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Attracting Wildlife               with native plants


Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program
                     R E S I D E N T S ’   G U I D E
why
  The Barataria-Terrebonne




                                          attract
  National Estuary is located
  between the Mississippi and




                                            wildlife
  Atchafalaya
  Rivers in
  southeastern
  Louisiana.
  Having been
  recognized
  as an
  estuary of       Barataria-Terrebonne
                                                                                                             Carolina Wren: David Cagnolatti

  national
                   National Estuary
                                          The Urban Forest
  significance, a National Estuary        Louisiana’s wild habitats, once vast and teeming with wildlife, are being lost to
  Program was established here in
  1991 to help build consensus to
                                          subsidence, erosion, and urban and industrial development. Our remaining wild
  preserve and protect our unique         areas are shrinking and becoming more divided and isolated. But humans can
  environment and culture.                have a positive impact on the environment as well. The plants we put in our cities

  Estuaries are areas where
                                          and towns and the animals that are attracted to them make up habitats known as
  freshwater from lakes, rivers,          urban forests. These areas are vitally important because they reconnect the
  bayous, and streams meet with           remaining patchwork of divided wild habitats. Regardless of your interest in plants
2 the saltwater of the sea. This
  mixing of habitat types and
                                          or wildlife, your own backyard is a part of the urban forest. By carefully considering
  water chemistries make estuar-          what plants to use, you can greatly increase the wildlife habitat value there.
  ies some of the most ecological-

                                          Our Cultural Heritage
  ly productive places on Earth.


  The Residents’ Guide series was         All of the suggested plants in this book are native to southern Louisiana, with most
  developed to promote ecologi-           occurring in the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary. The native plants and
  cally friendly land use practices
  by landowners and residents of
                                          animals around us define our “sense of place,” forming the basis of our cultural
  our estuary. No matter how              identity. By using native plants instead of exotic ones to create habitats that are
  large or small the property,            welcoming to local wildlife, we are sustaining our ecological integrity, our cultural
  everyone can contribute to the
  ecological integrity of the
                                          heritage, and our sense of place.
  region by using native plants to
  create habitats that are
  attractive to wildlife.




  Cover Photo: Tiffany Hawkins
wildlife
    needs...
Mimicking Nature
Ideally, the urban forest should be similar to a wild ecosystem in its diversity. Natural
ecosystems have evolved over thousands of years through complex interactions
among living things and their surroundings. The result is that wild areas usually contain
an extremely wide variety of plant and animal life. This diversity is the key to valuable
wildlife habitat whether in a natural ecosystem or the urban forest. Keep this in mind
when purchasing plants. A few plants of different types will be more attractive to
wildlife than many plants of the same type. What you might lose in symmetry or
tidiness you will gain in wildlife habitat value.                                                                                            3


The Essentials




                1                            2                               3
Just like humans, animals require certain basic needs for survival. Your backyard,
stocked with native plants and a source of water, can provide each of these
requirements. Put simply, wildlife will be most attracted to a garden that provides




             food                      habitat                         water
the following three essential elements:




                                                                          Raccoon Photo: Dennis Demcheck



Native versus Exotic
Native plants and animals of our estuary co-evolved here over countless generations. They are interdependent; plants need animals
to help fertilize them and animals need plants for food and shelter. Exotic plants, which originate from other parts of the world, did
not co-evolve with local wildlife, so those interdependent relationships never formed. Compared to native plants, exotics are gener-
ally less attractive to local wildlife and less likely to survive seasonal extremes in rainfall and temperature. In addition, exotics have
the potential to become invasive pests, spreading rapidly and destroying the habitat value of entire ecosystems.  Wild copper iris
Keep in Mind

    • The Louisiana Cooperative

                                                                                                           1food
                                       Cardinal eating dewberry: Tiffany Hawkins
      Extension Service is an excel-
      lent source of information
      about native plants. They can


                                                                                                       Usually we think of fruits, nuts, or
      help you identify species that
      will grow best on your

                                                                                                       vegetables as food– but flowers, leaves,
      particular site.

                                                                                                       twigs, sap, pollen, nectar, and even
      www.lsuagcenter.com

    • Become familiar with the                                                                         bark can provide nourishment for
                                                                                                       visiting wildlife.
      growth habits of the plants
      you choose. Choose plants
      appropriate to your soil
      conditions, sunlight and
      drainage, and place them in                                                                      Food produced by plants is sometimes referred to as
      areas that can accommo-                                                                          mast. Hard mast includes acorns, nuts, and hard-
      date their future size and
                                                                                                       shelled seeds, while soft mast can be fruits, berries,
      shape.

