1. The document summarizes findings from interviews conducted as part of a multicriteria mapping study exploring agricultural pathways in and out of maize production in Kenya.
2. Twenty-three interviews were conducted with farmers and Nairobi-based informants to discuss nine pathways and identify 147 criteria for evaluating pathway performance.
3. Analysis of the interview data identified groups of informants and criteria, evaluated pathway rankings, and analyzed qualitative information to understand perspectives on opportunities and barriers regarding different agricultural options.
1. Environmental Change and Maize
Innovation in Kenya:
Exploring pathways in and out of maize
Findings from a Multicriteria Mapping Study
Presentation 2 of 3
National Dissemination Workshop
Hilton Hotel, Nairobi – 22 March 2010
STEPS Kenya Partners:
ACTS – African Centre for Technology Studies
CABE – Centre for African Bio-Entrepreneurship
Tegemeo Institute, Egerton University
IDS – Institute of Development Studies, UK
SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research,
University of Sussex, UK
2. Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) Overview
• What we did
– 23 interviews conducted in November 2009
– Some individual, Some in groups
– Nairobi-based informants and Sakai Farmers
3. MCM Overview
1. Discuss 2. Develop a
pathways set of criteria
3. Score pathways
under each
5. Reflect on criterion; optimistic
outcome & pessimistic
scores to reflect
uncertainty
4. Assign
weight to
each criterion
4. Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) Overview
• What we did
– 23 interviews conducted in November 2009
– Some individual, Some in groups
– Nairobi-based informants and Sakai Farmers
• Conducting the MCM interviews
– Nine pathways evaluated discussing agricultural pathways ‘in
and out of maize’
– 147 different and unique criteria defined by informants to
evaluate the pathways
• Analysing the MCM data
– Identify groups of informants
– Identify groups of criteria
– Evaluate pathway performance rankings
– Analyse the qualitative information provided in the assessments
5. Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) Overview
• What we did
– 23 interviews conducted in November 2009
– Some individual, Some in groups
– Nairobi-based informants and Sakai Farmers
• Conducting the MCM interviews
– Nine pathways evaluated discussing agricultural pathways ‘in and out of maize’
– 147 different and unique criteria defined by informants to evaluate the pathways
• Analysing the MCM data
– Identify groups of informants
– Identify sets of criteria
– Evaluate pathway performance rankings
– Analyse the qualitative information provided in the
assessments
6. Groups of informants
1. Sakai Farmers (11 interviews)
a) Gender
b) Income level
2. Nairobi-based Informants (12 interviews)
a) Public sector officials
b) Commercially oriented
c) Science and technology institutes
d) Biotechnology focus
7. Sets of criteria: Macro and Micro Issues
• Economic and Market Issues 71 criteria
– Resource costs 23 criteria
– Availability and access to resources 30 criteria
– Market aspects 18 criteria
• Stress Tolerance Issues 43 criteria
– Water use 17 criteria
– Pests and disease resistance 14 criteria
– Suitability of crop to agro-ecological conditions 12 criteria
• Social, Political & Cultural Issues 33 criteria
– Knowledge and skills 14 criteria
– Social and cultural 9 criteria
– Food security 10 criteria
8. Evaluating pathway ‘performance rankings’
• Performance rankings are literal ‘maps’ of pathway scores
• Averaged across groups of stakeholder & sets of criteria
(issues)
• High end of range indicates average optimistic scores
• Low end of range indicates average pessimistic scores
• Length of range (or bar) indicates uncertainty & ambiguity
expressed
– Uncertainty is expressed by individuals in a stakeholder group
– Ambiguity is the result of disagreement between stakeholders
9. Qualitative analysis of the pathway evaluations
• Used to identify groups of stakeholders
with shared points of view
• Used to group criteria according to shared
themes
• Clarifies the reasons for convergence and
divergence in the pathways performance
rankings
10. Pathways out of maize: Orphans or siblings?
Performance rankings for low and high income Sakai farmers against a set of economic
Performance Rankings for Low income and High income Sakai Farmers under Economic and Market Issues
and market criteria show different perceptions of barriers based on income level
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed Low income Sakai
farmers
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) (3 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) Economic &
Individual high-value crop commercialization market issues (12
criteria)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) High income Sakai
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) farmers
Individual high-value crop commercialization (8 interview s)
Economic &
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
market issues (28
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties criteria)
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Performance Rankings
11. Pathways out of maize: Orphans or siblings?
Performance rankings for different groups of stakeholders shows a surprising
amount of optimism about alternative Focused, and Public Sector Seed Perspectives under Stress Tolerance Issues a set of
Performance Rankings for Sakai Farmers, Biotechnology dryland staple crops, especially under
stress tolerance criteria
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market Sakai Farmers
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) (11 interviews)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) Stress Tolerance
Individual high-value crop commercialization issues (22 criteria)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed Biotech Focus
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) (5 interviews)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) Stress tolerance
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization issues (9 criteria)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market Public sector
Local improvement of local maize seed (3 interviews)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Stress tolerance
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization issues (8
Group-based high-value crop commercialization criteria)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Performance Rankings
