Energy Harvesting IN VENTO 2014 - Petrini StroNGER.com

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
under air flow excitation
Francesco Petrini*, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi
francesco.petrini@uniroma1.it , francesco.petrini@stronger2012.com
--
*Research Associate,
School of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Sapienza Università di Roma
Via Eudossiana 18 - 00184 Rome (ITALY)
tel. +39-06-44585072
StroNGER S.r.l., Co-founder and Director
Via Giacomo Peroni 442-444, Tecnopolo Tiburtino, 00131 Rome (ITALY)
--
Genova 24 June 2014

What is StroNGER
Francesco Petrini.
francesco.petrini@ustronger2012.com

A spin-off research Company
Founded in November 2012
Operating in the civil and environmental engineering industry

FromNovember2012
The research group of structural analysis and design at Sapienza Univ.

StroNGER – who we are
Franco Bontempi, PhD
StroNGER srl, Scientific Advisor
Prof. of Structural Analysis and Design
Sapienza University of Rome
Expertise:
- Fire Safety Engineering
- Forensic Engineering
Expertise:
- Structural Safety
- Structural Identification
Expertise:
- Wind Engineering
- Performance Based Design
Chiara Crosti, PhD
StroNGER srl, CEO
Francesco Petrini, PhD
StroNGER srl, Vice Director
Stefania Arangio, PhD
StroNGER srl, Director
Konstantinos Gkoumas, PhD
StroNGER srl, Partner
Expertise:
- Energy Harvesting
- Dependability
Francesco Petrini. Co-founder and Director
francesco.petrini@stronger2012.com 5

Academic research Industry research R&D
University courses Professional courses
Big group Small group
Design consultant activityResearch experience in
structural analysis
CONVERSION: StroNG points

StroNGER S.r.l.
a Spin-off Company (Small Medium Enterprise)
that operates in the Civil Engineering industry.
High-profile tools and methodologies that lead to structures that fulfill required
performances under a resilience and sustainability point of view.
StroNGER expertise:
• Design and rehabilitation of Civil structures and infrastructures with regard to wind,
earthquakes, waves, landslides, fire and explosions.
• Disaster resilience assessment.
• Advanced numerical modeling of Civil structures and infrastructures.
• Forensic engineering.
• Sustainability and Energy Harvesting in Civil structures and infrastructures.
StroNGER has been recently awarded by the European Space Agency
with the space technology transfer permanent award
StroNGER S.r.l. was founded in 2012 by researchers from the academic world working in the
civil engineering field, each one having more than 10 years of experience in the field
www.stronger2012.com info@stronger2012.com
Phone: +39 0644585070
Structures of the Next Generation – Energy harvesting and Resilience
In-Vento2014.June22-252014

Introduction
Francesco Petrini.

Research motivation
• Sustainability nowadays is a key issue for structures and
infrastructures
• Over the last few years, many promising applications of
Energy Harvesting (EH) have appeared, not only in
academy but also in the design practice
• In the civil engineering field, the energy obtained by EH
devices can be used in different applications (e.g.
alimentation of monitoring sensors) focusing at the
energy sustainability
francesco.petrini@stronger2012.com
10

Energy Harvesting (EH) can be defined as the sum of all those processes that
allow to capture the freely available energy in the environment and convert it
in (electric) energy that can be used or stored.
Harvesting Conversion
Use
Storage
Energy harvesting - Overview
francesco.petrini@stronger2012.com
Resources
Sun
Water
Wind
Temperature differential
Mechanical vibrations
Acoustic waves
Magnetic fields
…
Extraction systems
Magnetic Induction
Electrostatic
Piezoelectric
Photovoltaic
Thermal Energy
Radiofrequency
Radiant Energy
11

Piezo Energy Harvesters drawback
12

Applications for the energy sustainability
EH in buildings – a premise
13
• EH devices are used for powering remote monitoring sensors (e.g. temperature sensors, air
quality sensors), also those placed inside heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts.
• These sensors are very important for the minimization of energy consumption in large
buildings
Image courtesy of
enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org