    • Although native plants are
                                                                                                       or flowers. Some animals might also consume

4
                                                                                                       herbage or browse, such as leaves, twigs, or buds.
      well adapted here and
      require little or no mainte-                                                                     Again, variety is the key. Try to provide both hard
      nance, some minimal water-
                                                                                                       and soft mast but also consider the seasons. There is
      ing, weeding and mulching
      will produce extremely vigor-                                                                    a wide range of time when a plant’s flowering and
      ous specimens.                                                                                   fruiting can occur. Choosing a variety of plant types

    • Use your garden's own leaf                                                                       is a good way to ensure that you will have food pro-
      litter as mulch to enrich the                                                                    duction throughout the seasons.
      soil and help retain moisture.
      This not only provides habitat
      for beneficial insects and
      other wildlife, but also
      reduces the effort of bag-

                                                                                   Cherry Laurel   Sumac                 Holly                     Magnolia Seed
      ging and the amount of
      yard waste going to landfills.

    • Native plants have natural
      defenses against pests, so
      the use of pesticides can be
      reduced or eliminated. If
      you want to attract wildlife,
      don't poison their food.

                  Muscadine,
               a native grape
food-producing native plants to
attract wildlife throughout the seasons                                                                                            Bald Cypress



                                                                                               There are many native plants to choose from.
                                   Native Plant   Food Production

                                                                                               These are locally available and known to grow
                                   Hackberry              Fall

                                                                                               well in southern Louisiana.
                                   Catalpa                Fall
                    Large Trees




                                   Red Mulberry           Fall
                                   Black Cherry           Summer
                                   Eastern Red Cedar
                                                                                               Native Plant      Food Production
                                                          Winter
                                   Persimmon              Fall
                                   Roughleaf Dogwood      Summer                               Bald Cypress               F&W
                                   Cherry Laurel          Winter                               Oaks                       F&W
                                   Parsely Hawthorn                                            Red Maple                  Spring
fruits & flowers soft mast




                                                          Fall
                    Medium/Small




                                   Hollies                                                     Green Ash                  S&F
                                                          Fall
                                   Red Bay                                                     Pumpkin Ash                Sp & S   Sweet Acacia

                                                                seeds & nuts hard mast
                                                          F&W
                                                                                               Elms


                                                                                 Trees
                                   Native Plums                                                                           Sp & S
                                                          Summer
                                                                                                                                                  5
                                                                                               American Hornbeam          Summer
                                   Sumacs                 F&W
                                                                                               Pecans                     Fall
                                   Wax Myrtle             Fall
                                                                                               Hickories                  Fall
                                   Mayhaw                 Spring
                                                                                               Black Walnut               Fall
                                   Sparkleberry           Winter
                                                                                               Pines                      S&F
                                   Spice Bush             Fall                                 Red Buckeye                F& W
                                   Common Serviceberry    Summer
                                                                                                                                   Oak Acorn
                                                                                               Sweet Acacia               F&W
                    Shrubs




                                   American Beautyberry   Fall                                 Honey Locust               F&W
                                   Arrowwood              Summer
                                                                                 Legumes




                                                                                               Partridge Pea              Summer
                                   Elderberry             S&F                                  Rattlebox                  Fall
                                   Huckleberry            Spring                               Coral Bean (Mamou Plant)   S&F
                                   Wahoo                  Fall                                 Indigo Bush                Summer
                                   Dewberry               Spring                               Baptisia (False Indigo)    S&F
                                   Coral Honeysuckle      Summer                               Switchgrass                S&F
                                                                                 Groundcover
                    Vines




                                   Native Grapes          S&F                                  Gamagrass                  Fall
                                   Trumpet Vine           Fall                                 Walter’s Millet            S&F      Pine Cone
                                   Virginia Creeper       Summer                               Native Panicum             Summer




Huckleberry                                Parsley Hawthorne            American Beautyberry                      Wahoo            Wax Myrtle
Winter can be
    difficult for wldlife as



                                          2    habitat



                                                                                                                                          Michael Massimi
    deciduous trees drop
    their leaves and cover
    becomes scarce.                                                                                                                                         Eastern Gray Squirrel
    Evergreen plants pro-
    vide year round cover                     Cedar Waxwing                                  Healthy habitats have both open space and cover.
    from weather and                                                                         Plants can be placed around or through open spaces to create
    predators.                                                                               habitat boundaries that are attractive to many species of birds

    Evergreen Trees




                                                                           Dennis Demcheck
                                                                                             and wildlife.
    Live Oak
    Southern Magnolia                                                                        Different wildlife species often prefer specific vertical levels of the
    Sweetbay Magnolia
    Eastern Red Cedar
                                                                                             urban forest for foraging and nesting. The ideal wildlife garden has

    Red Bay                    Blue Jay                                                                               a tall canopy or overstory, understory trees and




                                                                                                                                                                                    Overstory
    Spruce Pine                                                                                                       shrubs, vines, groundcover, and open space.
    Slash Pine                                                                                                        Select plants that will provide each of these niches.
6   Loblolly Pine


                                                                                                      Celeste Regal
    Shortleaf Pine
    Longleaf Pine
                                                                                                                      In addition to living plants, brush piles, dead trees,




                                                                                                                                                                                    Midstory
                                      Red-bellied
    American Holly                    Woodpecker                                                                      stumps, and snags make great habitat. Decaying
    Cherry Laurel                                                     wood attracts insects that are food for wildlife, and cavity-dwelling animals

    Evergreen Shrubs
                                                                      such as woodpeckers and small mammals make homes there.




