Summer 1936 *AHB, 9.E.2+
Barr traveled in Europe with his wife, Margaret Scolari Barr, from May 18 to August
1, 1936, to secure works of art for the exhibition. This page includes notes on Barr’s
visit to Jean Arp in Meudon, France.
“Letter Barr to George Grosz, May 11, 1936 *REG, Exh. #55]
Barr solicits the artist for information on obtaining work by him and his German
colleagues from the Dada era.
“Letter Barr to Tzara, November 7, 1936 [REG, Exh. #55]
Barr attempts to placate Tzara, the “chef d’école” of the Dada movement, by
reassuring him that Dada will hold a very prominent place in the exhibition.
[ Installation photograph [PA, IN55] ]
“Letter Barr to Marcel Duchamp, February 1, 1937 *REG, Exh. #55]
“Letters Dreier to Barr, February 16 and 27, 1937 *REG, Exh. #55]
Dreier expresses her displeasure over the inclusion of artwork by children and “the
insane” in the exhibition.”
http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2008/dadaatmoma/

70. An Assessment -- Reviewing Peer Review
Sense About Science | Peer Review Survey 2009:
Preliminary Findings 8th Sept 2009
Should peer review detect fraud and misconduct? What does it do for science and what does the scientific
community want it to do? Will it illuminate good ideas or shut them down? Should reviewers remain
anonymous? These questions are part of one of the largest ever international surveys of authors and
reviewers (over 4,000), the Peer Review Survey 20091, whose preliminary findings are released today.
Peer review now results in 1.3 million2 learned articles published every year. It is fundamental to integration of
new research findings in hundreds of fields of inquiry. It is the front line in critical review of
research, enabling other researchers to analyse or use findings and, in turn, society at large to sift research
claims. It is growing year on year with the expansion of the global research community, and with it has come
a corresponding expansion of concerns about getting the next generation of researchers to review in
sufficient numbers: Can the peer reviewing effort be sustained? Can the system be truly globalised and its
integrity maintained? Some observers say that peer review will be able to keep pace, following uptake of
electronic technologies – from online processes to programmes that help identify plagiarism; others have
suggested that alternative metrics will play a greater role.
As a science education charity, Sense About Science2 sees peer review as vital to the transparency of scientific
reasoning, and the pressure of these questions led Sense About Science to find out more about what
researchers actually think about peer review and its future. The Peer Review Survey 2009 was developed by
Sense About Science in consultation with editors and publishers and administered with a grant from Elsevier.
It repeated some questions from the Peer Review Survey 20073 for comparison, and developed emerging
questions about future improvements, public awareness and new pressures on the system. Preliminary
findings are presented in the following pages.
70

71. 2.7 Reviewing Generally
Question: Please indicate the extent to which you agree with the following:
% agree
68%
73%
86%
56%
n=359
7

72. 2.9 Types of Peer Review thought effective
Question: For research papers published in your field, to what extent do you agree that the following % agree
types of peer review are/would be effective?
2009 2007
15% 5%
47% n/a
* 25% n/a
20% 27%
76% 71%
45% 52%
* This is where the authors and reviewers are known to each other and additionally the reviewers’
signed reports are openly published alongside the paper n=4037
72

73. Peer Review
– Post-Publication/Exhibition:
Book
Reviews, Letters, Debates, Sermons…

74. T.H.H. Huxley, 'The origin of Species', Westminster Review 17
(n.s.) 1860, pp. 541-70.
“Everybody has read Mr. Darwin's book, or, at least, has given an
opinion upon its merits or demerits; pietists, whether lay or
ecclesiastic, decry it with the mild railing which sounds so
charitable; bigots denounce it with ignorant invective; old ladies of
both sexes consider it a [23] decidedly dangerous book, and even
savants, who have no better mud to throw, quote antiquated
writers to show that its author is no better than an ape himself;
while every philosophical thinker hails it as a veritable Whitworth
gun in the armoury of liberalism; and all competent naturalists and
physiologists, whatever their opinions as to the ultimate fate of the
doctrines put forth, acknowledge that the work in which they are
embodied is a solid contribution to knowledge and inaugurates a
new epoch in natural history.”
http://www.victorianweb.org/science/science_texts/huxley_review_of_origin.html

75. Darwin [letter] to Journal of Horticulture [17 May 1861]
a response to a letter from Donald Beaton
“Beaton had written in response to CD’s previous letter (see n. 2, above)
(Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman n.s.
1 (1861): 113):
‘My own experience of variable plants was given last week, and I do not exactly
comprehend what is meant by natural varieties, for all the so-called varieties
in cultivation have been artificially obtained either by a change of
cultivation, or by crossing with pollen such kinds or species as would sport
from seeds under cultivation. ‘ ”
Darwin responded:
“Much obliged am I to Mr. Beaton for his very interesting answer to my
question.f2 When Mr. Beaton says he does “not know of an instance of
the natural crossing of varieties,” I presume he intends to confine his
remark to the plants of the flower garden; for every one knows how
largely the varieties of the Cabbage cross, as is likewise the case (as I
know from careful trial) with Radishes and Onions.”
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-3162

76. Mistakes / Revisions / Drafts

77. Yan Zhenqing (709-785 AD), Lament for a nephew (letter), detail
Yang Renkai, ed., Zhongguo meishu quanji, Shufa
juanke bian 3: Sui Tang Wudai shufa (Beijing:
Renming meishu chubanshe, 1986), plate 69, pg. 154.
Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/callig/7calindv.htm [June 2, 2007]

