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Contents
A word from the editor........................................... 3

Cuisine War.............................................................. 4

Why are all the low-calorie diets
unsuccessful?........................................................... 5


A look at the Universe through the eyes of Stephen
Hawking................................................................... 7


Alternative medicine- a real alternative to modern
treatment, or danger.............................................. 9
Approaches to religious diversity........................... 11

The Poles and Hinduists......................................... 12

Lemkos-one of the surviving ethnic gruops in
Poland................................................................... 17


Why do we constantly deepen the process of social
exclusion in Polish schools?...........................………. 19

Are there too many people on our Planet?............. 22


                                     2
A Word from the Editor


 I would like to present the first issue of our new magazine
 “Knowledge in a pill” for those interested in the popular
 science reports. You can read about many urgent problems of
 our world and society, such as overpopulation in the world or
 Stephen Hawkins's view on the Universe. I hope you will also
 be interested in the phenomenon of the social exclusion in
 Polish schools, religion diversity, alternative medicine, and the
 ethnic groups still existing in Poland. Certainly you will relax
 by reading the articles about a possible cuisine war and a low-
 calorie diet.
 So if you are ready, turn the page and read all this fantastic
 reports.




Greetings,




Matylda Konstanty
the Chief-editor




                                 3
Cuisine War
     Who doesn't like eating? Food looks so tasty that we just can't only
watching it! It works like a maghnet, nobody is able to resist sweets and
delicacies.

     We hear "So many countries so many customs" especially cuisine.
 Sometimes we don't have only one favourite- we may like Italian pizza
 and Japanese sushi. Others love Mexican spice or German and Polish
 food full of meal.

 Look at the result of our "teenagers questionaire" about favourite food:




                          Favorite Food
          12
                                                                       Mediterranean

          10                                                           Spanish
                                                                       Italian
          8                                                            Turkish
                                                                       French
          6
                                                                       Polish
          4                                                            Japanese
                                                                       Chinese
          2
                                                                       Indian
          0                                                            Thai
                                                                       Mexican
                       e
                       h



                       h




             Ch e




                       n
                     ch
            Tu n




                     an
                       h




         Ve can
                      n




                      ai




                                                                       Vegetarian
                    es
                     s




                  ria
                  l ia
                    is



                    is
                   ea




                  l is




                 Th
                 ne
                 en




                 di
                an



                rk




                in
               an




                 i
              Ita




              Po




               ta
              ex
              In
              pa
              Fr
             Sp




            ge
            rr




           M
           Ja
         ite
       ed
      M




 Without any doubt the winner is Italy, but people also like Asian cuisine.

                                     4
Why are all the low-calorie diets
unsuccessful?

       First we have to remember what exactly a mysterious word – metabolism
means. In short, it is energy necessary by our organism, when we are relaxing or
sleeping. We need this energy to have an appropriate body temperature, make our
heart beat, get intestines and another organs work. The fact is that, when we
produce more energy in a given moment, we have to eat more at the same time.
Now let’s think, why do we always try to lose our weight only by no eating?
Perhaps we will manage to lose some kilograms but certainly it will lead to the
hateful yo-yo effect.
       The basic principle is as follows: while we are on a low-calorie diet, our
organism and our metabolism work on a “calories – saving mode”. Why? Because
in such a way it prevents the body self – destruction, and additionally by slowing
the rate of energy acquisition it creates the adipose tissues. Energy is required for
all kinds of bodily processes including the use of muscles and producing a glucose
to ensure the longer work of all organs. This kind of adaptation will help us when
we find ourselves in a jungle or in a desert, if we do not eat for several days. But
unfortunately when we want to lose our weight it leads to failure. What is worse, a
couple days later we will probably get back to our old weight.
So, how many kilocalories should we eat daily to lose our weight?
       That is the basic question, but the answer is not only one. The most
important is that the metabolic rate differs for everyone and it depends on age,
height, diet and family genes. The better thing we can do is to contact with a
dietician. When we want to compose our new diet by ourselves, remember that
eating less than 1200 calories a day can also slow down your body's metabolic rate.
Thus women should not eat fewer than 1200 calories a day and men should not eat
fewer than 1500
What do we need to remember while on a diet?

                                         5
The rate of consumption of calories depends also on the amount of muscles
we have. The more muscle we have, the higher our metabolic rate; the less muscle
we have, the lower our metabolic rate. This is why a muscular man has a higher
metabolism, and a 20-year-old woman's metabolism is faster than a 80-year-old
woman. According to research, the body loses a proportionately high amount of
muscle with a very low calorie intake and this may considerably suppress
metabolism by up to 45 percent.
       When want to lose our weight we need to increase the amount of activity
we have each day so we can burn more calories and shift some kilograms. Many
sports, like jogging, swimming, tennis or aerobic can help us to rebuild our muscles.
We also have to remember to increase the amount of protein in our diet. Sources
of protein include lean meats (chicken, lamb, pork, turkey), cheese, nuts, eggs, low-
fat yogurt, milk, tofu and fish. Certainly you must stop eating sweets and big
portions of bread.
       Breakfast is the most important meal of the day because it raises our
metabolism. If you eat nothing in the morning, your metabolism will be still
“sleeping”. Many specialists recommend eating 25% of daily calories for breakfast.
Also when you are on a diet you have to eat some synthetic vitamins and minerals.
Interesting is that spices help with reducing one's weight and getting slim! You
need to add spices, such as: pepper, chili, ginger, cinnamon, horseradish and
mustard , to everything because they increase the temperature of the body.
       I hope that this article help you in losing your weight wisely and slowly
without giving in to peer pressure. You can create your special diet which will be
good, healthy and help you slim and maintain your weight for a long time.