                                                                                                                                                                                    Understory
    Wax Myrtle
    Dahoon Holly                                                      As developmental sprawl gobbles up valuable natural habitat, the need to
    Yaupon Holly
                                                    Dave Cagnolatti




                                                                      provide additional habitat is critical to a healthy sustainable urban forest.
    Inkberry                                                          Encourage your neighbors to join you in creating and promoting a wildlife-




                                                                                                                                                                                    Groundcover
    Florida Anise
    Dwarf Palmetto
                                                                      friendly urban forest.


    Evergreen Vines
    Yellow Jessamine
    Coral Honeysuckle
    Crossvine
water                            3
                                          Dennis Demcheck
                       Bluet Damselfly


  Water is a critical element of your back yard habitat.
                                      Any effort to attract wildlife to your yard will be greatly
                                         enhanced by providing a clean water source. Even
                                   with limited space, a pedestal birdbath or shallow water
                              dish can provide wildlife with the necessary water for drinking
                         and bathing. Wetland plants such as bulltongue or pickerelweed
                           can be placed in poorly drained sites, ditches, or swales. Larger
                         yard spaces can accommodate ponds or water gardens. Ideally,
                       a pump should be used to keep pond water moving. Moving water
                         will create a sound attractive to wildlife. Mosquitoes will be kept in                                 7
                          check by amphibians, reptiles, small fish, and predaceous insects
                                      such as dragonflies, damselflies, and mayflies. Native
                           submerged plants such as fanwort or coontail will help keep the
                                                            water oxygenated and minimize algae growth.

                                                            Suggested Native Pond Plants
Never release exotic
aquarium plants or          Wetland                            Floating               Submerged
animals to the wild.                                                                  Coontail
They may become
                            Bulltongue                          American Lotus

invasive and harmful
                            Marsh Mallow                        Fragrant Water Lily   Fanwort

to the estuary.
                            Pickerelweed                        Spatterdock           Small Pond Weed

                                                                                                                Pickerelweed
                            Swamp Lily                          Water Shield          Southern Naiad




                                                                                                             Fragrant Water Lily
                                                                                                          is a native alternative
                                                                                                          to the invasive water
                                                                                                          hyacinth.
natural control
                                            pest
  Beneficial Insects
  Ladybugs
  Lacewings
  Ground Beetles
  Damselflies
  Dragonflies
                                                                                                                              Green Anole
  Mayfly Larvae
                                                                                                                              Tiffany Hawkins

  Herps                                   Avoid using chemical herbicides and pesticides.
  Green Anole
  Five-lined Skink
                                          They can be effective at removing pests, but doing so decreases your garden’s
  Ground Skink                            attractiveness to wildlife by destroying key components of the foodweb. It may be
  Gulf Coast Toad                         preferable to tolerate some leaf damage rather than spraying chemicals. Living forms
  Green Tree Frog
  Cricket Frog
                                          of pest control will eventually take up residence if you allow nature to take its course.

                                                   Beneficial Insects Some people perceive all insects to be pests, but many
  Bats
  Southeastern Bat
                                                  species are beneficial. They prey upon garden pests, provide food for other

  Eastern Pipistrelle                             animals, and help pollinate plants. A diverse array of flowering trees, shrubs,
  Hoary Bat                 Needham’s Skimmer
8
                                                  and other plants will help attract beneficial insects.
  Big Brown Bat
                               Dennis Demcheck

  Northern Yellow Bat                    Herps (Reptiles and Amphibians) Herps are voracious preda-
  Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat             tors of garden pests. Frogs, toads, and lizards are common and
  Eastern Red Bat
  Evening Bat
                                         will eat mosquitoes, roaches, snails and slugs. To attract herps,

  Seminole Bat                           provide a ground-level water source and some hard shelter
                                                                                                               Gulf Coast Toad
  Brazilian Free-tailed Bat              such as brush piles or broken overturned flowerpots.                 Tiffany Hawkins

                                                   Bats Louisiana is home to at least 10 species of bat, many of which will roost in
                                                   suburban areas. Bats aren’t as menacing as popular culture would have you
                                                   believe, except to insects. A single bat can consume up to 1200 mosquito-sized
   G.L. Twiest,                                    insects in one day! Some of our bat species roost in large trees with Spanish moss,
   American Society of
                                  Big Brown Bat
                                                   but most make homes in tiny cavities in trees or buildings.
   Mammalogists, LA DWF


                                           Five-lined Skink
   You can increase the                    Dennis Demcheck
   chances of attracting
   bats by building a roost
   for them. Visit
   invasive.btnep.org
   for bat house resources.
Welcome
                                             first land see
                                                 Barataria-Terrebonne

