Weitere ähnliche Inhalte Kürzlich hochgeladen (20) Behind The Arabic Name2. Why Are We Looking Behind the Name?
Background
Geographical background
Professional affiliation
Linguistic Software Solution
Identify and generate more rules for name matching
Name derivation: (Hamd -> Hamd, Hamed, Hamad, Hammoud, … )
Stem matching: Qantara -> Qantar -> (Qantarji, Qantary)
Persian taa: (Farhat -> )ﻓﺮﺣﺖ ,ﻓﺮﺣﺎت
Identify name boundaries
Orthographic corrections: ( ,ﺁﻳﺘﻤﻴﻤﻮنAitmimoun) -> ( ,ﺁﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻤﻮنAit Mimoun)
2
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
3. Languages of the Muslim World
http://www.morainevalley.edu/ctl/MiddleEast/photoGallery.htm
3
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
4. Outline
Arabic name structure
Iraqi, Maghrebi
Linguistic rules behind Arabic names derivation
Basic Rules (Root & Patterns, Plurals)
Advanced Rules (Compounds, Nisbah)
Cross-lingual influence
Persian, Turkish
Regional and social facts
Across the Arab World
4
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
5. English Name Structure
Full Name
John F. Kennedy
First Name Last Name
John Kennedy
Middle Initial
F.
5
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
6. Arabic Name Structure
Maghreb
Full Name Middle East
First Name Middle Name Last Name
Hypocoristic/Given Name Patronym/Nisbah/Hypocoristic
Houari/Ahmed Φ Mokrane/Saadi/Boumediene Tribal System
Al-Namamshah
Saud
Given Name Patronym Patronym/Nisbah/Family-Name Enizat
Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud/Zawaydeh
Saddam Hussein Al-Tikriti
6
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
7. Components of an Arabic Full Name
Title Hypocoristic Given-Name Patronym Family-Name Nisbah
Title
Masculine
(MSA: Imam, Sheikh), (Maghrebi: Si, Sidi, Moulai)
Feminine
(MSA: Sheikha), (Maghrebi: Lalla)
Hypocoristic (Kunya)
Metaphoric
(Ibn Al-Ardh, son of the land) -> traveler
Dialectal
(Iraq: Khalid -> Abu Al-Walid, Hussein/Hassan -> Abu Ali)
First-born child
(Abu/Um Ahmad, Abu/Um Mona)
Political
(Houari Boumediene Mohamed Boukharouba)
7
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
8. Components of an Arabic Full Name (Cont.)
Given name
Nouns (Osama -> type of lion), (Maha -> Wild Cow)
Adjectives (Kareem -> generous), (Lateefa -> gentle)
Verbs (Yazid -> he increases)
Patronym (Nasab)
Father’s and grandfather(s)’ given names
Ibn Abdullah, Ouyahya, Bin Laden
Family name
Al-Ahmar
Bani Oumayya, Banou Quraidha, Ait Hammouda, Al Saud
Nisbah
Al-Baghdadi (from Baghdad), Haddadi (blacksmith), Saadi
8
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
9. Example of an Arabic Name
Al-Sheikh Abdullah Bin Hussein Bin Naser Bin… Al-Ahmar
اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻦ... اﻷﺣﻤﺮ
http://www.alahmar.net/gallery/ 9
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
10. Let’s Analyze the Name
http://www.alahmar.net/gallery/
اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ اﻟﺸﻴﺦ
Al-Ahmar Bin Hussein Abdullah Al-Sheikh
Family Name Patronym Given Name Title
10
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
11. Other Examples of Arabic Names
Arabic Mathematician (850)
اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ
Nisbah Patronym Given Name
From Khawarezm Son of Mussa Muhammad
Arabic Geography Scholar (1178-1229)
ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ اﻟﺤﻤﻮي اﻟﺒﻐﺪادي ﻳﺎﻗﻮت أﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺷﻬﺎب اﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﻹﻣﺎم اﻟﺸﻴﺦ
Given
Nisbah Patronym Name Hypocoristic Hypocoristic Title
Son Father
Captive bought by “Askar Alhamaoui” of Yaqut of Shihab Addin Al-Imam
Al-Baghdadi -> from Baghdad Abdulla Ruby Abdulla Star of religion Al-Sheikh
11
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
12. Basic Linguistic Rules of Arabic Name Derivation
Arabic root & pattern derivational structure
3-character root
ك.ت.بArabic Root -> ()ف.ع. ل
“ آﺘﺐto write” -> (“ )ﻓﻌﻞto do”
Root Pattern Example
( ,ك.ت.بk.t.b) ( , َﺎﻋﻞfaa’il)
ِْ ﻓ ( َﺎ ِﺐ َﺎ ِﻴﻦAlgerian Writer)
آﺗ ﻳﺳ
( ,ح.م.دH.m.d) ( , َﺎﻋﻞfaa’il)
ِْ ﻓ َﺎ ِﺪ زﻳْﺪ
َ ﺣﻣ (Kuwaiti Poet)
( ,س.ع.دs.’.d) ( ,أﻓﻌﻞaf’al)
ْ َْ ( أﺳ َﺪ ﺳ ِﻴﺪLebanese Poet)
َ ْﻌ َﻌ
( ,ص.د.مS.d.m) ( ,ﻓ ﱠﺎلfa’’aal)
ْ َﻌ ﺻ ﱠام ﺣﺴﻴْﻦ
َ ُ َﺪ
12
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
13. Rules for Plurals in Names
Jordanian Common Family Names:
( ,ﻓ ِﻴﻼتf’iilaat) -> ( ,ﻋ ِﻴ َاتEbeedat), (ْ ,ﺳ ِﻴ َاتSeidat)
ْ َ ْﻌ ْﺒ ﺪ ْﻌ ﺪ
( ,ﻓ َاﻋِﺔfawa’ileh) -> ( ،ﻋ َاﻧ ِةAwandeh), ( ,ز َاﻳ ِةZawaydeh)
َ ﻮ ِﻠ َﻮ ْﺪ َو ْﺪ
13
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
14. Rules for Compound Names
Compounds
[A B] vs. [AB] Form (Connecting vs. Non-Connecting Characters)
Name Influence Comment
Bin Ladin ﺑﻦ ﻻدنColloquial / /نis a connecting letter
Ibn Khaldoun اﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﺪونMSA / /نis a connecting letter
Ait Ahmed ﺁﻳﺖ أﺣﻤﺪBerber / /تis a connecting letter
Abu Ahmed أﺑﻮ أﺣﻤﺪ/أﺑﻮأﺣﻤﺪMSA / /وis a non-connecting letter
Boumediene ﺑﻮﻣﺪﻳﻦColloquial / /وis a non-connecting letter
Bahmed ﺑﺎأﺣﻤﺪYemeni / /اis a non-connecting letter
Al Bawazir ﺁل ﺑﺎوزﻳﺮMSA/Yemeni / /لis a connecting letter
/ /اis a non-connecting letter
14
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
15. Use of Nisbah in Names
Nisbah
How Nisbah is formed?
Types of Nisbah
Nisbah Formation
A sample of some linguistic rules
Nisbah of compounds
Nisbah of two names
15
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
16. How Nisbah is Formed?
Suffixing an assimilated yaa to the stem of the name A forming a
name B
B = stem(A) + ِ +ي
ّ
Example: ﺻﺪام ﺣﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ
ّ
Saddam Hussein Al-Tikriti
The logical relation between (A,B) => “if x is B, then x is from A”
ﻣﺤ ﱠﺪ ﻗﺮﻳﺸﻲ =< ﻣﺤ ﱠﺪ ِﻦ ﻗ ِﻴَﺔ ﻗﺮﻳْﺶ
َ ُ ُ َﻤ ﻣ َﺒ ﻠ ِ ْ َ ُ ُ َﻤ
Muhammad Qureishy => Muhammad is from the tribe of Qureish
16
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
17. Types of Nisbah
Nationality or ethnical Word Nisbah
background
( ,ﻋﺮبArab) ( ,ﻋﺮﺑﻲArabic)
( ,هﻨﺪIndia) ( ,هﻨﺪيIndian)
Religious affiliation Word Nisbah
( ,إﺳﻼمIslam) ( ,إﺳﻼﻣﻲIslamic)
Trade or handicraft Word Nisbah
( ,ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔindustry) ( ,ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲindustrialist)
Adjective formation Word Nisbah
( ,ذهﺐgold) ( ,ذهﺒﻲgolden)
( ,ﺑﺤﺮsea) ( ,ﺑﺤﺮيnaval)
17
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
18. Advanced Nisbah Forms
Nouns ending with taa marbouta -> taa marbouta deletion
Word Nisbah
( ,ﻗﺎهﺮةCairo) ( ,ﻗﺎهﺮيCairene)
( ,ﻣﻜﺔMecca) ( ,ﻣﻜﻲMeccan)
Nouns already ending with assimilated yaa
How many letters does it consist of?