       M.K




                                         6
A LOOK AT THE UNIVERSE THROUGH
     THE EYES OF STEPHEN HAWKING

       "We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very
average star. But we can understand the Universe. That makes us something very
special." These are the words of Stephen Hawking, one of the best physicists,
mathematics and cosmologists in the world. I agree with him, but I think that not
everyone knows the most important facts about the Universe. In this article I will try
to explain thoroughly the concept of the Universe as used in the Hawking's books.
       Firstly, I must say what the Universe is. It will be simple - it is everything. It
is space, time, every form of matter, energy, planets, comets, stars, people, animals...
The synonym for "the Universe" is cosmos, earth or nature.
       Secondly, perhaps not everyone knows who Stephen Hawking is. He is a 70-
year- old man, who suffers from motor neurone disease and he has the left side of
his body almost completely paralyzed. But... Who cares? He is one of the most
intelligent people in the earth! It seems that he does not care about his disease much
- he has had it since he was 21 and he still works and he is open to the world. He is
known for his contribution to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity,
especially in the context of black holes. He developed theoretical evidence that black
holes should emit radiation. He is a professor in Cambridge. He is known thanks to
the release of many bestselling popular science books.
       His first book was "A Brief History of Time". In this short book he is trying
to describe the current state of theoretical physics. He is also telling about Einstein,
Galileo, Newton and... God. He is saying that the Universe does not need, nor did
not need the interference of any God – the Universe simply goes on.
       The next book was "Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays."
That book is about the latest discoveries in the study of the Universe. Hawking goes
beyond the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang and collides
matter with antimatter... It is a collection of essays, in which the author presents his
own insightful reflection on the Universe."The Universe in a Nutshell" is actually
complementary to "A Brief History of Time". The author is explaining how difficult
it is to combine general relativity with quantum theory. Hawking is comparing the
theory of Einstein with the theory of Feynman. He is describing some new theories,
but he actually repeats much of what he wrote in his first book.
                                            7
"On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy".
In this book Hawking is writing about the greatest works of Copernicus, Galileo,
Kepler, Newton and Einstein. He is showing how their pioneering discoveries
changed the way we see the world. He is also telling the story of their times and
interesting facts from their lives.
        His fifth book "A Briefer History of Time" is nothing more than an extension
of "A Brief History of Time".
        His last book, bearing the title "The Grand Design" is about the Big Bang
theory. Hawking is saying that the Big Bang was a natural consequence of the laws
of physics, so God was unnecessary to the creation of the world. In this book he
brought down Newton's theory, who believed that the Universe must be created by
God, because it cannot arise from chaos.
        That are all his books - now I will explain some concepts provided by them.
The Big Bang is considered the most probable model of formation of the Universe.
Before the Big Bang there was nothing, because there was no space, matter and
time.
        We also know something weird about the two theories described in
Hawking's books – the theory of Newton and the theory of Einstein - both are good
and they describe world very well, but they cannot work together, because they are
mutually exclusive and we still do not know why.
        The difference between those two theories perfectly illustrates the twin
paradox, which was described in one of Hawking's books - "A Brief History of
Time". Newton said that time is always the same and cannot change. Einstein - that

                                           8
everything is relative - even a time. Twin paradox is a thought experiment, in which
a twins make a journey - one twin flies to Space in a high-speed rocket and returns at
Earth. And we realize, that the twin who flied into space is... younger than the
second twin! It says, that Newton's theory is true only on Earth and the Einstein's
theory is true only in Space.
        I think, that when you read my article you may be really surprised and some
of you can see, that physics can be very interesting.

                                                                          W.CZ


        ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE - REAL
          ALTERNATIVE TO MODERN
          TREATMENT, OR DANGER?


        Nowadays treatment is on really high level. We have equipment, fantastic
doctors, clean hospitals etc. But sometimes treatment is very expensive and it is not
always possible to cure the diseases like AIDS or cancer. That is why some people
try to cure themselves using alternative medicine.
        Firstly, I want to present some forms of alternative medicine. It can be -
acupuncture, herbalism, voodoo... People usually come to a shaman - he is a person
like a doctor, but he uses unconventional methods of treatment. Most of all, I am
convinced to acupuncture - it is proven, that people from Far East live longer than
we do because they make use of it.
        Secondly, I must say, that I understand people who try alternative medicine
instead of modern treatment, but only if they are too poor to pay for an operation or
treatment.
        On the other hand, I see many really bad things in alternative medicine - for
example some shamans are awful people - they just wheedle money out of patients
and do not help, sometimes their treatment may lead to health damage.
        I think that alternative medicine has its own pros and cons and, if people are
going to professional doctors at the same time- it is not dangerous and can even
help.



                                           9
Are you curious what surgeons think about alternative medicine? You can
read it the interview with a Polish surgeon, Wojciech.


the Interview:
Journalist: Good Morning!
Wojciech: Good Morning, I'm very happy, that I can talk with you.
J: That's good, do you know what is the subject of our talk?
W: Alternative medicine, isn't it?
J: Yes, exactly. In short - what do you think about it?
W: Hmm, I think that it can be something really good, but only if it's used together
with conventional treatment. It mustn't be applied alone, we shouldn't forget about
appropriate treatment, because sometimes it can be dangerous.
J: What do you mean by dangerous?
W: I think that it may even lead to death... But as I said - only when it is used
irresponsibly!
J: Are there any pros of alternative medicine?
W: In my opinion yes. The biggest one is that it can help for example in some cases
when "normal" medicine fails. People just think "I'm sure - it helps me" and it really
helps them!
J: You're talking about the placebo effect...
W: Yes.
J: ...so you think, that it exists?
W: I think that all alternative medicine is mainly based on placebo.
J: Ok. What about the cons, I'm sure that you can mention many of them, can't you?
W: I told you about one really big minus of alternative medicine. Another... It may
lead to some abuse...
J: What does this mean?
W: It means that if you (for example) go to a shaman, who doesn't really know
anything about medicine and wants only to extort money, then this can end badly.
J: Oh, it sounds really bad... So you're against alternative medicine?
W: No, did I say something like that? I can see bad and good sides of it.
J: Have you ever met somebody, who has tried alternative medicine?
W: No, I don't remember. Even if so, I don't ask everyone if they had tried
alternative medicine (laughs).


                                           10
J: Yeah, it can be really weird (laughter). And you? Have you ever tried alternative
medicine?
W: No, I haven't needed this.
J: Aren't you curious how it is like?
W: No, probably not.
J: Last question - I have heard that some people in Far East live longer than us,
because of using acupuncture. Do you think it's true?
W: Maybe yes, I don't know exactly, but it's likely that it is true. Really, last
question? (laughter)
J: Unfortunately - yes. What a nice talk, readers will certainly learn from this
interview a lot of interesting things.
W: Oh, that's good! I'm glad that I can help.
J: So... Goodbye!
W: See you!

                                                                                    W.CZ


               Approaches to religious diversity

       Nowadays there exist a lot of religions, but fortunately our
Planet is so big, that it can hold all of them. So what is the goal of
writing this article?...