The EH device:
PiezoTSensor
Francesco Petrini.

a. Steel plate (support)
b. Sensor transmitter module
c. Piezoelectric bender
d. Fin
e. Temperature probe
f. Tip mass
Proposal of space technology transfer for the design, testing, production and
commercialization of a self-powered piezoelectric temperature and humidity sensor
(PiezoTSensor), for the optimum energy management in building HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation and Air Condition) systems.
PiezoTSensor ©
HVAC upper wall
HVAC lower wall
HVAC lower wall

Advantages from the vortex shedding effect
A body, immersed in a current flow,
produces a wake made of vortices
that periodically detach
alternatively from the body itself
with a frequency ns.
݂௦௅ ‫ݐ‬ ൌ ‫ܣ‬௦ ∙ sin 2ߨ ∙ ݊௦‫ݐ‬
݊௦ ൌ
ܵ‫ݐ‬ ∙ ‫ݒ‬௠
ܾ

‫ݒ‬௖௥ ൌ
݊௜,௅ ∙ ܾ
ܵ‫ݐ‬
‫ܨ‬௅.௜ ‫ݏ‬ ൌ ݉ ‫ݏ‬ ∙ 2 ∙ ߨ ∙ ݊௜,௅ ∙ ߶௜,௅ ‫ݏ‬ ∙ ‫ݕ‬௣௅,௜ ∙ ‫ܥ‬்ோ,௜
݊௜,௅ ൌ ݊௦
‫ݒ‬௠ ൌ ‫ݒ‬௖௥
‫ݒ‬ ൌ 2 ൊ 5 ݉/‫ݏ‬
AVOID THE DRAWNBACK: By setting the aerodynamic fin to undergo in VS
regime we can obtain the maximum efficiency in terms of energy extraction
CNR-DT 207/2008

PiezoTSensor – development plan
Numerical model
Analytical model
Experimental test
FEM structural
model
CFD flow model
Field tests
Commercialization
©
IPR Patent

FEM analysis
Francesco Petrini.

PiezoTSensor – parametric analysis
LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE
Density ρ 7800 kg/m3
Young Modulus E 6.6 x103 N/m2
Poisson ratio υ 0.2
Relative dielectric constant
kT
3
1800
Permittivity ε 1.602 x10-8 F/m
Piezoelectric constant d31 -190 x10-12 m/V (C/N)
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS VALUES (m)
BENDER
l 0.06÷0.2 m
b 0.001÷0.08 m
d 0.02÷0.05 m
a 0.01
PIEZOELECTRIC
PATCH
l1 0.0286
b1 0.0017
d1 0.0127
ADDED MASS
l2 variable
b2 0.01
d2 d
MATERIAL E (N/m2) ρ (kg/m3)
Aluminium 6.4 ∙ 10ଵ଴
2700
Lead 4 ∙ 10ଵ଴
7400
©
In collaboration with Sara Ferri

Design of a bender made of a certain material with a piezoelectric
patch, which can experiment the resonance (lock-in) with the
external force deriving from the Vortex Shedding phenomenon.
The lock-in conditions produce the highest level of power.
࢔࢏,ࡸ, ࢜ࢉ࢘, ࡲࡸ࢔࢏,ࡸ, ࢜ࢉ࢘, ࡲࡸ
Dimensions
Materials
Configurations
∆ࢂ, ࡼ∆ࢂ, ࡼ
Dimensions
Added mass
Design points
©

PiezoTSensor
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ΔV2(V)
t (s) (x10-3)
ΔV2 (Length)
l=0.15
l=0.16
l=0.17
l=0.18
l=0.19
l=0.20
Voltage output for different bender lengths
©

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
CriticalVelocity(m/s)
d (m)
Critical Velocity (Width)
The Critical Velocity increases with
the thickness and the width, it
decreases with the length.
0
5
10
15
20
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
b (m)
Critical Velocity (Thickness)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
l (m)
Critical Velocity (Length)
©
Velocity range in HVACs ‫ݒ‬ ൌ 2 ൊ 5 ݉/‫ݏ‬

