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Ch07 c.skeletal
1.
Human Anatomy &
Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 7The Skeleton P A R T C
2.
Cervical Vertebrae
Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest, lightest vertebrae C3-C7 are distinguished with an oval body, short spinous processes, and large, triangular vertebral foramina Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Cervical Vertebrae Copyright
© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.2.2
4.
Cervical Vertebrae: The
Atlas (C1) The atlas has no body and no spinous process It consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses The superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Cervical Vertebrae: The
Atlas (C1) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.16a, b
6.
Cervical Vertebrae: The
Axis (C2) The axis has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae Unique to the axis is the dens, or odontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body and is cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Cervical Vertebrae: The
Axis (C2) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.16c
8.
Cervical Vertebrae: The
Atlas (C2) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17a
9.
Regional Characteristics of
Vertebrae Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.2.1
10.
Regional Characteristics of
Vertebrae Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.2.2
11.
Thoracic Vertebrae
There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which articulate with ribs Major markings include two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body, the circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process The location of the articulate facets prevents flexion and extension, but allows rotation of this area of the spine Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Thoracic Vertebrae Copyright
© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17b
13.
Lumbar Vertebrae
The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function They have short, thick pedicles and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen Orientation of articular facets locks the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Lumbar Vertebrae Copyright
© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17c
15.
Sacrum Sacrum
Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones Major markings include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Coccyx Coccyx
(Tailbone) The coccyx is made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Sacrum and Coccyx:
Anterior View Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.18a
18.
Sacrum and Coccyx:
Posterior View Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.18b
19.
Bony Thorax (Thoracic
Cage) The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
Bony Thorax (Thoracic
Cage) Functions Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Bony Thorax (Thoracic
Cage) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.19a
22.
Bony Thorax (Thoracic
Cage) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.19b
23.
Sternum (Breastbone)
A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax Results from the fusion of three bones – the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process Anatomical landmarks include the jugular (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Ribs There
are twelve pair of ribs forming the flaring sides of the thoracic cage All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae The superior 7 pair (true, or vertebrosternal ribs) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages Ribs 8-10 (false, or vertebrocondral ribs) attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage Ribs 11-12 (floating, or vertebral ribs) have no anterior attachment Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Ribs Copyright ©
2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.19a
26.
Structure of a
Typical True Rib Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20a
27.
Structure of a
Typical True Rib Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20b
28.
Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder
Girdles) The pectoral girdles consist of the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder
Girdles) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22a
31.
Clavicles (Collarbones)
Slender, doubly curved long bones lying across the superior thorax The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum Provide attachment points for numerous muscles, and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32.
Clavicles (Collarbones) Copyright
© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22b, c
33.
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs Scapulae have three borders and three angles Major markings include the suprascapular notch, the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, the spine, the acromion, and the coracoid process Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22d
35.
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22e
36.
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22f
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