       The problem is not about the amount of surface area or lack of
it but about people who just can't accept others' choice. Everyone
thinks their religion is the most valuable and true. That's natural,
because we always want our best- also in the case of faith. In the
past there were only a few kinds of religion, but it didn't prevent
conflicts. The example is East West Schizm (also known as the
Great Schizm), which took place in 1054. Then the State Church Of
Roman Empire split up into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman
Catholic Church. So now, we live among people who believe in

                                           11
different gods profess other religions than we do. Therefore it is not
easy to avoid wars. We should believe in our God, fulfill the duties
and develop knowledge about neighbouring religions. Fights won't
help anyone, they aren't needed. On our Planet there live so many
different people and it isn't possible to share the same views on
world, rules, future and death. If we are more calm and peaceful, life
will be happier and better than today!




                                                                                 A.B




     THE POLES AND THE BELIEVERS OF
                                 HINDUISM

Hinduism? Yeah, I have heard about it….
Be honest. We know nothing about Hinduism – the religion professed by billion of
people all over the world, and we also have no idea of how many people in Poland
are adherents of Hinduism. We know something about Buddhism but what about
Hinduism? Only Holy Cows and dots on foreheads. But this religion is in fact more
complicated and interesting and yet surprising in its simplicity. The knowledge
about it came to Poland directly from the English. By the way, this religion is so
much different from ours that it is difficult to decide what is true or false.
                                           12
One God of Hinduism
People in the West think that Hinduism has plenty of gods and idols, but it is not
true. There is only one God – the powerful and endless Brahma, the Supreme,
Universal Soul. Yet Hindu religion is also populated with myriad gods and
goddesses who personify aspects of the one true God. Here are just some of the
many Hindu gods and goddesses : Brahma – the creator, Vishnu – the protector and
Shiva – the destroyer.


India and religion
In Hinduism there are some key beliefs such as the concept of dharma which can be
described as right conduct, righteousness, moral law, and duty. The rules guide the
followers through life in order to create inner peace for themselves and collective
peace for the rest of the world. People do not live separately but human society is
like a huge machine. Each part of it has to work properly. Hinduism perceives all
human beings as Divine and having the power of awareness, sacrifice, and
adherence to the divine order. A Hindu believes that everyone is the embodiment of
God. Another concept is that the individual soul (Atman) is immortal. The soul does
not die but is reborn into another life form when the body dies. This is known as
transmigration. The kind of body the soul inhabits next is determined by karma
(actions accumulated in previous lives). The goal of the individual soul is Moksha
which is the soul’s release from the cycle of death and rebirth. It occurs when the
soul unites with Brahman by realizing its true nature because everything except for
Brahma’s reality is an illusion.


Do you think it is complicated? Everything is complicated for us because our
concept of soul and God is totally different.


Hinduism – an individual religion
The main difference between these religions is that Christianity recognizes one
omnipotent God in three persons, while Hinduism has in its roots thousands of gods
and believing that all of them are a manifestation of one god and one omnipotent
power. The Hindu people believe that the liberation of soul may be achieved by
several paths , while Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the only way to get to
Heaven.

                                          13
The dot on the forehead
It appears that the dot on the foreheads of many Hindu women called “bindi” is only
a kind of decoration. It can be a blessed symbol, a traditional symbol of marriage
and there are also several other explanations


Heavy black makeup
It is interesting why even children wear kohl or heavy black makeup. It is believed
that the human eye is also considered to be a mirror of the soul. Mothers apply it to
to their infants' eyes soon after birth to prevent the child from being cursed by the
evil eye or to "strengthen the child's eyes". Kohl was originally used as protection
against eye ailments. Another reason is that it may protect one from the harsh rays of
the sun.




             Woman in Apsara’s costume, a
Hindu female spirit of the clouds and waters


                                               14
Hinduism – the extreme reincarnation
As other societies, the Hindu society is divided into four classes or castes (“varna” in
Sanskrit) and multiple smaller groups, or subcastes (“jati”). The system was once
based on the occupation an individual decided to take up and their characteristics
and inclinations. Thus it was their own choice, nowadays the circumstances of a
person's birth dictates their caste. It suggests that people are born into a certain
worldly position because of 'karma' and they should accept that. It is hard for us to
understand their point of view. For example, when a child is born without arms or
with some disease they believe that it is a punishment for the sins committed in his
past life. The rich treat the poor very badly because they think that they are really
better than others and the poor deserve their fate.


How many Hindu people are there in Poland?
There is no reliable information about the number of Hindu people in Poland. The
most popular is a group of Hare Krishna with around 915 to 50 000 members. There
is also (Czaitanii Mission), with 97 to 1500 people. The Sathya Sai organization has
hold plenty of meetings in Poland and reported that the number of participants was
about 200 believers in 2002 and it is increasing each year. There are also people of
Indian origins in Poland. They usually work as sellers, wholesalers, brokers or
young employees of international corporations, especially in computer industry.


I think Poles are ready to meet people from other cultures and religion. Hindu
people are seen better than Muslims, they are associated with Bollywood
productions. We do not understand them but we are fascinated by their interior
peacefulness and the ability to wait for the unknown.


                                                                                  M.K.




                                          15
Lakshimi- Hindu goddess of wealth, prosperity, wisdom and
     fortune


16
LEMKOS - ONE OF THE SURVIVING
        ETHNIC GROUPS IN POLAND

         I think that very few people know about Lemkos.. That is why I am writing
this article - I want to bring you their history and culture.
         There are still several surviving ethnic minorities in Poland. For example
Lemkos – a distinct ethnic group from the southeast corner of the country. Lemkos
belonged to the eastern branch of Christianity, used the Cyrillic alphabet and spoke
East Slavic language - they were half-Polish and half-Ukrainian. Their onion-domed
wooden churches are still scattered over mountainous areas of the Beskid Sądecki,
Beskid Niski and the Bieszczady mountains. The northern slopes of the Polish part
of the Carpathian Mountains has been Lemkos’ home for centuries. Due to the
inaccessibility of these areas, Lemkos lived here freely for many years.
         This state of things has changed with the arrival of the 20th century and the
two World Wars. In the interwar period, both Poland and neighbouring Ukraine tried
to get Lemkos on their side and make them think about Polish or Ukrainian
nationalist causes, but with no success. Near the end of WW2, the Ukrainian
Insurgent Army (UPA) sent some of its members to fight in Lemkovyna (that’s how
Lemkos are calling their region). Only few of Lemkos actually sympathized with the
UPA, but the new Polish People’s Republic didn’t see it that way. Since that time
Lemkos are sometimes considered by Poles as Ukraino- and Russophiles.
         The result of this opinion was Operation Vistula (Akcja Wisła), the worst
tragedy to befall the Lemko this century. In the spring and summer of 1947 the
entire region was depopulated, whole villages emptied, as the Lemko were scattered
throughout the northern and western territories of Poland. After 1989 they started to
try restoring their cultural identity.




