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SAARC
SAARC - Introduction
 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
  (SAARC) is an organization of South Asian nations,
  founded in December 1985 and dedicated to economic,
  technological, social, and cultural development
  emphasizing collective self-reliance.
 The 11 stated areas of cooperation are agriculture;
  education, culture, and sports; health, population, and
  child welfare; the environment and meteorology; rural
  development (including the SAARC Youth Volunteers
  Program); tourism; transport; science and technology;
  communications
 It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.
MEMBERS OF SAARC

      INDIA       BHUTAN       PAKISTAN       NEPAL




    BANGLADESH    MALDIVES     SRI LANKA   AFGANISTAN

Its seven founding members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan joined
later on 3rd April, 2007
SAARC Secretariat
  The SAARC Secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. It
   coordinates and monitors implementation of activities,
   prepares for and services meetings, and serves as a channel
   of communication between the Association and its Member
   States as well as other regional organisations.
  The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General.
   Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed from Maldives is the current
   Secretary General.
  The Secretary General is assisted by eight Directors on
   deputation from the Member States.
  The SAARC Secretariat and Member States observe 8
   December as the SAARC Charter Day.
OBJECTIVES OF SAARC
 Promoting the welfare of the people of South Asia and to
    improve their quality of life.
   Accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural
    development in the region and to provide all individuals the
    opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential.
   Promoting and strengthen collective self-reliance among the
    countries of South Asia.
   Contributing to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation
    of one another's problems.
   Promoting active collaboration and mutual assistance in the
    economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields.
   Strengthening cooperation with other developing countries;
   Strengthening cooperation among themselves in international
    forums on matters of common interest .
OBSERVERS
 AUSTRALIA
 CHINA
 EUROPEAN UNION
 JAPAN
 IRAN
 MAURITIUS
 MYNAMAR
 SOUTH KOREA
                      Members States

                      Observers States
FUTURE MEMBERS
 China has shown interest in joining SAARC . While Pakistan &
    Bangladesh support china’s candidature ,India strongly opposes it.
   Indonesia supported by Sri Lanka intends to become a observer of
    SAARC.
    Myanmar has expressed it’s desire to become a full time member
    of SAARC. Myanmar’s military regime officially applied for full
    SAARC membership in May 2008. However, the application is still
    being considered and the government is currently restricted to
    observer status.
   Russia intends to become an observer as well, and is supported by
    India
   Iran because of it’s strong cultural, economic and political
    relationships with Afghanistan and Pakistan and has expressed its
    desire to become a member of the South Asian organization.
SAARC SUBMITS
No    Date       Country      Host        Host leader

      7–8                                 Ataur
1st   December   Bangladesh   Dhaka       Rahman
      1985                                Khan

      16–17
2nd   November    India       Bangalore   Rajiv Gandhi
      1986

      2–4                                 Marich Man
3rd   November    Nepal       Kathmandu   Singh
      1987                                Shrestha

      29–31
                                          Benazir
4th   December    Pakistan    Islamabad
                                          Bhutto
      1988

      21–23                               Maumoon
5th   November    Maldives    Malé        Abdul
      1990                                Gayoom
21                                  Dingiri
                    Sri
6th   Decembe                 Colombo     Banda
                  Lanka
      r 1991                              Wijetunge

      10-11
7th   April       Banglades   Dhaka       Khaleda Zia
      1993        h

                                          P. V.
      2–4 May
8th                India      New Delhi   Narasimha
      1995
                                          Rao

                                          Maumoon
      12–14
9th               Maldives    Malé        Abdul
      May 1997
                                          Gayoom

                                          Sirimavo
                                          Ratwatte
10t   29–31         Sri
                              Colombo     Dias
h     July 1998   Lanka
                                          Bandaranaik
                                          e

      4–6                                 Sher
11t                           Kathmand
      January      Nepal                  Bahadur
h                             u
      2002                                Deuba
Zafarullah Khan
12th   2–6 January 2004    Pakistan    Islamabad
                                                   Jamali

       12–13 November
13th                      Bangladesh   Dhaka       Khaleda Zia
       2005

                                                   Manmohan
14th   3–4 April 2007      India       New Delhi
                                                   Singh

                                                   Ratnasiri
15th   1–3 August 2008     Sri Lanka   Colombo
                                                   Wickremanayake