                                                    they
                                                 Louisiana sits atop one of the most important
                                                 migratory pathways in the world.
Charlie Hohorst




                               Painted
                               Bunting                    Whether traveling across the open gulf or overland,
                                                          many artic and tropical migrants rely on our rich
                                                          estuary for water and food. Millions each year arrive
                                          Bird            at our coast exhausted and hungry.
                                          Migration
                                          Pathways
                                                          Land loss, Louisiana’s gravest environmental crisis,
                                                          has dramatically impacted migratory birds.
                                                                                                                                                            9
                                                          Coastline recession due to the disappearance of
David Cagnolatti




                                                          barrier islands, forested ridges, and wetlands makes
                                                          migration to the coast more perilous, as birds have

                   Indigo Bunting
                                                          to fly longer distances with less abundant sources of
                                                          food and fresh water.



                      By helping to maintain a healthy urban forest with appropriate food-producing
                      native plants, you can provide critically needed habitat for migrating birds and
                      other wildlife.


                      Coastal Indian Blanket: Celeste Regal                                       Scarlet Tanager: Bill Bergen



                                                                                                                                 Some of the best bird
                                                                                                                                 watching in the world is
                                                                                                                                 in our estuary. Check
                                                                                                                                 birds.btnep.org
                                                                                                                                 for great birding links
                                                                                                                                 and resources.
habitat for
                                                            hummingbirds
                                                     The right plants can attract hummingbirds to your garden.
                                                     At least fifteen species of hummingbirds migrate through the United
                                                     States each year, and eight of those are found in the
                                                     Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary. Most species follow long
                                                     established routes based on the flowering schedules of native plants.


                                                     Hummingbirds do eat small insects, but feed mainly on the nectar of

10                                                   flowers. Supplying an abundance of flowers that bloom throughout the
                                                     growing seasons will provide a constant supply of nectar. Hummingbirds
                                                     are most attracted to tubular red to orange flowers such as trumpet vine
                                                     and coral honeysuckle, but will visit a variety of purple, blue, yellow and
                                                     white flowers, especially when planted in combination with red to orange

             Ruby-throated Hummingbird
                                                     flowers. Ideally, trees and shrubs for perching, roosting, or nesting should
            John Hartgerink                          be located near food sources.

                                                                       Native plants that attract Hummingbirds
 Do not use chemical pesticides.
 They can poison or eliminate                            Bee Balm                  Coral Bean (Mamou)          Morning Glory
 the insects that supplement                             Cardinal Flower           Crossvine                   Red Buckeye
                                                         Coral Honeysuckle         Maypop                      Trumpet Vine
 hummingbirds’ diets.

                                   Buff-bellied Hummingbird: Dennis Demcheck




 Hummingbirds of the
 Barataria-Terrebonne

 Allen’s         Buff-bellied
 Anna’s          Calliope
 Black-chinned   Ruby-throated
 Broad-tailed    Rufous             Trumpet Vine                 Maypop                    Morning Glory              Coral Honeysuckle
the butterfly
             garden
                                                                                  Hackberry Emperor: Dennis Demcheck



                                                                                                                                  Nectaring Plants

                                                                                                                                   Fall
                                                                                                                                   Ageratum
                                                                                                                                   Cardinal Flower
                                                                                                                                   Goldenrod
                                                                                                                                   Ironweed
                                                                                                                                   Maypop
                                                                                                                                   Native Asters


      Host plants provide habitat and food for caterpillars,
                                                                                                                       k           Pickerelweed
                                                                                                                                   Sneezeweed


      nectaring plants provide food for butterflies.
                                                                                                                                   Swamp Sunflower
                                                                                                                                   White Boltonia

                                                                                                                                   Spring
                                                                                                                                   Bee Balm
      Butterflies feed on nectaring plants, and lay their eggs on host plants. After hatching                                      Coreopsis
                                                                                                                                   Gulf Coast Penstemon
      from eggs, the larvae, or caterpillars, begin feeding on the flowers and leaves of the                                       Moss Verbena
                                                                                                                                   Native Salvias
      host plant. They grow quickly and eventually crawl away to find a sheltered location
                                                                                                                                   Native Verbenas
      to spin a cocoon. The pupa, or chrysalis, develops inside the cocoon and eventually                                          Obedient Plant
                                                                                                                                   Phlox
      emerges as an adult butterfly, or imago, beginning the life cycle again.                                                     Western Yarrow

                                                                                                                                   Summer                       11
      Be sure your butterfly garden includes both host and nectaring native plants.                                                Black-eyed Susan
                                                                                                                                   Blazing Star
                                                                                                                                   Blue Mist Flower