       Nowadays in Poland there live about 5600 Lemkos. We can find them in that
regions of Poland like Lesser Poland, Lower Silesian Voivodeship and Podkarpackie
Voivodeship. I know personally 8 Lemkos, they live in a small village in Beskid
Niski called Zdynia. November 24, 2008 officially introduced the first additional
language named Lemko to the village in Poland.


                                         17
I said that few people know about Lemkos, but I am sure, that many people
know about famous artist Andy Warhol who was of Lemko origins. There has been
a lot of Lemko artists in Poland and abroad.
        For example Nikifor Krynicki, or Bohdan Ihor Antonycz. Nikifor was a
primitive painter who lived in the 20th century in Krynica - Zdrój. He lived alone in
poverty and most of his life he was regarded as mentally retarted cripple. He was
passionately absorbed in painting. Bohdan was a 20th century Ukrainian poet. He
lived only 28 years, but he wrote many books of poetry.
        I think it is a great nation - their culture, traditions and history are very
interesting. I am interested in them very much. Lemko people are slowly becoming
more recognised in Poland. There are a lot more information and exhibitions about
them than in the past. I wish the world was also familiar with their heritage because
they are many people among them who changed the world. Just like the brilliant
painter, Krynicki.
                                                              W.CZ




                                                      Lemkos from the village of Zavadka
                                         18
Why do we constantly deepen the process of
           social exclusion in Polish schools?
      At first let’s try to define the areas of a social exclusion in Polish
schools. We must consider some questions, such as: who or why
promotes exclusion, who is isolated and what are the criteria of this
process?
      The socially excluded is a group of students who theoretically are
a part of the school community, but because of some reasons they
cannot fully participate in school life. At the origin of this process may
be some decisions of school authorities          local governments, the
approach of school principals, teachers, parents, and finally the students
themselves. I will try to show in this article some of the root causes and
the criteria of social marginalization in Polish schools. Social exclusion
may take place because of some wrong decisions of the government
officials which prevent the equal access to the certain goods. There were
introduced scholarships for the poorest children from small villages in
Poland a couple of years ago. It turned out very quickly that only few
people have taken advantage of this. This is not because they did not
need nay money, quite the opposite. The parents or the students had to
buy the necessary items first on their own. Next, they had to go with the
invoice to the institution, and after this they could have their money
back. The system was designed to monitor whether the money received
is really spent on the students' needs, rather than on alcohol for the
parents. But unfortunately, those families had no money to purchase
some goods for their children, so instead of help, the situation has
deteriorated.
      Now, what can we say about a true phenomenon of creating
special classes only for the talented students in many public high
schools in Cracow? In this way, an education gap has been created
                                    19
between the talented ones and those who are not. It may lead to the
crisis of adolescence and increase the possibility of drug use. The
scientific research shows, that around 40% of high school students think
that school is a bad institution and teachers don’t understand them, don’t
have enough time for them and are unjust towards them. Sometimes, it
is very hard to get to school because of architectural barriers that
prevent people with disabilities from accessing buildings. Parents of a
disabled child may prefer to chose a school near their house instead. It is
easier when the family lives in a big city as there are usually several
schools with special program for such students. But what if the family
lives in a small village? The only thing that parents can do is to send
their child to the special school far away from the house and meet him
only at weekends. It has to do with emotions and difficult choices they
have to make.
      Another problems are related to the school life. A teacher may
organise an expensive abroad trip for his class. Some parents can afford
it but some don’t have enough money and these children have to stay at
school and take part in normal lessons. The main cause of social
exclusion here may be traced to lack of money. What happens to the
class community? The class is divided into those who can afford much
and those who can't, those who have been abroad and may share
experiences and those who had to stay at home and go to school. Thus
teachers have to be aware of different social backgrounds of their
students and try to integrate students.
      The marginalization can be a result of stereotypization. A
stereotype is a relatively stable ability to feel, think and act in a certain
way. It helps us to live easier, we do not need to learn everything all
over again. Well, what happens if the learned stereotype does not fit the
reality and causes that we cannot, and what is worst, we don’t want to
communicate? There are many children from other countries in Polish
                                     20
schools. How do they integrate into a new school community? What is
the reaction of other students? Are they friendly and polite or quite the
opposite? How can we help the new students from different cultures or
another race? Sometimes they do not know Polish well enough ant it
may result in poor grades.
      Maybe we all should try to think about what we can do to reduce
the effects of marginalization. There are many schools where the
wealthier parents pay for meals for the poorer children. Also children
bring lunch for two and share with friends. A teacher can organize a
cheaper trip or ask the parents to pay a bit more to allow everyone to
participate in this event. I am sure all of us can find a lot of similar
ideas. I think we should have more discussions about social exclusion
and related topics during our lessons.
      Usually we are afraid of what is unknown. Sometimes people
express aggression towards others because they do not understand them.
Let’s stop being afraid. It is important to remember that there is the
phenomenon of social exclusion in schools, be able to see it, and think
what is possible to do to help, recognizing the beautiful difference
instead of prejudices and fears.
                                                      M.K.




                                    21
Are there too many people on our Planet?
•         It is estimated that there are 5 babies born every second. 2 to 3 babies
    survive (wiki.answers.com). There are approximately 490,000 babies born
    every day worldwide.
•         In October 2011 the world’s 7 billionth human inhabitant of our planet
    was born.
•         An average human drinks around 60670 litres of water in his lifetime.



          These facts may shock you, but they are really true. In

    Europe there are more and more couples who do not want to

    have children. Thus the birthrate is dropping constantly.

    Financial crisis, long working hours, lower average salary or

    the cost of living may be blamed for the situation. It is typical

    for highly - developed countries such as the USA and West

    Europe.