PiezoTSensor – mass analysis (material)
High frequencies
High critical velocities
b=0.003
b=0.004
b=0.005
b=0.006
0
50
100
150
200
250
l=0.1
5
l=0.1
6
l=0.1
7
l=0.1
8
l=0.1
9
l=0.2
0
Frequency(Hz)
Frequency (Aluminium)
200-250
150-200
100-150
50-100
0-50
b=0.003
b=0.004
b=0.005
b=0.006
0
5
10
15
l=0.1
5
l=0.1
6
l=0.1
7
l=0.1
8
l=0.1
9
l=0.2
0
Critical Velocity (Aluminium) 10-15
5-10
0-5
©
Velocity range in HVACs ‫ݒ‬ ൌ 2 ൊ 5 ݉/‫ݏ‬

PiezoTSensor – tip mass analysis
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
MassLegnth(m)
Critical Velocity (m/s)
Mass length (Vcr)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2
Masslength(m)
l (m)
Mass Length (Bender Length)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005 0.0055 0.006
Masslength(m)
b (m)
Mass Length (Bender Thickness) ‫ݒ‬௖௥ ൌ ‫̅ݒ‬௖௥
݊ത௦ ൌ
‫̅ݒ‬௖௥ ∙ ܵ‫ݐ‬
ܾ
ൌ ݇
݉ഥൗ ݊௜ ൌ ݇
݉ൗ
∆݉ ൌ ݉ഥ െ ݉ ൌ
݇ ݊௜
ଶ
െ ݊തଶ
݊തଶ݊௜
ଶ
©

PiezoTSensor – power production
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2
Power(µW)
l (m)
Power (Length)
P1-PEAK
P1-RMS
P2-PEAK
P2-RMS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Power(μW)
b (m)
Power (Thickness)
P1-PEAK
P1-RMS
P2-PEAK
P2-RMS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2 3 4 5
Power(µW)
Critical Velocity (m/s)
Power (vcr)
PEAK
RMS
FICTITIOUS MATERIAL
Young Modulus E 3.45 x1010 N/m2
Density ρ 7000 kg/m3
ܲ ൌ
∆ܸଶ
ܴ
Rൌ 1000 Ω
©

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.0095 0.014 0.0185 0.023 0.0275 0.032 0.0365 0.041 0.0455 0.05
ΔV(V)
l2 (m)
ΔV
ΔV1-peak
ΔV1-RMS
ΔV2-peak
ΔV2-RMS
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.0095 0.014 0.0185 0.023 0.0275 0.032 0.0365 0.041 0.0455 0.05
Power(µW)
lnec (m)
Power
P1-PEAK
P1-RMS
P2-PEAK
P2-RMS
VOLTAGE
(V)
POWER
(µW)
PEAK 15.4 237.2
RMS 11.23 126.25
Dimensions Values
Length l 0.17 m
Thickness b 0.005 m
Width d 0.03 m
Added mass (kg) 0.017÷0.189
Summary

Applications for the energy sustainability
Energy Harvesting for monitoring HVACs operating conditions
Currently:
• Power is provided by batteries or EH devices based on thermal or RF methods
• Sensors work intermittently (to consume less power ~ 100µW)
An EH sensor based on piezoelectric material has several advantages being capable to provide up
to 10-15 times more power than currently used devices leading to additional applications or
longer operation time.
Image courtesy of
enocean-alliance®
http://www.enocean-alliance.org

Conclusion – Advantages VS competitors
• PiezoTSensor harvests a higher
amount of energy from air flow, and
thus has a higher autonomy, something
that can lead to a higher sampling rate.
• PiezoTSensor generates energy from
an intrinsic characteristic of HVAC
systems (the air flow inside the ducts).
• Competitors
• EnOceanTM ECT 310 Perpetuum
• POWERCASTTM P1110 Powerharvester Receiver
• Distech ControlsTM SR65 AKF - Duct Temperature

Energy Harvesting IN VENTO 2014 - Petrini StroNGER.com

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