18
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
19. Advanced Nisbah Forms (cont.)
Nouns consisting of:
[1 letter + assimilated yaa] Word Nisbah
assimilated yaa -> ( ,ﺣﻲliving)
َّ ( ,ﺣﻴﻮيvital)
ّ ِ ََ
Yaa+fatha+waw+kasra
Waw+fatha+waw+kasra
( ,ريirrigation)
ّ َ ( ,روويirrigator)
ّ ََِ
[2 letter + assimilated yaa] Word Nisbah
assimilated yaa ->
( ,ﻋﻠﻲAli)
ّ َِ ( ,ﻋﻠﻮيAlawite)
ّ ِ ََ
fatha+ Φ +waw+kasra
Waw+fatha+waw+kasra ( ,ﻧﺒﻲprophet)
ّ َِ ( ,ﻧﺒﻮيprophetic)
ّ ِ ََ
[3 letters and above + assimilated yaa]
assimilated yaa -> Nisbah yaa
19
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
20. Nisbah of Compounds
[A B] form
Proper noun compound
Word Nisbah
( ,ﻋﺒْﺪ اﻟﺸﻤْﺲAbdushams) ( ,ﻋﺒﺸﻤﺴﻲAbshamsy)
ﱠ َ ّ ِ ْ َ َْ
( ,ﻋﺒْﺪ اﻟ ﱠارAbduddar)
َ ﺪ ( ,ﻋﺒﺪريAbdary)
ّ ِ َ َْ
(ْ ,ﻋﺒْﺪ اﻟﻼتAbdullat)
ﱠ َ ( ,ﻋﺒﺪﻟﻲAbdaly)
ّ َِ ْ َ
20
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
21. Nisbah of Compounds (cont.)
Other noun compounds
[Abu/Ibn/Um/Abd] + B => [Abu/Ibn/Um/Abd] + nisbah(B)
Word Nisbah
( ,ا ُﻮ ﺑﻜْﺮAbu Bakr)
َ ﺑ ( ,ا ُﻮ ﺑﻜﺮيAbu Bakri)
ّ َِْ ﺑ
( ,إﺑْﻦ ﺳﻌْﺪIbn Saad)
َ ِ ( ,إﺑْﻦ ﺳﻌﺪيIbn Saadi)
ّ ِْ َ ِ
Possessive => nisbah(A) + B
Word Nisbah
( ,ﺳﻴْﻒ اﻹﺳ َمSaif AlIslam) ( ,ﺳﻴﻔﻲ اﻹﺳ َمSaifiy AlIslam)
ْ ْﻼ َ َ ْ ِ ّ ْ ْﻼ
( ,ﻋ َﺎد َﻟ ﱢﻳﻦImad Addin)
ِﻤ ا ﺪ ( ,ﻋ َﺎدي َﻟ ﱢﻳﻦImadiy Addin)