          On the other side, there is Asia where 60% of all people

    live. China and India are the only nations with more than

    milliard citizens! But children there are another source of

    income as they may get a job and earn money. Living

    conditions don't matter.

          Overpopulation causes problems with fresh water,

    which comprises only 2,5% of water resources. Our planet will

    run out of room and natural resources.

          We must start living a different way – it is no longer a

    question of maintaining our standard of living, but of

    surviving on the planet.                                      A.B
    See more:


                                          22
A swimming pool in one of Chinese towns- Daying




                 Muslims going to annual meeting in Bangladesh




                                                                 23




Birma- one of the loosely-populated country in South-East Asia
Boys and girls from Philippines, who live at rubbish tip




50 % of inhabitant of India are younger than 25 years.
Here:Pupils from New Delhi on their way home




                                                24
Muslims going to annual meeting in Bangladesh




Students in a dorm (China)




                                                25
The crew of
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Knowledge in a Pill

  • 1.
  • 2. Contents A word from the editor........................................... 3 Cuisine War.............................................................. 4 Why are all the low-calorie diets unsuccessful?........................................................... 5 A look at the Universe through the eyes of Stephen Hawking................................................................... 7 Alternative medicine- a real alternative to modern treatment, or danger.............................................. 9 Approaches to religious diversity........................... 11 The Poles and Hinduists......................................... 12 Lemkos-one of the surviving ethnic gruops in Poland................................................................... 17 Why do we constantly deepen the process of social exclusion in Polish schools?...........................………. 19 Are there too many people on our Planet?............. 22 2
  • 3. A Word from the Editor I would like to present the first issue of our new magazine “Knowledge in a pill” for those interested in the popular science reports. You can read about many urgent problems of our world and society, such as overpopulation in the world or Stephen Hawkins's view on the Universe. I hope you will also be interested in the phenomenon of the social exclusion in Polish schools, religion diversity, alternative medicine, and the ethnic groups still existing in Poland. Certainly you will relax by reading the articles about a possible cuisine war and a low- calorie diet. So if you are ready, turn the page and read all this fantastic reports. Greetings, Matylda Konstanty the Chief-editor 3
  • 4. Cuisine War Who doesn't like eating? Food looks so tasty that we just can't only watching it! It works like a maghnet, nobody is able to resist sweets and delicacies. We hear "So many countries so many customs" especially cuisine. Sometimes we don't have only one favourite- we may like Italian pizza and Japanese sushi. Others love Mexican spice or German and Polish food full of meal. Look at the result of our "teenagers questionaire" about favourite food: Favorite Food 12 Mediterranean 10 Spanish Italian 8 Turkish French 6 Polish 4 Japanese Chinese 2 Indian 0 Thai Mexican e h h Ch e n ch Tu n an h Ve can n ai Vegetarian es s ria l ia is is ea l is Th ne en di an rk in an i Ita Po ta ex In pa Fr Sp ge rr M Ja ite ed M Without any doubt the winner is Italy, but people also like Asian cuisine. 4
  • 5. Why are all the low-calorie diets unsuccessful? First we have to remember what exactly a mysterious word – metabolism means. In short, it is energy necessary by our organism, when we are relaxing or sleeping. We need this energy to have an appropriate body temperature, make our heart beat, get intestines and another organs work. The fact is that, when we produce more energy in a given moment, we have to eat more at the same time. Now let’s think, why do we always try to lose our weight only by no eating? Perhaps we will manage to lose some kilograms but certainly it will lead to the hateful yo-yo effect. The basic principle is as follows: while we are on a low-calorie diet, our organism and our metabolism work on a “calories – saving mode”. Why? Because in such a way it prevents the body self – destruction, and additionally by slowing the rate of energy acquisition it creates the adipose tissues. Energy is required for all kinds of bodily processes including the use of muscles and producing a glucose to ensure the longer work of all organs. This kind of adaptation will help us when we find ourselves in a jungle or in a desert, if we do not eat for several days. But unfortunately when we want to lose our weight it leads to failure. What is worse, a couple days later we will probably get back to our old weight. So, how many kilocalories should we eat daily to lose our weight? That is the basic question, but the answer is not only one. The most important is that the metabolic rate differs for everyone and it depends on age, height, diet and family genes. The better thing we can do is to contact with a dietician. When we want to compose our new diet by ourselves, remember that eating less than 1200 calories a day can also slow down your body's metabolic rate. Thus women should not eat fewer than 1200 calories a day and men should not eat fewer than 1500 What do we need to remember while on a diet? 5
  • 6. The rate of consumption of calories depends also on the amount of muscles we have. The more muscle we have, the higher our metabolic rate; the less muscle we have, the lower our metabolic rate. This is why a muscular man has a higher metabolism, and a 20-year-old woman's metabolism is faster than a 80-year-old woman. According to research, the body loses a proportionately high amount of muscle with a very low calorie intake and this may considerably suppress metabolism by up to 45 percent. When want to lose our weight we need to increase the amount of activity we have each day so we can burn more calories and shift some kilograms. Many sports, like jogging, swimming, tennis or aerobic can help us to rebuild our muscles. We also have to remember to increase the amount of protein in our diet. Sources of protein include lean meats (chicken, lamb, pork, turkey), cheese, nuts, eggs, low- fat yogurt, milk, tofu and fish. Certainly you must stop eating sweets and big portions of bread. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day because it raises our metabolism. If you eat nothing in the morning, your metabolism will be still “sleeping”. Many specialists recommend eating 25% of daily calories for breakfast. Also when you are on a diet you have to eat some synthetic vitamins and minerals. Interesting is that spices help with reducing one's weight and getting slim! You need to add spices, such as: pepper, chili, ginger, cinnamon, horseradish and mustard , to everything because they increase the temperature of the body. I hope that this article help you in losing your weight wisely and slowly without giving in to peer pressure. You can create your special diet which will be good, healthy and help you slim and maintain your weight for a long time. M.K 6