                                   Host Plant                    Butterfly
                                                                                                                                   Buttonbush
                                                                                                                                   Horsemint
                           Black Cherry         Tiger Swallowtail, Red-spotted Purple Snout                                        Indian Blanket
                                                Question Mark, Hackberry and Tawny Emperor                                         Joe-Pye Weed
                           Hackberry
                                                Zebra Longwing, Gulf and Variegated Fritillary                                     Native Milkweeds
                           Maypop
                                                                                                                                   Prairie Coneflower
                           Native Milkweeds     Monarch
                                                                                                                                   Purple Coneflower
                           Oaks                 Juvenal’s Dusky Wing, Horace’s Dusky Wing
                                                                                                                                   Stoke’s Aster
                           Paw Paw              Zebra Swallowtail                                                                  Wild Petunia
                           Spice Bush           Spice Bush Swallowtail
                           Willow               Viceroy, Mourning Cloak
                           Wax Myrtle           Red-banded Hairstreak

     Gulf Fritillary Caterpillar                                                                   Gulf Fritillary Imago
     Tiffany Hawkins                                                                                 Dr. Charles Allen




                                                                                                                                       Butterfly lays
                                                                                                                                     eggs on host plant


                                                                                                                           Butterfly emerges           Egg Hatches
                                                                                                                             from cocoon             Caterpillar feeds
                                                                                                                                                       on host plant

Purple Coneflower                   Phlox                  Buttonbush                     Stoke’s Aster
                                                                                                                                           Caterpillar
                                                                                                                                          spins cocoon
Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite image of
                                                                 The Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary




The printing of this document was partially funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary
Program. The contents of this document do not necessarily represent the views of the US Environmental Protection Agency or the
Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program. The mention of trade names or commercial products does not in any way constitute an
endorsement or recommendation of use.

3,000 copies of this public document were published in this first printing at a cost of $2050.00. To date, the total cost of all printings of this
document, including reprints, is $2050.00.

This document was published by the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program, NSU Campus, P.O. Box 2663, Thibodaux, LA, 70310, to
provide the public with environmental information under the authority of LA R.S. 30:2001. This material was printed in accordance with standards
for printing by state agencies established pursuant to LA R. S. 43:31.


This booklet was produced by the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program with the assistance of
Villere Town Planning Associates, llc, Dianne J. Madden Graphic Design, and the following photographers and contributors:
                                           Charles Allen               Tiffany Hawkins             Danielle Richardi
                                           Bill Bergen                 Charlie Hohorst             Charlotte Seidenberg
                                           David Cagnolatti            Dianne Madden               G.L. Twiest
                                           Dennis Demcheck             Beth Maniscalco             Keith Villere
                                           Bill Fontenot               Celeste Regal               The Louisiana Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries
    1-800-259-0869                         John Hartgerink             Chris Reid                  The Louisiana Native Plant Society

    w w w. b t n e p . o r g               BTNEP Residents’ Guide Project Managers: Andrew Barron and Michael Massimi
                                           BTNEP Program Director: Kerry St. Pé

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LA: Attracting Wildlife with Native Plants

