The slides were prepared for a talk during Mobilicity held on 21st Nov. 2009. The talk attempts to first outline the themes for pursuing systemic and systematic changes in approaches towards transportation in city planning and governance. It then addresses how and what 'innovations' are required for pursuing the larger goals illustrating some of the examples and case studies. This could be by way of technological innovation (using simulation tools in planning), to organizational innovation (eg. restructuring STUs and informal coordination demonstrated for connectivity to the new International Airport) and regulatory innovation (much needed). Later on, it emphasizes how 'integration' is essential and in what ways: linking policy instruments with different modes; land-use planning; transport measures; and infrastructure provision. It illustrates the need for pursuing 'strategic integration' by pursuing complementary strategies and removal of barriers (institutional and financial). For instance, introduction of congestion pricing is one lever, but has to be pursued by improved accessibility and connectivity by other modes, new infrastructure, better parking, etc. and a combination of all. Finally, it is noted that along with these, is the need for measuring performance to assess the impacts and set benchmarks. The Bangalore Mobility Indicators 2008 has already been prepared and now it is only imperative that benchmarks are set for achieving them in the coming years. Innovation and Integration should complement towards realizing the goal of better access and mobility of people (across age, abilities and gender) over vehicles.

1. Measure
Performance
Integrate
Innovate
Dr. H. S. Sudhira.
hs.sudhira@gmail.com

2. Critical Themes
Innovation, particularly in Planning
methodologies, Operations and their enabling
Mechanisms.
Integration between policy instruments with
land-use and transport strategies, different
modes & infrastructure provision.
Tools for assessing and predicting the
Performance of Policy Instruments.

3. • Technological
– Planning methodologies: Use of Simulation
Innovate based tools – Spatial Planning Support
Systems.
– Infrastructure, Vehicle, Services.
• Organizational
Integrate
– Enhancing competencies of personnel involved
in policy, planning and decision-making.
• Regulatory
Measure – Unified transport authority that takes care of
Performance planning, operations and financing.
– Statutory backing for CTTP and guiding its
implementation.
CTTP: Comprehensive Transportation and Traffic Plan

4. Patterns of Innovation and Regulatory Change
Regulatory Will BMLTA Innovation
Change be next?
Pattern
• In some cases, first the Regulation was changed, then the Innovation
occurred.
• In some, Innovation is first developed, then the change in Regulation booted
the diffusion of Innovation.
Examples
• Restructuring STU (Regulatory change).
• Online reservations – AWATAR (Technological innovation).
• Low-floor buses (Technological innovation).
• High Level Task Force for Airport Connectivity (Organizational Innovation).
STU: State Transport Undertakings

5. Where can Innovation occur?
Service
Infrastructure Vehicle
Operations
• Bus priority • Environmentally • Fare & Ticketing
• Guided bus way friendly engines • Timetable and
• Low floor bus Frequency
• Change in size • Rationalizing
of vehicle bus routes
• Marketing
Possibilities of Innovations with respect to Innovative
Capabilities in Bus-based Public Transport.

6. Promotion of NMT: Cycling
• IISc System of
Bike Sharing
• EC Bike at
Electronics City by
Bike
Ride-A-Cycle
Sharing
Foundation
Systems
(proposed)
in
Bangalore
• Realization rests
on overcoming
certain barriers:
Institutional.
NMT: Non-Motorized Transport

7. Integration
In 4 broad ways:
• Integration between policy instruments
involving different modes;
• Integration between policy instruments
involving infrastructure
provision, management, information and
pricing;
• Integration between transport measures and
land-use planning measures; and
• Integration with other policy areas such as
health and education.

8. Strategic Integration
Approaches to Strategic Integration:
• Pursuit of Synergy
• Ex: Provision of Park and Ride facilities;
Provision of Pubic Transport and Fares
Reduction;
• Removal of Barriers
• Legal and Institutional barriers;
• Financial barriers;
• Political and Cultural barriers;
• Practical and Technological barriers.

9. Pursuing Complementary Strategies
4. Bicycle
paths and
walkways
3. Improved
2. New frequencies
Infrastructure of Public
like better Transport
parking
1. Bus
priorities and
traffic
calming
Combination
of all!
Introduction of Congestion Pricing

10. Performance Measures
• The impact of policy instruments on demand
for travel determines the contribution of
overall policy objectives.
• Measures required to assess the impacts and
set benchmarks.
• Empirical models built on them, aid in testing
out the elasticities of variables involved like
fares, service levels and income.
• Bangalore Mobility Indicators 2008: first of
its kind in India.

11. Bangalore Mobility Indicators 2008
Source: DULT

12. Performance Measures that link Investments
• Through efficient Project Management and
• Tackling Time and Cost Overruns (Sudhira, 2007)
Data Source: BBMP (Annual Budgets)

13. Summary of Indicators
1 .0 0
0 .9 0
0 .8 0
De sirab le = 0.70
0 .7 0
0 .6 0 De sirab le = 0.65
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0 De sirab le = 0
-0 .1 0
li
li
st
t
a
h
a
a
es
al
al
ur
ut
ar
ur
Ea
ah
ah
W
ap
So
ag
ap
-0 .2 0
e
ar
an
or
e
ev
an
iN
e
or
as
or
al
m
ad
ar
ay
al
al
ng
D
m
ng
ah
ar
hw
ng
Bo
Ba
at
Ba
M
es
Ba
By
aj
R
C o m p o s i te C o n ges ti o n I n d ex 1
ja
Ra
C o m p o s i te M o b i l i ty I n d ex 2
C o m p o s i te Ac c es s i b i l i ty I n d ex 3
* Excludes Safety Index as data not available for all zones
1. Higher values indicate more congestion.
2. Higher values indicate better mobility
3. Higher values indicate better accessibility.
Source: DULT

14. Challenges
For whom?
Who?
– Central
Interventions Measure
Performance
– State across
PeopleMeasures
– Private Participation
Age, Abilities
– Judicial
and Gender.
Interventions
Integrate
– Research
Planning for
Institutions Innovate
– Citizen Groups
‘Evolution of
– Others
Cities’

15. Thank you.
Inspired by May and Tight (2006).
hs.sudhira@gmail.com

16. http://www.balrajkn.com/

17. RouteFinder for Bangalore
Sudhira, 2006

18. The Runoff Model for IISc
Sudhira, 2006

19. CA Model – Mangalore, Karnataka
CA: Cellular Automata Sudhira et al., 2004

20. TrafficSim – Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore
Sudhira H. S., Jain V., Visvanathan V. and Chakrabarti S., 2006

21. Prototype of Spatial Planning Support
System
Sudhira H. S., 2008