  • 7. A LOOK AT THE UNIVERSE THROUGH THE EYES OF STEPHEN HAWKING "We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the Universe. That makes us something very special." These are the words of Stephen Hawking, one of the best physicists, mathematics and cosmologists in the world. I agree with him, but I think that not everyone knows the most important facts about the Universe. In this article I will try to explain thoroughly the concept of the Universe as used in the Hawking's books. Firstly, I must say what the Universe is. It will be simple - it is everything. It is space, time, every form of matter, energy, planets, comets, stars, people, animals... The synonym for "the Universe" is cosmos, earth or nature. Secondly, perhaps not everyone knows who Stephen Hawking is. He is a 70- year- old man, who suffers from motor neurone disease and he has the left side of his body almost completely paralyzed. But... Who cares? He is one of the most intelligent people in the earth! It seems that he does not care about his disease much - he has had it since he was 21 and he still works and he is open to the world. He is known for his contribution to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes. He developed theoretical evidence that black holes should emit radiation. He is a professor in Cambridge. He is known thanks to the release of many bestselling popular science books. His first book was "A Brief History of Time". In this short book he is trying to describe the current state of theoretical physics. He is also telling about Einstein, Galileo, Newton and... God. He is saying that the Universe does not need, nor did not need the interference of any God – the Universe simply goes on. The next book was "Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays." That book is about the latest discoveries in the study of the Universe. Hawking goes beyond the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang and collides matter with antimatter... It is a collection of essays, in which the author presents his own insightful reflection on the Universe."The Universe in a Nutshell" is actually complementary to "A Brief History of Time". The author is explaining how difficult it is to combine general relativity with quantum theory. Hawking is comparing the theory of Einstein with the theory of Feynman. He is describing some new theories, but he actually repeats much of what he wrote in his first book. 7
  • 8. "On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy". In this book Hawking is writing about the greatest works of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Einstein. He is showing how their pioneering discoveries changed the way we see the world. He is also telling the story of their times and interesting facts from their lives. His fifth book "A Briefer History of Time" is nothing more than an extension of "A Brief History of Time". His last book, bearing the title "The Grand Design" is about the Big Bang theory. Hawking is saying that the Big Bang was a natural consequence of the laws of physics, so God was unnecessary to the creation of the world. In this book he brought down Newton's theory, who believed that the Universe must be created by God, because it cannot arise from chaos. That are all his books - now I will explain some concepts provided by them. The Big Bang is considered the most probable model of formation of the Universe. Before the Big Bang there was nothing, because there was no space, matter and time. We also know something weird about the two theories described in Hawking's books – the theory of Newton and the theory of Einstein - both are good and they describe world very well, but they cannot work together, because they are mutually exclusive and we still do not know why. The difference between those two theories perfectly illustrates the twin paradox, which was described in one of Hawking's books - "A Brief History of Time". Newton said that time is always the same and cannot change. Einstein - that 8
  • 9. everything is relative - even a time. Twin paradox is a thought experiment, in which a twins make a journey - one twin flies to Space in a high-speed rocket and returns at Earth. And we realize, that the twin who flied into space is... younger than the second twin! It says, that Newton's theory is true only on Earth and the Einstein's theory is true only in Space. I think, that when you read my article you may be really surprised and some of you can see, that physics can be very interesting. W.CZ ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE - REAL ALTERNATIVE TO MODERN TREATMENT, OR DANGER? Nowadays treatment is on really high level. We have equipment, fantastic doctors, clean hospitals etc. But sometimes treatment is very expensive and it is not always possible to cure the diseases like AIDS or cancer. That is why some people try to cure themselves using alternative medicine. Firstly, I want to present some forms of alternative medicine. It can be - acupuncture, herbalism, voodoo... People usually come to a shaman - he is a person like a doctor, but he uses unconventional methods of treatment. Most of all, I am convinced to acupuncture - it is proven, that people from Far East live longer than we do because they make use of it. Secondly, I must say, that I understand people who try alternative medicine instead of modern treatment, but only if they are too poor to pay for an operation or treatment. On the other hand, I see many really bad things in alternative medicine - for example some shamans are awful people - they just wheedle money out of patients and do not help, sometimes their treatment may lead to health damage. I think that alternative medicine has its own pros and cons and, if people are going to professional doctors at the same time- it is not dangerous and can even help. 9
  • 10. Are you curious what surgeons think about alternative medicine? You can read it the interview with a Polish surgeon, Wojciech. the Interview: Journalist: Good Morning! Wojciech: Good Morning, I'm very happy, that I can talk with you. J: That's good, do you know what is the subject of our talk? W: Alternative medicine, isn't it? J: Yes, exactly. In short - what do you think about it? W: Hmm, I think that it can be something really good, but only if it's used together with conventional treatment. It mustn't be applied alone, we shouldn't forget about appropriate treatment, because sometimes it can be dangerous. J: What do you mean by dangerous? W: I think that it may even lead to death... But as I said - only when it is used irresponsibly! J: Are there any pros of alternative medicine? W: In my opinion yes. The biggest one is that it can help for example in some cases when "normal" medicine fails. People just think "I'm sure - it helps me" and it really helps them! J: You're talking about the placebo effect... W: Yes. J: ...so you think, that it exists? W: I think that all alternative medicine is mainly based on placebo. J: Ok. What about the cons, I'm sure that you can mention many of them, can't you? W: I told you about one really big minus of alternative medicine. Another... It may lead to some abuse... J: What does this mean? W: It means that if you (for example) go to a shaman, who doesn't really know anything about medicine and wants only to extort money, then this can end badly. J: Oh, it sounds really bad... So you're against alternative medicine? W: No, did I say something like that? I can see bad and good sides of it. J: Have you ever met somebody, who has tried alternative medicine? W: No, I don't remember. Even if so, I don't ask everyone if they had tried alternative medicine (laughs). 10
  • 11. J: Yeah, it can be really weird (laughter). And you? Have you ever tried alternative medicine? W: No, I haven't needed this. J: Aren't you curious how it is like? W: No, probably not. J: Last question - I have heard that some people in Far East live longer than us, because of using acupuncture. Do you think it's true? W: Maybe yes, I don't know exactly, but it's likely that it is true. Really, last question? (laughter) J: Unfortunately - yes. What a nice talk, readers will certainly learn from this interview a lot of interesting things. W: Oh, that's good! I'm glad that I can help. J: So... Goodbye! W: See you! W.CZ Approaches to religious diversity Nowadays there exist a lot of religions, but fortunately our Planet is so big, that it can hold all of them. So what is the goal of writing this article?... The problem is not about the amount of surface area or lack of it but about people who just can't accept others' choice. Everyone thinks their religion is the most valuable and true. That's natural, because we always want our best- also in the case of faith. In the past there were only a few kinds of religion, but it didn't prevent conflicts. The example is East West Schizm (also known as the Great Schizm), which took place in 1054. Then the State Church Of Roman Empire split up into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. So now, we live among people who believe in 11