  • 1. Attracting Wildlife with native plants Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program R E S I D E N T S ’ G U I D E
  • 2. why The Barataria-Terrebonne attract National Estuary is located between the Mississippi and wildlife Atchafalaya Rivers in southeastern Louisiana. Having been recognized as an estuary of Barataria-Terrebonne Carolina Wren: David Cagnolatti national National Estuary The Urban Forest significance, a National Estuary Louisiana’s wild habitats, once vast and teeming with wildlife, are being lost to Program was established here in 1991 to help build consensus to subsidence, erosion, and urban and industrial development. Our remaining wild preserve and protect our unique areas are shrinking and becoming more divided and isolated. But humans can environment and culture. have a positive impact on the environment as well. The plants we put in our cities Estuaries are areas where and towns and the animals that are attracted to them make up habitats known as freshwater from lakes, rivers, urban forests. These areas are vitally important because they reconnect the bayous, and streams meet with remaining patchwork of divided wild habitats. Regardless of your interest in plants 2 the saltwater of the sea. This mixing of habitat types and or wildlife, your own backyard is a part of the urban forest. By carefully considering water chemistries make estuar- what plants to use, you can greatly increase the wildlife habitat value there. ies some of the most ecological- Our Cultural Heritage ly productive places on Earth. The Residents’ Guide series was All of the suggested plants in this book are native to southern Louisiana, with most developed to promote ecologi- occurring in the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary. The native plants and cally friendly land use practices by landowners and residents of animals around us define our “sense of place,” forming the basis of our cultural our estuary. No matter how identity. By using native plants instead of exotic ones to create habitats that are large or small the property, welcoming to local wildlife, we are sustaining our ecological integrity, our cultural everyone can contribute to the ecological integrity of the heritage, and our sense of place. region by using native plants to create habitats that are attractive to wildlife. Cover Photo: Tiffany Hawkins
  • 3. wildlife needs... Mimicking Nature Ideally, the urban forest should be similar to a wild ecosystem in its diversity. Natural ecosystems have evolved over thousands of years through complex interactions among living things and their surroundings. The result is that wild areas usually contain an extremely wide variety of plant and animal life. This diversity is the key to valuable wildlife habitat whether in a natural ecosystem or the urban forest. Keep this in mind when purchasing plants. A few plants of different types will be more attractive to wildlife than many plants of the same type. What you might lose in symmetry or tidiness you will gain in wildlife habitat value. 3 The Essentials 1 2 3 Just like humans, animals require certain basic needs for survival. Your backyard, stocked with native plants and a source of water, can provide each of these requirements. Put simply, wildlife will be most attracted to a garden that provides food habitat water the following three essential elements: Raccoon Photo: Dennis Demcheck Native versus Exotic Native plants and animals of our estuary co-evolved here over countless generations. They are interdependent; plants need animals to help fertilize them and animals need plants for food and shelter. Exotic plants, which originate from other parts of the world, did not co-evolve with local wildlife, so those interdependent relationships never formed. Compared to native plants, exotics are gener- ally less attractive to local wildlife and less likely to survive seasonal extremes in rainfall and temperature. In addition, exotics have the potential to become invasive pests, spreading rapidly and destroying the habitat value of entire ecosystems. Wild copper iris
  • 4. Keep in Mind • The Louisiana Cooperative 1food Cardinal eating dewberry: Tiffany Hawkins Extension Service is an excel- lent source of information about native plants. They can Usually we think of fruits, nuts, or help you identify species that will grow best on your vegetables as food– but flowers, leaves, particular site. twigs, sap, pollen, nectar, and even www.lsuagcenter.com • Become familiar with the bark can provide nourishment for visiting wildlife. growth habits of the plants you choose. Choose plants appropriate to your soil conditions, sunlight and drainage, and place them in Food produced by plants is sometimes referred to as areas that can accommo- mast. Hard mast includes acorns, nuts, and hard- date their future size and shelled seeds, while soft mast can be fruits, berries, shape. • Although native plants are or flowers. Some animals might also consume 4 herbage or browse, such as leaves, twigs, or buds. well adapted here and require little or no mainte- Again, variety is the key. Try to provide both hard nance, some minimal water- and soft mast but also consider the seasons. There is ing, weeding and mulching will produce extremely vigor- a wide range of time when a plant’s flowering and ous specimens. fruiting can occur. Choosing a variety of plant types • Use your garden's own leaf is a good way to ensure that you will have food pro- litter as mulch to enrich the duction throughout the seasons. soil and help retain moisture. This not only provides habitat for beneficial insects and other wildlife, but also reduces the effort of bag- Cherry Laurel Sumac Holly Magnolia Seed ging and the amount of yard waste going to landfills. • Native plants have natural defenses against pests, so the use of pesticides can be reduced or eliminated. If you want to attract wildlife, don't poison their food. Muscadine, a native grape