16th   28–29 April 2010    Bhutan      Thimphu     Jigme Thinley

       November 2011                               Mohamed
17th                       Maldives    Addu
       (Planned)[23]                               Nasheed
SAARC Preferential Trading
       Arrangement (SAPTA)
• The Agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading
Arrangement (SAPTA) was signed on 11 April 1993 to
promote and sustain mutual trade and economic
cooperation within the SAARC region through the exchange
of concessions. The basic principles underlying SAPTA are:
    Overall reciprocity and mutuality of advantages.
    Trade reform.
    Preferential measures in favour of Least Developed
    Contracting States.
    Inclusion of all products, manufactures and
    commodities in their raw, semi-processed and processed
    forms.
South Asian Free Trade Area
          (SAFTA)
•The Agreement on the South Asian Free Trade Area was reached
at the 12th SAARC summit at Islamabad, Pakistan.
•It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade area
covering 1.6 billion people in the region.
•Zero customs duty on the trade of practically all products in the
region by the end of 2016.
•India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to bring their duties down to 20% in
the first phase of the two-year period ending in 2007. In the final
five-year phase ending 2012, the 20% will be reduced to zero in a
series of annual cuts.
•Least developed countries to get an additional 3 years
New challenges
•Climate change: The SAARC leaders adopted Thimphu Statement on Climate
Change in the Sixteenth Summit. It has been said that the SAARC countries are
more vulnerable to climate change. This included cooperation in the field of
environment and sustainable development through exchange of best practices
and knowledge, capacity building and transfer of eco-friendly technology in a
wide range of areas related to the environment.

•Poverty: The leaders emphasised on deepening regional efforts on poverty
alleviation, the overarching objective of SAARC. They called for the expeditious
mainstreaming of the SAARC Development Goals (SDGs) in the national
processes and completion of the Mid-term Review of the SDGs as scheduled.

•Terrorism: In SAARC Home Ministers meeting called for a comprehensive
regional strategy to fight against terrorism. To combat the complex terrorist
threat pattern, the ministers have acknowledged the need for collaboration
among countries on border security mutual legal assistance, and law
enforcement.
WHY SAARC HAS FAILED TO
  ACHIEVE MOST OF ITS OBJECTIVES
•Policy of non-interference
Article II clearly states, “Cooperation within the framework of the Association shall be
based on… non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and mutual benefit.”
It strictly limits the member nation’s ability to push an agenda if there is any
opposition .
The biggest example of the stagnation was during the Kargil War (1999). SAARC could
have taken a decisive step to resolve the dispute. But it did not. It is one of the
numerous incidents of security violations across the region.

•Political deadlock
Despite several promises to resolve the political differences among the member states,
those especially between India and Pakistan continue and have stalled progress on
many projects including the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA).
 According to Yaswant Sinha, former External Affairs Minister, despite an initiative by
former Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in 2004 in Islamabad, SAFTA had
remained inactive till date because Pakistan refused to give India an MFN (most
favoured nation) status. If operative, it would allow the free movement of people,
goods, services and ideas.
• Geopolitical equation matters
Most of the decisions taken in SAARC depend more
on geopolitical equations rather than cooperation on
certain issues. For Example:-
 1. India tries to keep China away from the organisation
while the critics say that the mere observer status of
China limits the scope of SAARC opportunities.
  2. Another such example is India’s push for the full
membership of Myanmar and Iran who have observer
status at present. One can easily assume that the push
is because of the rising oil demand in India. But
experts say that it could foment diplomatic disputes
with the EU and the US for several reasons.
BY SOUMYA ARORA
BFIA 1 B