  • 12. different gods profess other religions than we do. Therefore it is not easy to avoid wars. We should believe in our God, fulfill the duties and develop knowledge about neighbouring religions. Fights won't help anyone, they aren't needed. On our Planet there live so many different people and it isn't possible to share the same views on world, rules, future and death. If we are more calm and peaceful, life will be happier and better than today! A.B THE POLES AND THE BELIEVERS OF HINDUISM Hinduism? Yeah, I have heard about it…. Be honest. We know nothing about Hinduism – the religion professed by billion of people all over the world, and we also have no idea of how many people in Poland are adherents of Hinduism. We know something about Buddhism but what about Hinduism? Only Holy Cows and dots on foreheads. But this religion is in fact more complicated and interesting and yet surprising in its simplicity. The knowledge about it came to Poland directly from the English. By the way, this religion is so much different from ours that it is difficult to decide what is true or false. 12
  • 13. One God of Hinduism People in the West think that Hinduism has plenty of gods and idols, but it is not true. There is only one God – the powerful and endless Brahma, the Supreme, Universal Soul. Yet Hindu religion is also populated with myriad gods and goddesses who personify aspects of the one true God. Here are just some of the many Hindu gods and goddesses : Brahma – the creator, Vishnu – the protector and Shiva – the destroyer. India and religion In Hinduism there are some key beliefs such as the concept of dharma which can be described as right conduct, righteousness, moral law, and duty. The rules guide the followers through life in order to create inner peace for themselves and collective peace for the rest of the world. People do not live separately but human society is like a huge machine. Each part of it has to work properly. Hinduism perceives all human beings as Divine and having the power of awareness, sacrifice, and adherence to the divine order. A Hindu believes that everyone is the embodiment of God. Another concept is that the individual soul (Atman) is immortal. The soul does not die but is reborn into another life form when the body dies. This is known as transmigration. The kind of body the soul inhabits next is determined by karma (actions accumulated in previous lives). The goal of the individual soul is Moksha which is the soul’s release from the cycle of death and rebirth. It occurs when the soul unites with Brahman by realizing its true nature because everything except for Brahma’s reality is an illusion. Do you think it is complicated? Everything is complicated for us because our concept of soul and God is totally different. Hinduism – an individual religion The main difference between these religions is that Christianity recognizes one omnipotent God in three persons, while Hinduism has in its roots thousands of gods and believing that all of them are a manifestation of one god and one omnipotent power. The Hindu people believe that the liberation of soul may be achieved by several paths , while Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the only way to get to Heaven. 13
  • 14. The dot on the forehead It appears that the dot on the foreheads of many Hindu women called “bindi” is only a kind of decoration. It can be a blessed symbol, a traditional symbol of marriage and there are also several other explanations Heavy black makeup It is interesting why even children wear kohl or heavy black makeup. It is believed that the human eye is also considered to be a mirror of the soul. Mothers apply it to to their infants' eyes soon after birth to prevent the child from being cursed by the evil eye or to "strengthen the child's eyes". Kohl was originally used as protection against eye ailments. Another reason is that it may protect one from the harsh rays of the sun. Woman in Apsara’s costume, a Hindu female spirit of the clouds and waters 14
  • 15. Hinduism – the extreme reincarnation As other societies, the Hindu society is divided into four classes or castes (“varna” in Sanskrit) and multiple smaller groups, or subcastes (“jati”). The system was once based on the occupation an individual decided to take up and their characteristics and inclinations. Thus it was their own choice, nowadays the circumstances of a person's birth dictates their caste. It suggests that people are born into a certain worldly position because of 'karma' and they should accept that. It is hard for us to understand their point of view. For example, when a child is born without arms or with some disease they believe that it is a punishment for the sins committed in his past life. The rich treat the poor very badly because they think that they are really better than others and the poor deserve their fate. How many Hindu people are there in Poland? There is no reliable information about the number of Hindu people in Poland. The most popular is a group of Hare Krishna with around 915 to 50 000 members. There is also (Czaitanii Mission), with 97 to 1500 people. The Sathya Sai organization has hold plenty of meetings in Poland and reported that the number of participants was about 200 believers in 2002 and it is increasing each year. There are also people of Indian origins in Poland. They usually work as sellers, wholesalers, brokers or young employees of international corporations, especially in computer industry. I think Poles are ready to meet people from other cultures and religion. Hindu people are seen better than Muslims, they are associated with Bollywood productions. We do not understand them but we are fascinated by their interior peacefulness and the ability to wait for the unknown. M.K. 15
  • 16. Lakshimi- Hindu goddess of wealth, prosperity, wisdom and fortune 16
  • 17. LEMKOS - ONE OF THE SURVIVING ETHNIC GROUPS IN POLAND I think that very few people know about Lemkos.. That is why I am writing this article - I want to bring you their history and culture. There are still several surviving ethnic minorities in Poland. For example Lemkos – a distinct ethnic group from the southeast corner of the country. Lemkos belonged to the eastern branch of Christianity, used the Cyrillic alphabet and spoke East Slavic language - they were half-Polish and half-Ukrainian. Their onion-domed wooden churches are still scattered over mountainous areas of the Beskid Sądecki, Beskid Niski and the Bieszczady mountains. The northern slopes of the Polish part of the Carpathian Mountains has been Lemkos’ home for centuries. Due to the inaccessibility of these areas, Lemkos lived here freely for many years. This state of things has changed with the arrival of the 20th century and the two World Wars. In the interwar period, both Poland and neighbouring Ukraine tried to get Lemkos on their side and make them think about Polish or Ukrainian nationalist causes, but with no success. Near the end of WW2, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) sent some of its members to fight in Lemkovyna (that’s how Lemkos are calling their region). Only few of Lemkos actually sympathized with the UPA, but the new Polish People’s Republic didn’t see it that way. Since that time Lemkos are sometimes considered by Poles as Ukraino- and Russophiles. The result of this opinion was Operation Vistula (Akcja Wisła), the worst tragedy to befall the Lemko this century. In the spring and summer of 1947 the entire region was depopulated, whole villages emptied, as the Lemko were scattered throughout the northern and western territories of Poland. After 1989 they started to try restoring their cultural identity. Nowadays in Poland there live about 5600 Lemkos. We can find them in that regions of Poland like Lesser Poland, Lower Silesian Voivodeship and Podkarpackie Voivodeship. I know personally 8 Lemkos, they live in a small village in Beskid Niski called Zdynia. November 24, 2008 officially introduced the first additional language named Lemko to the village in Poland. 17
