Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications

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(CC Attribution License does not apply to included third-party material on slides 3 and 4; see the paper for the references: http://www.tkuhn.ch/pub/kuhn2012wole.pdf )

Technologie Bildung Gesundheit & Medizin

Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in
Nanopublications
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer
Department of Pathology
Yale University School of Medicine
Workshop on Web of Linked Entities (WoLE) at ISWC
Boston
11 November 2012

Introduction
Nanopublications are minimal portions of scientiﬁc results in RDF
format.
Nanopublications have been proposed to ...
... make it easier to ﬁnd, connect and curate core scientiﬁc
statements
... determine the attribution, quality and provenance of scientiﬁc
statements
See http://nanopub.org for more information on nanopublications
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 2 / 12

Vision: Changing Scholarly Communication
Now
Narrative articles at the center
Future
Nanopublications at the center
Images from Mons et al. The value of data. Nature genetics, 43(4):281–283, 2011
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 3 / 12

Broadening the Scope
Assertions
• “Classical nanopublications”: Scientiﬁc claims in formal notation,
e.g. transmits(mosquito, malaria)
• Extension 1: Support for informal and underspeciﬁed claims,
e.g. “Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.”
• Extension 2: Include non-scientiﬁc assertions,
e.g. disagrees(tkuhn, “Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.”)
Image from The Open PHACTS Nanopublication Guidelines, V1.81, 2012
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 4 / 12

Ocean of Nanopublications
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 5 / 12

Levels of Formalization
• Informal (only an AIDA sentence)
• Underspeciﬁed (formal representation for part of the sentence)
• Fully formal (formal representation for the complete sentence)
Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.
ns1:mosquito
ns3:transmission
ns1:mosquito
Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.
ns2:malaria
ns3:transmission
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 6 / 12

AIDA Sentences
The sentences of our approach should be AIDA:
• Atomic: a sentence describing one thought that cannot be
further broken down (in a practical way)
• Independent: a sentence that can stand on its own, without
external references like “this eﬀect” or “we”
• Declarative: a complete sentence ending with a full stop that
could (in theory) be either true or false
• Absolute: a sentence describing the core of a claim ignoring the
(un)certainty about its truth (no “may” or “probably”) and
ignoring how it was discovered (no “evaluation showed that”)
Example: “The majority of patients with idiopathic REM sleep
behavior disorder who develop a neurodegenerative disease develop
Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia.”
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 7 / 12

But wait a moment...
... isn’t that just “returning back to the Web as it was before RDF,
OWL and Linked Data”? (anonymous reviewer)
That is a very good question, and the answer is no.
AIDA sentences can be interlinked and related to other entities and
become part of the formal Semantic Web.
We can be formal on a higher level even if we are forced to be
informal on the lower level!
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 8 / 12

Linking Scientiﬁc Claims
ns1:mosquito
Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.
ns2:malaria
ns3:transmission
Possible relations:
• [CLAIM] is equivalent to / contradicts / is similar to [CLAIM]
• [PERSON] agrees with / disagrees with / challenges [CLAIM]
• [STUDY] provides (counter-)evidence for [CLAIM]
These relations can be published as nanopublications too!
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 9 / 12

Nanobrowser:
“Scientiﬁc/Social/Distributed/Semantic Wiki”
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 10 / 12

Evaluation (ongoing...)
There are a number of issues that need to be evaluated:
• What amount of scientiﬁc results that can be represented as
AIDA-style nanopublications but not as classical ones?
• How easy or hard is it for authors/curators to write AIDA
sentences for scientiﬁc results?
• Can we automatically extract AIDA-style nanopublications from
existing articles at a satisfactory level of quality?
• Can we automatically cluster similar AIDA sentences?
• Do AIDA sentences make it easier to collaborate on scientiﬁc
results?
• ...
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 11 / 12

Thank you for your Attention!
Questions?
Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 12 / 12

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Abhishek Deb(1), Mr Abdul Kalam(2) M. Des (UX) , School of Design, DIT University , Dehradun. This paper explores the future potential of AI-enabled smartphone processors, aiming to investigate the advancements, capabilities, and implications of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into smartphone technology. The research study goals consist of evaluating the development of AI in mobile phone processors, analyzing the existing state as well as abilities of AI-enabled cpus determining future patterns as well as chances together with reviewing obstacles as well as factors to consider for more growth.

Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors

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Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications

1. Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer Department of Pathology Yale University School of Medicine Workshop on Web of Linked Entities (WoLE) at ISWC Boston 11 November 2012

2. Introduction Nanopublications are minimal portions of scientific results in RDF format. Nanopublications have been proposed to ... ... make it easier to find, connect and curate core scientific statements ... determine the attribution, quality and provenance of scientific statements See http://nanopub.org for more information on nanopublications Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 2 / 12

3. Vision: Changing Scholarly Communication Now Narrative articles at the center Future Nanopublications at the center Images from Mons et al. The value of data. Nature genetics, 43(4):281–283, 2011 Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 3 / 12

4. Broadening the Scope Assertions • “Classical nanopublications”: Scientific claims in formal notation, e.g. transmits(mosquito, malaria) • Extension 1: Support for informal and underspecified claims, e.g. “Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.” • Extension 2: Include non-scientific assertions, e.g. disagrees(tkuhn, “Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.”) Image from The Open PHACTS Nanopublication Guidelines, V1.81, 2012 Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 4 / 12

5. Ocean of Nanopublications Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 5 / 12

6. Levels of Formalization • Informal (only an AIDA sentence) • Underspecified (formal representation for part of the sentence) • Fully formal (formal representation for the complete sentence) Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. ns1:mosquito ns3:transmission ns1:mosquito Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. ns2:malaria ns3:transmission Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 6 / 12

7. AIDA Sentences The sentences of our approach should be AIDA: • Atomic: a sentence describing one thought that cannot be further broken down (in a practical way) • Independent: a sentence that can stand on its own, without external references like “this effect” or “we” • Declarative: a complete sentence ending with a full stop that could (in theory) be either true or false • Absolute: a sentence describing the core of a claim ignoring the (un)certainty about its truth (no “may” or “probably”) and ignoring how it was discovered (no “evaluation showed that”) Example: “The majority of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder who develop a neurodegenerative disease develop Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia.” Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 7 / 12

8. But wait a moment... ... isn’t that just “returning back to the Web as it was before RDF, OWL and Linked Data”? (anonymous reviewer) That is a very good question, and the answer is no. AIDA sentences can be interlinked and related to other entities and become part of the formal Semantic Web. We can be formal on a higher level even if we are forced to be informal on the lower level! Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 8 / 12

9. Linking Scientific Claims ns1:mosquito Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. ns2:malaria ns3:transmission Possible relations: • [CLAIM] is equivalent to / contradicts / is similar to [CLAIM] • [PERSON] agrees with / disagrees with / challenges [CLAIM] • [STUDY] provides (counter-)evidence for [CLAIM] These relations can be published as nanopublications too! Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 9 / 12

10. Nanobrowser: “Scientific/Social/Distributed/Semantic Wiki” Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 10 / 12

11. Evaluation (ongoing...) There are a number of issues that need to be evaluated: • What amount of scientific results that can be represented as AIDA-style nanopublications but not as classical ones? • How easy or hard is it for authors/curators to write AIDA sentences for scientific results? • Can we automatically extract AIDA-style nanopublications from existing articles at a satisfactory level of quality? • Can we automatically cluster similar AIDA sentences? • Do AIDA sentences make it easier to collaborate on scientific results? • ... Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications 11 / 12

12. Thank you for your Attention! Questions? Tobias Kuhn and Michael Krauthammer, Yale University Underspeciﬁed Scientiﬁc Claims in Nanopublications 12 / 12

Underspecified Scientific Claims in Nanopublications

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