  • 5. food-producing native plants to attract wildlife throughout the seasons Bald Cypress There are many native plants to choose from. Native Plant Food Production These are locally available and known to grow Hackberry Fall well in southern Louisiana. Catalpa Fall Large Trees Red Mulberry Fall Black Cherry Summer Eastern Red Cedar Native Plant Food Production Winter Persimmon Fall Roughleaf Dogwood Summer Bald Cypress F&W Cherry Laurel Winter Oaks F&W Parsely Hawthorn Red Maple Spring fruits & flowers soft mast Fall Medium/Small Hollies Green Ash S&F Fall Red Bay Pumpkin Ash Sp & S Sweet Acacia seeds & nuts hard mast F&W Elms Trees Native Plums Sp & S Summer 5 American Hornbeam Summer Sumacs F&W Pecans Fall Wax Myrtle Fall Hickories Fall Mayhaw Spring Black Walnut Fall Sparkleberry Winter Pines S&F Spice Bush Fall Red Buckeye F& W Common Serviceberry Summer Oak Acorn Sweet Acacia F&W Shrubs American Beautyberry Fall Honey Locust F&W Arrowwood Summer Legumes Partridge Pea Summer Elderberry S&F Rattlebox Fall Huckleberry Spring Coral Bean (Mamou Plant) S&F Wahoo Fall Indigo Bush Summer Dewberry Spring Baptisia (False Indigo) S&F Coral Honeysuckle Summer Switchgrass S&F Groundcover Vines Native Grapes S&F Gamagrass Fall Trumpet Vine Fall Walter’s Millet S&F Pine Cone Virginia Creeper Summer Native Panicum Summer Huckleberry Parsley Hawthorne American Beautyberry Wahoo Wax Myrtle
  • 6. Winter can be difficult for wldlife as 2 habitat Michael Massimi deciduous trees drop their leaves and cover becomes scarce. Eastern Gray Squirrel Evergreen plants pro- vide year round cover Cedar Waxwing Healthy habitats have both open space and cover. from weather and Plants can be placed around or through open spaces to create predators. habitat boundaries that are attractive to many species of birds Evergreen Trees Dennis Demcheck and wildlife. Live Oak Southern Magnolia Different wildlife species often prefer specific vertical levels of the Sweetbay Magnolia Eastern Red Cedar urban forest for foraging and nesting. The ideal wildlife garden has Red Bay Blue Jay a tall canopy or overstory, understory trees and Overstory Spruce Pine shrubs, vines, groundcover, and open space. Slash Pine Select plants that will provide each of these niches. 6 Loblolly Pine Celeste Regal Shortleaf Pine Longleaf Pine In addition to living plants, brush piles, dead trees, Midstory Red-bellied American Holly Woodpecker stumps, and snags make great habitat. Decaying Cherry Laurel wood attracts insects that are food for wildlife, and cavity-dwelling animals Evergreen Shrubs such as woodpeckers and small mammals make homes there. Understory Wax Myrtle Dahoon Holly As developmental sprawl gobbles up valuable natural habitat, the need to Yaupon Holly Dave Cagnolatti provide additional habitat is critical to a healthy sustainable urban forest. Inkberry Encourage your neighbors to join you in creating and promoting a wildlife- Groundcover Florida Anise Dwarf Palmetto friendly urban forest. Evergreen Vines Yellow Jessamine Coral Honeysuckle Crossvine
  • 7. water 3 Dennis Demcheck Bluet Damselfly Water is a critical element of your back yard habitat. Any effort to attract wildlife to your yard will be greatly enhanced by providing a clean water source. Even with limited space, a pedestal birdbath or shallow water dish can provide wildlife with the necessary water for drinking and bathing. Wetland plants such as bulltongue or pickerelweed can be placed in poorly drained sites, ditches, or swales. Larger yard spaces can accommodate ponds or water gardens. Ideally, a pump should be used to keep pond water moving. Moving water will create a sound attractive to wildlife. Mosquitoes will be kept in 7 check by amphibians, reptiles, small fish, and predaceous insects such as dragonflies, damselflies, and mayflies. Native submerged plants such as fanwort or coontail will help keep the water oxygenated and minimize algae growth. Suggested Native Pond Plants Never release exotic aquarium plants or Wetland Floating Submerged animals to the wild. Coontail They may become Bulltongue American Lotus invasive and harmful Marsh Mallow Fragrant Water Lily Fanwort to the estuary. Pickerelweed Spatterdock Small Pond Weed Pickerelweed Swamp Lily Water Shield Southern Naiad Fragrant Water Lily is a native alternative to the invasive water hyacinth.
  • 8. natural control pest Beneficial Insects Ladybugs Lacewings Ground Beetles Damselflies Dragonflies Green Anole Mayfly Larvae Tiffany Hawkins Herps Avoid using chemical herbicides and pesticides. Green Anole Five-lined Skink They can be effective at removing pests, but doing so decreases your garden’s Ground Skink attractiveness to wildlife by destroying key components of the foodweb. It may be Gulf Coast Toad preferable to tolerate some leaf damage rather than spraying chemicals. Living forms Green Tree Frog Cricket Frog of pest control will eventually take up residence if you allow nature to take its course. Beneficial Insects Some people perceive all insects to be pests, but many Bats Southeastern Bat species are beneficial. They prey upon garden pests, provide food for other Eastern Pipistrelle animals, and help pollinate plants. A diverse array of flowering trees, shrubs, Hoary Bat Needham’s Skimmer 8 and other plants will help attract beneficial insects. Big Brown Bat Dennis Demcheck Northern Yellow Bat Herps (Reptiles and Amphibians) Herps are voracious preda- Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat tors of garden pests. Frogs, toads, and lizards are common and Eastern Red Bat Evening Bat will eat mosquitoes, roaches, snails and slugs. To attract herps, Seminole Bat provide a ground-level water source and some hard shelter Gulf Coast Toad Brazilian Free-tailed Bat such as brush piles or broken overturned flowerpots. Tiffany Hawkins Bats Louisiana is home to at least 10 species of bat, many of which will roost in suburban areas. Bats aren’t as menacing as popular culture would have you believe, except to insects. A single bat can consume up to 1200 mosquito-sized G.L. Twiest, insects in one day! Some of our bat species roost in large trees with Spanish moss, American Society of Big Brown Bat but most make homes in tiny cavities in trees or buildings. Mammalogists, LA DWF Five-lined Skink You can increase the Dennis Demcheck chances of attracting bats by building a roost for them. Visit invasive.btnep.org for bat house resources.