  • 18. I said that few people know about Lemkos, but I am sure, that many people know about famous artist Andy Warhol who was of Lemko origins. There has been a lot of Lemko artists in Poland and abroad. For example Nikifor Krynicki, or Bohdan Ihor Antonycz. Nikifor was a primitive painter who lived in the 20th century in Krynica - Zdrój. He lived alone in poverty and most of his life he was regarded as mentally retarted cripple. He was passionately absorbed in painting. Bohdan was a 20th century Ukrainian poet. He lived only 28 years, but he wrote many books of poetry. I think it is a great nation - their culture, traditions and history are very interesting. I am interested in them very much. Lemko people are slowly becoming more recognised in Poland. There are a lot more information and exhibitions about them than in the past. I wish the world was also familiar with their heritage because they are many people among them who changed the world. Just like the brilliant painter, Krynicki. W.CZ Lemkos from the village of Zavadka 18
  • 19. Why do we constantly deepen the process of social exclusion in Polish schools? At first let’s try to define the areas of a social exclusion in Polish schools. We must consider some questions, such as: who or why promotes exclusion, who is isolated and what are the criteria of this process? The socially excluded is a group of students who theoretically are a part of the school community, but because of some reasons they cannot fully participate in school life. At the origin of this process may be some decisions of school authorities local governments, the approach of school principals, teachers, parents, and finally the students themselves. I will try to show in this article some of the root causes and the criteria of social marginalization in Polish schools. Social exclusion may take place because of some wrong decisions of the government officials which prevent the equal access to the certain goods. There were introduced scholarships for the poorest children from small villages in Poland a couple of years ago. It turned out very quickly that only few people have taken advantage of this. This is not because they did not need nay money, quite the opposite. The parents or the students had to buy the necessary items first on their own. Next, they had to go with the invoice to the institution, and after this they could have their money back. The system was designed to monitor whether the money received is really spent on the students' needs, rather than on alcohol for the parents. But unfortunately, those families had no money to purchase some goods for their children, so instead of help, the situation has deteriorated. Now, what can we say about a true phenomenon of creating special classes only for the talented students in many public high schools in Cracow? In this way, an education gap has been created 19
  • 20. between the talented ones and those who are not. It may lead to the crisis of adolescence and increase the possibility of drug use. The scientific research shows, that around 40% of high school students think that school is a bad institution and teachers don’t understand them, don’t have enough time for them and are unjust towards them. Sometimes, it is very hard to get to school because of architectural barriers that prevent people with disabilities from accessing buildings. Parents of a disabled child may prefer to chose a school near their house instead. It is easier when the family lives in a big city as there are usually several schools with special program for such students. But what if the family lives in a small village? The only thing that parents can do is to send their child to the special school far away from the house and meet him only at weekends. It has to do with emotions and difficult choices they have to make. Another problems are related to the school life. A teacher may organise an expensive abroad trip for his class. Some parents can afford it but some don’t have enough money and these children have to stay at school and take part in normal lessons. The main cause of social exclusion here may be traced to lack of money. What happens to the class community? The class is divided into those who can afford much and those who can't, those who have been abroad and may share experiences and those who had to stay at home and go to school. Thus teachers have to be aware of different social backgrounds of their students and try to integrate students. The marginalization can be a result of stereotypization. A stereotype is a relatively stable ability to feel, think and act in a certain way. It helps us to live easier, we do not need to learn everything all over again. Well, what happens if the learned stereotype does not fit the reality and causes that we cannot, and what is worst, we don’t want to communicate? There are many children from other countries in Polish 20
  • 21. schools. How do they integrate into a new school community? What is the reaction of other students? Are they friendly and polite or quite the opposite? How can we help the new students from different cultures or another race? Sometimes they do not know Polish well enough ant it may result in poor grades. Maybe we all should try to think about what we can do to reduce the effects of marginalization. There are many schools where the wealthier parents pay for meals for the poorer children. Also children bring lunch for two and share with friends. A teacher can organize a cheaper trip or ask the parents to pay a bit more to allow everyone to participate in this event. I am sure all of us can find a lot of similar ideas. I think we should have more discussions about social exclusion and related topics during our lessons. Usually we are afraid of what is unknown. Sometimes people express aggression towards others because they do not understand them. Let’s stop being afraid. It is important to remember that there is the phenomenon of social exclusion in schools, be able to see it, and think what is possible to do to help, recognizing the beautiful difference instead of prejudices and fears. M.K. 21
  • 22. Are there too many people on our Planet? • It is estimated that there are 5 babies born every second. 2 to 3 babies survive (wiki.answers.com). There are approximately 490,000 babies born every day worldwide. • In October 2011 the world’s 7 billionth human inhabitant of our planet was born. • An average human drinks around 60670 litres of water in his lifetime. These facts may shock you, but they are really true. In Europe there are more and more couples who do not want to have children. Thus the birthrate is dropping constantly. Financial crisis, long working hours, lower average salary or the cost of living may be blamed for the situation. It is typical for highly - developed countries such as the USA and West Europe. On the other side, there is Asia where 60% of all people live. China and India are the only nations with more than milliard citizens! But children there are another source of income as they may get a job and earn money. Living conditions don't matter. Overpopulation causes problems with fresh water, which comprises only 2,5% of water resources. Our planet will run out of room and natural resources. We must start living a different way – it is no longer a question of maintaining our standard of living, but of surviving on the planet. A.B See more: 22
  • 23. A swimming pool in one of Chinese towns- Daying Muslims going to annual meeting in Bangladesh 23 Birma- one of the loosely-populated country in South-East Asia
  • 24. Boys and girls from Philippines, who live at rubbish tip 50 % of inhabitant of India are younger than 25 years. Here:Pupils from New Delhi on their way home 24
  • 25. Muslims going to annual meeting in Bangladesh Students in a dorm (China) 25
  • 26. The crew of Knowledge in a pill wants to say “thank you” to all readers, we hope that you like our newspaper and you will buy it again! Let science be with you! 26