78. http://darwin-
online.org.uk/converted/published/1975_NaturalSelection_F1583/1975_NaturalSelection_F
1583_fig03.jpg

79. Canonical Forms?
Variorum Editions

80. Online Chopin Variorum Edition
http://www.ocve.org.uk/guide/sourcedesc.html

81. http://donnevariorum.tamu.edu/anglist/index.html

82. Publication and Exhibition

83. Publication
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg [September 2, 2011]

84. Exhibition???
http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2011/picassoguitars/picassos-studio/03.php

85. http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2011/picassoguitars/picassos-studio/01.php

86. http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2011/picassoguitars/picassos-studio/02.php

88. T.R. Uthco and Ant Farm's “The Eternal Frame”
“In The Eternal Frame from 1975-76, recreated specifically for the exhibition, San
Francisco Bay area artists T.R. Uthco and Ant Farm situate their video in a 1960s
American living room diorama adorned with knick-knacks memorializing the Kennedy
presidency.” Tucker Neel, “California Video at the Getty Museum” July 11, 2008
http://tuckerneel.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/california-video-at-the-getty-museum/

89. Public Expression
• Letters to the Editor
• Posters
• Leaflets
• Graffiti
• Wall Painting

90. Petroglyph “Rock Art Ranch” Arizona

91. Poetry on Cliffs

92. LA Creek Freak, “Hundred Year Old Hobo Graffiti”
http://lacreekfreak.wordpress.com/2008/10/03/hundred-year-old-hobo-graffiti/
“River Bottom is Queerest Spot in Los Angeles / Hobos Washing; Junk Men Searching … The
inherent desire of the roaming tramp seems to be to leave at the places where he has tarried
some mark or inscription as evidence of his visit. Scrawled in oil and tar on the concrete bases
of the sewer trestle, below Fourth street, are a great number of these marks. They bear mute
testimony to the visits to the river bottom of numerous notables of hobo-land. If they are to
be accepted as authentic.“ -- Los Angeles Times, August 5th 1923

93. Graffiti at Santa Monica (California)
Farmers’ Market…

94. And Sibiu…
Sibiu, Romania, Pedestrian Underpass Sibiu, Romania, Pedestrian Underpass
September 5, 2011 September 5, 2011

96. Grafitti…

97. And Innovation…

98. COLLABORATION

99. Professors Peg Jacob (UCLA) , Wijnand Mijnhardt (Utrecht) , Lynn Hunt (UCLA)

101. “Meta-
Archiving”
George Herms

102. Topanga Canyon in the 60’s

103. “Science flourishes in a secular democracy” ???
“... two key elements *have+ proven to be essential
in moving forward in science: secularism and a
working democracy, as exemplified by Turkey.
“... Turkey is the only member of the Organization of
the Islamic Conference (OIC) states with
universities ranking among the world's top
500, and it leads OIC states in terms of annual
output of research papers…”
Correspondence: Iclal Büÿükderim-Özçelik, Tayfun Özçelik “Science flourishes in a secular
democracy” Nature433, 355 (27 January 2005) | doi:10.1038/433355b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7024/full/433355b.html

109. MEMORIES OF BANKSY???

110. Tom Moritz
tom.moritz@gmail.com
Monk, Bean & Moritz “ARTIFACT” | objet trouvé – gutter, 10th& Colorado, Santa Monica,
Los Angeles
ICOM CIDOC
Sibiu, Romania
September 5, 2011
SEEALSO:

111. [Repatriation of biodiversity information through Clearing House Mechanism of the
Convention on Biological Diversity and Global Biodiversity Information Facility; Views and
experiences of Peruvian and Bolivian non-governmental organizations. Ulla Helimo
Master’s Thesis University of Turku Department of Biology 6.10. 2004+

112. “Tacit Knowledge”...?
“ ‘...they're meat all the way through.’
‘No brain?’
‘Oh, there's a brain all right. It's just that the brain is
made out of meat! That's what I've been trying to tell
you.’
‘So ... what does the thinking?’
‘You're not understanding, are you? You're refusing to
deal with what I'm telling you. The brain does the
thinking. The meat.’
‘Thinking meat! You're asking me to believe in thinking
meat!’ “
THEY'RE MADE OUT OF MEAT by Terry Bisson http://www.terrybisson.com/meat.html

114. c. 1897 (220 Kb); Mont Sainte-Victoire seen from the Bibemus Quarry; Oil on Canvas, 64.8 x 81.3 cm (25 1/2 x 32 in); The
Baltimore Museum of Art http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/cezanne/st-victoire/vue-bibemus/

115. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7, No. 8–9, 2000, pp. 57–74
http://www.imprint.co.uk/ione/1037.PDF

116. Google Art Project
Paul Cezanne “Mill On The Couleuvre At Pontoise”
http://www.paul-cezanne.org/Mill-On-The-Couleuvre-At-Pontoise.html
http://www.googleartproject.com/museums/altesnational/mill-on-the-couleuvre-at-pontoise

117. http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/resins.shtml

118. Fig. 38.
Crematogaster(Sphaerocr
ema) concara Emery.
Worker from aboye.
William Morton Wheeler, “Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition : a contribution
to the myrmecology of Africa. Bulletin of the AMNH” ; v. 45, article 1, p155

119. ANTS

121. “Ochetellusglaber” © Brian Fisher, AntWeb, California Academy of Sciences, 2004
http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_BLF660&res=640

122. “Township art” purchased at Stellenbosch, South Africa, Fall 2011

123. Carl Theodor Dreyer:
The Passion of Joan of Arc