  • 9. Welcome first land see Barataria-Terrebonne they Louisiana sits atop one of the most important migratory pathways in the world. Charlie Hohorst Painted Bunting Whether traveling across the open gulf or overland, many artic and tropical migrants rely on our rich estuary for water and food. Millions each year arrive Bird at our coast exhausted and hungry. Migration Pathways Land loss, Louisiana’s gravest environmental crisis, has dramatically impacted migratory birds. 9 Coastline recession due to the disappearance of David Cagnolatti barrier islands, forested ridges, and wetlands makes migration to the coast more perilous, as birds have Indigo Bunting to fly longer distances with less abundant sources of food and fresh water. By helping to maintain a healthy urban forest with appropriate food-producing native plants, you can provide critically needed habitat for migrating birds and other wildlife. Coastal Indian Blanket: Celeste Regal Scarlet Tanager: Bill Bergen Some of the best bird watching in the world is in our estuary. Check birds.btnep.org for great birding links and resources.
  • 10. habitat for hummingbirds The right plants can attract hummingbirds to your garden. At least fifteen species of hummingbirds migrate through the United States each year, and eight of those are found in the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary. Most species follow long established routes based on the flowering schedules of native plants. Hummingbirds do eat small insects, but feed mainly on the nectar of 10 flowers. Supplying an abundance of flowers that bloom throughout the growing seasons will provide a constant supply of nectar. Hummingbirds are most attracted to tubular red to orange flowers such as trumpet vine and coral honeysuckle, but will visit a variety of purple, blue, yellow and white flowers, especially when planted in combination with red to orange Ruby-throated Hummingbird flowers. Ideally, trees and shrubs for perching, roosting, or nesting should John Hartgerink be located near food sources. Native plants that attract Hummingbirds Do not use chemical pesticides. They can poison or eliminate Bee Balm Coral Bean (Mamou) Morning Glory the insects that supplement Cardinal Flower Crossvine Red Buckeye Coral Honeysuckle Maypop Trumpet Vine hummingbirds’ diets. Buff-bellied Hummingbird: Dennis Demcheck Hummingbirds of the Barataria-Terrebonne Allen’s Buff-bellied Anna’s Calliope Black-chinned Ruby-throated Broad-tailed Rufous Trumpet Vine Maypop Morning Glory Coral Honeysuckle
  • 11. the butterfly garden Hackberry Emperor: Dennis Demcheck Nectaring Plants Fall Ageratum Cardinal Flower Goldenrod Ironweed Maypop Native Asters Host plants provide habitat and food for caterpillars, k Pickerelweed Sneezeweed nectaring plants provide food for butterflies. Swamp Sunflower White Boltonia Spring Bee Balm Butterflies feed on nectaring plants, and lay their eggs on host plants. After hatching Coreopsis Gulf Coast Penstemon from eggs, the larvae, or caterpillars, begin feeding on the flowers and leaves of the Moss Verbena Native Salvias host plant. They grow quickly and eventually crawl away to find a sheltered location Native Verbenas to spin a cocoon. The pupa, or chrysalis, develops inside the cocoon and eventually Obedient Plant Phlox emerges as an adult butterfly, or imago, beginning the life cycle again. Western Yarrow Summer 11 Be sure your butterfly garden includes both host and nectaring native plants. Black-eyed Susan Blazing Star Blue Mist Flower Host Plant Butterfly Buttonbush Horsemint Black Cherry Tiger Swallowtail, Red-spotted Purple Snout Indian Blanket Question Mark, Hackberry and Tawny Emperor Joe-Pye Weed Hackberry Zebra Longwing, Gulf and Variegated Fritillary Native Milkweeds Maypop Prairie Coneflower Native Milkweeds Monarch Purple Coneflower Oaks Juvenal’s Dusky Wing, Horace’s Dusky Wing Stoke’s Aster Paw Paw Zebra Swallowtail Wild Petunia Spice Bush Spice Bush Swallowtail Willow Viceroy, Mourning Cloak Wax Myrtle Red-banded Hairstreak Gulf Fritillary Caterpillar Gulf Fritillary Imago Tiffany Hawkins Dr. Charles Allen Butterfly lays eggs on host plant Butterfly emerges Egg Hatches from cocoon Caterpillar feeds on host plant Purple Coneflower Phlox Buttonbush Stoke’s Aster Caterpillar spins cocoon
  • 12. Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite image of The Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary The printing of this document was partially funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program. The contents of this document do not necessarily represent the views of the US Environmental Protection Agency or the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program. The mention of trade names or commercial products does not in any way constitute an endorsement or recommendation of use. 3,000 copies of this public document were published in this first printing at a cost of $2050.00. To date, the total cost of all printings of this document, including reprints, is $2050.00. This document was published by the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program, NSU Campus, P.O. Box 2663, Thibodaux, LA, 70310, to provide the public with environmental information under the authority of LA R.S. 30:2001. This material was printed in accordance with standards for printing by state agencies established pursuant to LA R. S. 43:31. This booklet was produced by the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program with the assistance of Villere Town Planning Associates, llc, Dianne J. Madden Graphic Design, and the following photographers and contributors: Charles Allen Tiffany Hawkins Danielle Richardi Bill Bergen Charlie Hohorst Charlotte Seidenberg David Cagnolatti Dianne Madden G.L. Twiest Dennis Demcheck Beth Maniscalco Keith Villere Bill Fontenot Celeste Regal The Louisiana Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries 1-800-259-0869 John Hartgerink Chris Reid The Louisiana Native Plant Society w w w. b t n e p . o r g BTNEP Residents’ Guide Project Managers: Andrew Barron and Michael Massimi BTNEP Program Director: Kerry St. Pé