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Saarc

  • 2. SAARC - Introduction  The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of South Asian nations, founded in December 1985 and dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development emphasizing collective self-reliance.  The 11 stated areas of cooperation are agriculture; education, culture, and sports; health, population, and child welfare; the environment and meteorology; rural development (including the SAARC Youth Volunteers Program); tourism; transport; science and technology; communications  It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.
  • 3. MEMBERS OF SAARC INDIA BHUTAN PAKISTAN NEPAL BANGLADESH MALDIVES SRI LANKA AFGANISTAN Its seven founding members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan joined later on 3rd April, 2007
  • 4. SAARC Secretariat  The SAARC Secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. It coordinates and monitors implementation of activities, prepares for and services meetings, and serves as a channel of communication between the Association and its Member States as well as other regional organisations.  The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General. Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed from Maldives is the current Secretary General.  The Secretary General is assisted by eight Directors on deputation from the Member States.  The SAARC Secretariat and Member States observe 8 December as the SAARC Charter Day.
  • 5. OBJECTIVES OF SAARC  Promoting the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life.  Accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential.  Promoting and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia.  Contributing to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems.  Promoting active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields.  Strengthening cooperation with other developing countries;  Strengthening cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interest .
  • 6. OBSERVERS  AUSTRALIA  CHINA  EUROPEAN UNION  JAPAN  IRAN  MAURITIUS  MYNAMAR  SOUTH KOREA Members States Observers States
  • 7. FUTURE MEMBERS  China has shown interest in joining SAARC . While Pakistan & Bangladesh support china’s candidature ,India strongly opposes it.  Indonesia supported by Sri Lanka intends to become a observer of SAARC.  Myanmar has expressed it’s desire to become a full time member of SAARC. Myanmar’s military regime officially applied for full SAARC membership in May 2008. However, the application is still being considered and the government is currently restricted to observer status.  Russia intends to become an observer as well, and is supported by India  Iran because of it’s strong cultural, economic and political relationships with Afghanistan and Pakistan and has expressed its desire to become a member of the South Asian organization.
  • 8. SAARC SUBMITS No Date Country Host Host leader 7–8 Ataur 1st December Bangladesh Dhaka Rahman 1985 Khan 16–17 2nd November India Bangalore Rajiv Gandhi 1986 2–4 Marich Man 3rd November Nepal Kathmandu Singh 1987 Shrestha 29–31 Benazir 4th December Pakistan Islamabad Bhutto 1988 21–23 Maumoon 5th November Maldives Malé Abdul 1990 Gayoom
  • 9. 21 Dingiri Sri 6th Decembe Colombo Banda Lanka r 1991 Wijetunge 10-11 7th April Banglades Dhaka Khaleda Zia 1993 h P. V. 2–4 May 8th India New Delhi Narasimha 1995 Rao Maumoon 12–14 9th Maldives Malé Abdul May 1997 Gayoom Sirimavo Ratwatte 10t 29–31 Sri Colombo Dias h July 1998 Lanka Bandaranaik e 4–6 Sher 11t Kathmand January Nepal Bahadur h u 2002 Deuba
  • 10. Zafarullah Khan 12th 2–6 January 2004 Pakistan Islamabad Jamali 12–13 November 13th Bangladesh Dhaka Khaleda Zia 2005 Manmohan 14th 3–4 April 2007 India New Delhi Singh Ratnasiri 15th 1–3 August 2008 Sri Lanka Colombo Wickremanayake 16th 28–29 April 2010 Bhutan Thimphu Jigme Thinley November 2011 Mohamed 17th Maldives Addu (Planned)[23] Nasheed
  • 11. SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) • The Agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) was signed on 11 April 1993 to promote and sustain mutual trade and economic cooperation within the SAARC region through the exchange of concessions. The basic principles underlying SAPTA are: Overall reciprocity and mutuality of advantages. Trade reform. Preferential measures in favour of Least Developed Contracting States. Inclusion of all products, manufactures and commodities in their raw, semi-processed and processed forms.
  • 12. South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) •The Agreement on the South Asian Free Trade Area was reached at the 12th SAARC summit at Islamabad, Pakistan. •It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade area covering 1.6 billion people in the region. •Zero customs duty on the trade of practically all products in the region by the end of 2016. •India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to bring their duties down to 20% in the first phase of the two-year period ending in 2007. In the final five-year phase ending 2012, the 20% will be reduced to zero in a series of annual cuts. •Least developed countries to get an additional 3 years
  • 13. New challenges •Climate change: The SAARC leaders adopted Thimphu Statement on Climate Change in the Sixteenth Summit. It has been said that the SAARC countries are more vulnerable to climate change. This included cooperation in the field of environment and sustainable development through exchange of best practices and knowledge, capacity building and transfer of eco-friendly technology in a wide range of areas related to the environment. •Poverty: The leaders emphasised on deepening regional efforts on poverty alleviation, the overarching objective of SAARC. They called for the expeditious mainstreaming of the SAARC Development Goals (SDGs) in the national processes and completion of the Mid-term Review of the SDGs as scheduled. •Terrorism: In SAARC Home Ministers meeting called for a comprehensive regional strategy to fight against terrorism. To combat the complex terrorist threat pattern, the ministers have acknowledged the need for collaboration among countries on border security mutual legal assistance, and law enforcement.
  • 14. WHY SAARC HAS FAILED TO ACHIEVE MOST OF ITS OBJECTIVES •Policy of non-interference Article II clearly states, “Cooperation within the framework of the Association shall be based on… non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and mutual benefit.” It strictly limits the member nation’s ability to push an agenda if there is any opposition . The biggest example of the stagnation was during the Kargil War (1999). SAARC could have taken a decisive step to resolve the dispute. But it did not. It is one of the numerous incidents of security violations across the region. •Political deadlock Despite several promises to resolve the political differences among the member states, those especially between India and Pakistan continue and have stalled progress on many projects including the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). According to Yaswant Sinha, former External Affairs Minister, despite an initiative by former Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in 2004 in Islamabad, SAFTA had remained inactive till date because Pakistan refused to give India an MFN (most favoured nation) status. If operative, it would allow the free movement of people, goods, services and ideas.
  • 15. • Geopolitical equation matters Most of the decisions taken in SAARC depend more on geopolitical equations rather than cooperation on certain issues. For Example:- 1. India tries to keep China away from the organisation while the critics say that the mere observer status of China limits the scope of SAARC opportunities. 2. Another such example is India’s push for the full membership of Myanmar and Iran who have observer status at present. One can easily assume that the push is because of the rising oil demand in India. But experts say that it could foment diplomatic disputes with the EU and the US for several reasons.