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LE TATOUAGE NUMERIQUE
Comment cacher de l’information dans une
image ?
Applications:
 protection des droits d’auteur
 traçabilité
 indexation
1
PLAN
 Méthode spatiale
 Principe
 Marquage des bits de poids faible (LSB)
 Propriétés et résultats expérimentaux
 Méthode spectrale
 Transformée en cosinus discrète (DCT)
 Tatouage par étalement de spectre
 Propriétés et résultats expérimentaux
 Conclusion
2
Méthode spatiale
+ α
=
α = 1
α = 0,5
α = 0,02
3
 Principe
Marquage des bits de poids
faible
133 33 135 136
238
131 130 131 13
136
130 129 128 10
34
213 132 18 129
133
146 140 133
130 131
154 148 139
133 131
155 151 13 138
35
153 150 146
142 140
53 12 149 146
144
157 13 147 145
53
159 153 146
144 53
15 53 147 146
147
150 15 151 150
148
0 1 0 1 0
01 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 0
Image originale
remplacement du
dernier bit
Image tatouée
4
Image tatouée
Image tatouée dégradée
Récupération du marquage
Récupération du marquage
bruitée compressée jpg
découpée lissée
 Absence de robustesse5
 Propriétés
Méthode spectrale
Cas particulier: N=M=8
f T 
B = ((T ))0<n,m<7
Base orthogonale de l’espace des matrices 8x8
 
f : image (matrice de taille
8x8)
F : DCT 2D (matrice de
taille 8x8)
Transformée de cosinus discrète 2D
6
 DCT
),(
2
)12(
cos
2
)12(
cos
22
),(
1
0
1
0
jif
M
mj
N
ni
MN
mnF
N
i
M
j





 





 
 





Tatouage par étalement de
spectre
W =
W1
W2
W3
.
.
.
WK
DCT
Xi’=Xi × (1+α.Wi)Xi’=Xi × (1+α.Wi)
DCT -1
α = 0.01
α = 1
choix des
K
fréquence
s
dominante
s
7
Détection de la présence du marquage
Image originale
Image test
Wi’= (Xi’-Xi)/(α.Xi)Wi’= (Xi’-Xi)/(α.Xi)
DC
T
DC
T
DC
T
DC
T
K coefficients dominants
K coefficients dominants
Y = 
si Y >
seuil
Image tatouée non modifiée:
y = 1
bruitée:
y = 0.86
découpée:
y = 0.49
X
X’
Image quelconque:
y = 0.04
jpeg:
y = 0.24
8
 Résultats
Conclusion
9
Les extensions de la méthode par étalement
de spectre:
o Découpage en blocs
o Utilisation des méthodes de cryptage
o Applications aux images couleurs
o Extension aux vidéos

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Watermarking

  • 1. LE TATOUAGE NUMERIQUE Comment cacher de l’information dans une image ? Applications:  protection des droits d’auteur  traçabilité  indexation 1
  • 2. PLAN  Méthode spatiale  Principe  Marquage des bits de poids faible (LSB)  Propriétés et résultats expérimentaux  Méthode spectrale  Transformée en cosinus discrète (DCT)  Tatouage par étalement de spectre  Propriétés et résultats expérimentaux  Conclusion 2
  • 3. Méthode spatiale + α = α = 1 α = 0,5 α = 0,02 3  Principe
  • 4. Marquage des bits de poids faible 133 33 135 136 238 131 130 131 13 136 130 129 128 10 34 213 132 18 129 133 146 140 133 130 131 154 148 139 133 131 155 151 13 138 35 153 150 146 142 140 53 12 149 146 144 157 13 147 145 53 159 153 146 144 53 15 53 147 146 147 150 15 151 150 148 0 1 0 1 0 01 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Image originale remplacement du dernier bit Image tatouée 4
  • 5. Image tatouée Image tatouée dégradée Récupération du marquage Récupération du marquage bruitée compressée jpg découpée lissée  Absence de robustesse5  Propriétés
  • 6. Méthode spectrale Cas particulier: N=M=8 f T  B = ((T ))0<n,m<7 Base orthogonale de l’espace des matrices 8x8   f : image (matrice de taille 8x8) F : DCT 2D (matrice de taille 8x8) Transformée de cosinus discrète 2D 6  DCT ),( 2 )12( cos 2 )12( cos 22 ),( 1 0 1 0 jif M mj N ni MN mnF N i M j                     
  • 7. Tatouage par étalement de spectre W = W1 W2 W3 . . . WK DCT Xi’=Xi × (1+α.Wi)Xi’=Xi × (1+α.Wi) DCT -1 α = 0.01 α = 1 choix des K fréquence s dominante s 7
  • 8. Détection de la présence du marquage Image originale Image test Wi’= (Xi’-Xi)/(α.Xi)Wi’= (Xi’-Xi)/(α.Xi) DC T DC T DC T DC T K coefficients dominants K coefficients dominants Y =  si Y > seuil Image tatouée non modifiée: y = 1 bruitée: y = 0.86 découpée: y = 0.49 X X’ Image quelconque: y = 0.04 jpeg: y = 0.24 8  Résultats
  • 9. Conclusion 9 Les extensions de la méthode par étalement de spectre: o Découpage en blocs o Utilisation des méthodes de cryptage o Applications aux images couleurs o Extension aux vidéos