12. Getting the value without the high risk?
Performance rankings (female), Sakai farmers (male), Sakai farmers (low income) and Sakai farmers (high income)
Performance Rankings for Sakai farmers
show preference for group-based approaches
and some variation in performance based on income level
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) Female Sakai
Individual high-value crop commercialization farmers
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties (5 interview s)
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Male Sakai
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization farmers
Group-based high-value crop commercialization (6 interview s)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market Low income
Local improvement of local maize seed Sakai farmers
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) (3 interview s)
Individual high-value crop commercialization l = 25
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence High income
Alternative staples for market Sakai farmers
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) (8 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization l=4
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Performance Rankings
13. Pathways out of maize: Getting the value without the high risk?
Performance rankings (low and high income) under 'availability & access toeconomic and market
Performance Rankings for Sakai farmers show perceptions of resources' and 'resource costs' issues
barriers differ based on income level
Alternative staples for subsistence Low income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed (2 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) Availability and access to
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization resources issues
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties (5 criteria)
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence High income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed (6 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) Availability and access to
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization resources issues
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties (16 criteria)
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market Low income Sakai farmers
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) (3 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization Resource costs issues
Group-based high-value crop commercialization (4 criteria)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence High income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed (8 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Resource costs issues
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization (10 criteria)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Performance Rankings
14. Pathways out of maize: Getting the value without the high risk?
Performance Rankings for Sakai farmers (low and high income) under water and pest and disease resistance issues
Performance rankings show the real deal-breaker might be water
Alternative staples for subsistence Low income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for market (3 interviews)
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) l = 6.5 Water issues (3 criteria)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence High income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for market (7 interviews)
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Water issues (7 criteria)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties l=3
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence Low income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for market (3 interviews)
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Pest & disease resistance
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization issues (3 criteria)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties High income Sakai farmers
Alternative staples for subsistence (7 interviews)
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed Pest & disease resistance
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) issues (7 criteria)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Performance Rankings
15. Pathways in maize: Living in parallel worlds?
Performance rankings for low and high income farmers shows different
perceptions ofSakai farmers (low Income)based on (high income)
Performance Rankings for uncertainty and Sakai farmers wealth
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
l = 42
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization Low income
Group-based high-value crop commercialization Sakai farmers
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties (3 interviews)
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
l = 22
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization High income
Sakai farmers
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
(8 interviews)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Performance Rankings
16. Pathways in maize: Living in parallel worlds?
Performance rankings for different groups of Nairobi-based informants
Performance Rankings for Science and Technology Institute Managers, Biotechnology Focused, and Commercially Oriented Perspectives
show assisted seed pathways are ‘consistent’ performers
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market S&T Institutes
Local improvement of local maize seed (5 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence Biotech Focus
Alternative staples for market (5 interview s)
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization Commercially
Group-based high-value crop commercialization Oriented
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties (5 interview s)
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Performance Rankings
17. Pathways in maize:
Performance rankings for groupsCommercially oriented and Biotechnology-focussed perspectives show a
Performance Rankings for Public sector, S&T Institutes, of Nairobi-based informants
variety of high performing pathways, but rarely high maize options
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization Public sector
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties officials
Public delivery of new maize varieties
(3 interview s)
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed S&T Institutes
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) (5 interview s)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed Commercially
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Oriented
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization (5 interview s)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Biotech Focus
Alternative staples for subsistence (5 interview s)
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Performance Rankings
18. Pathways in maize:
Sakai farmerPerformance Rankings for Sakai Farmers (all) Sakai Farmers (Low Income) and Sakai High Income Farmers local maize,
performance rankings show a preference for
not new maize
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization Sakai Farmers (all)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties 11 interview s
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Sakai Farmers
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization (low income)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties 3 interview s
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Sakai Farmers
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) (high income)
Individual high-value crop commercialization 8 interview s
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Performance Rankings
19. Pathways in maize: Maize Security ≠ Food Security
Performance rankingsforshow that Economiclocal maize pathways perform well under
Performance Rankings Sakai Farmers under the and Market, Stress Tolerance and Social/Political/Cultural Issues
economic and market criteria, but less well under sets of stress tolerance criteria
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization Sakai Farmers
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties (11 interview s)
Public delivery of new maize varieties Economic and market
issues
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market (40 criteria)
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Sakai Farmers
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization (11 interview s)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization Stress tolerance
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties issues
Public delivery of new maize varieties
(22 criteria)
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market Sakai Farmers
Local improvement of local maize seed (11 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) Social/political/
Assisted seed multiplication (maize)
Individual high-value crop commercialization cultural issues
Group-based high-value crop commercialization (12 criteria)
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Performance Rankings
20. Pathways in maize: Maize Security ≠ Food Security
Performance rankings for groups of Nairobi-based informants against a set of
stress tolerance for Public sector, S&T Institutes, Commercially oriented and Biotechnology-focussed perspectivesnew maize varieties
Performance Rankings criteria show a higher performance for under Stress tolerance issues
Alternative staples for subsistence Public sector
Alternative staples for market officials
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops) (3 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) 8 criteria
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) S&T Institutes
Individual high-value crop commercialization (5 interview s)
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties 9 criteria
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence Commercially
Alternative staples for market
Local improvement of local maize seed Oriented
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) (5 interview s)
Individual high-value crop commercialization 9 criteria
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
Alternative staples for subsistence
Alternative staples for market Biotech Focus
Local improvement of local maize seed (5 interview s)
Assisted seed multiplication (alternative crops)
Assisted seed multiplication (maize) 9 criteria
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new maize varieties
Public delivery of new maize varieties
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Performance Rankings