ِﻤ ِ ّ ا ﺪ
21
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
22. Nisbah of Compounds (cont.)
[AB] form => nisbah(A)
Example1:
AB = ﺣﻀﺮﻣﻮْت
ََ ْ َ Example2:
A = ﺣ ﻀﺮَْ َ AB = ﺑﻌﻠ َﻚ
َ َ ْﺒ
B = ﻣﻮْت َ A = ﺑﻌﻞ ْ ََ
ﺣﻀﺮي >= ﺣﻀﺮﻣﻮْت
ََ ْ َ ّ ِْ َ B = َﻚ ﺑ
ﺑ َﻠﻲ >= ﺑﻌﻠ َﻚ
َ َ ْﺒ ّ َﻌ
Hadramawt => Hadri
Baalbak => Baali
Exceptions:
اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻣﻲ أﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﻠﺒﻜﻲ
22
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
23. Nisbah of Two Proper Names
From the CIA World Fact Book
nisbah(A,B) => stem(A)+ 2 char (B) + nisbah yaa
Example 1:
اﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ + اﺑﻮ ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ =< ﺷﻔﻌﻨﺘﻲ
Al-Shafe’i + Abu Hanifa(t) => Shaf’anti
Example 2:
ﺧ َارزم
ْ ِ َﻮ ﻃﺒﺮﺳ َﺎن
َ َ ِ ْﺘ
Khawarezm Tabaristan
ﻃﺒﺮﺧ ِي
َ َ ْ َﺰ
Tabarkhazi
23
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
24. Persian Influence on Arabic Names
Arabic borrowing of Persian
names
Word Gloss
Adjectives
( ,ﻧﺮﻣﻴﻦNermine) soft
Nouns ( ,ﻧﺎزكNazik) delicate, gentle
( ,ﻧﻴﻔﻴﻦNeveen) new, modern
Compounds
( ,ﺟﻴﻬﺎنJihan) world
( ,ﺷﺎهﻨﺎزShahnaz) pride of the king
( ,ﺻﺎﻓﻴﻨﺎزSafinaz) pride of purity
24
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
25. Persian Influence on Arabic Names (cont.)
Arabic borrowing of linguistically modified Arabic names by Persian
Closed taa -> open taa
Arabic Persian Gloss
( ,ﻧﻌﻤﺔNimah) ( ,ﻧﻌﻤﺖNimat) blessing
( ,ﺣﻜﻤﺔHikmah) ( ,ﺣﻜﻤﺖHikmat) wisdom
Phonological influence
( ,ﻣﺮوةMarwa) ( ,ﻣﺮﻓﺖMervat) Mountain name
25
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
26. Turkish Influence
Suffixation
Stem (Arabic word) + [Ji] suffix
-ji -> Profession
Arabic Word Stem + -ji
( ,ﻣﻜ َاةmikwah, Iron)
ِ ْﻮ ( ,ﻣﻜﻮ ِﻲMikwaji, ironing man)
ِ ْ َﺟ
( ,ﻗﻨْﺪqand, hard sugar)
َ ( ,ﻗﻨﺪ ِﻲQandaji, hard sugar maker)
َ ْ َﺟ
( ,ﻗﻬ َةqahwah, coffee)
َ ْﻮ ( ,ﻗﻬﻮ ِﻲQahwaji, café manager)
َ ْ َﺟ
Examples:
Mateen Qandaji (Turkish Poet)
Adnan Albajaji (from Iraq’s parliament)
26
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
27. Regional and Social Facts
During the Ottoman ruling, the Elite class (Rulers, Leaders) were given Islamic
Arabic Names (Sultan Abdul Hamid) while the servants or housemaids were given
foreign names
Nowadays in Egypt, females in the middle- and lower-classes are given Islamic
names (Khadija, Aisha), whereas higher-class females are typically given Persian,
Turkish or common non-Islamic Arabic names (Susan, Mervat, Nancy)
Given names (Khisha, Bahloul) under strict requirements can be changed (meaning
of the name, clean record)
The “Ba-”prefix, meaning “father of”, identifies its bearer as being of Hadrami
descent (the Saudi linguist Bakalla and the Yemeni prime minister Bajammal)
Sunnis’ most common names would be Abd + 99 names of God, Ahmed, Mohammed,
and Aisha, whereas Shi’ites would prefer names such as Fatima, Ali, Hassan, and
Hussein
27
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.
28. References
Farid, Zainab. “Many of the names of Arab origin. The diversion did
not affect the meaning”. Retrieved on May 22nd 2006
http://www.alriyadh.com/2005/09/15/article94168.html
Tabet, Elie. “Notes Sur L’organization Des Tribus Et L’Etymologie Des
Noms Propres.” Oran Impremerie De L’association Ouvriere. 1882.
Retrieved on April 10th 2006
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k84223s
The CIA World Fact Book. Retrieved on May 22nd 2006
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
Wikipedia, “Arabic Name”. Retrieved on May 21st 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name
Zeyad, Mosad, “Al-Nasab”. Retrieved on May 24th 2006
http://www.drmosad.com/index128.htm
28
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.