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An Introduction to GIS
                                                            Land Information Systems

                             Fahlstrom - Map of the Worls




                                                                   Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems



                                            Objectives:




                                                          2

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems



                                Land Information Systems (LIS)
                             Geographic Information Systems (GIS)‫‏‬




                                                                     3

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                        Definition:
    !
            There is not a precise definition for the meaning of GIS
    !
                   The definition depends on the “cultural context”




                                                                       4

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                        Definition:
    !
            There is not a precise definition for the meaning of GIS
    !
                   The definition depends on the “cultural context”




                                                                       4

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                        Definition:
    !
            There is not a precise definition for the meaning of GIS
    !
                   The definition depends on the “cultural context”




    !
                             The proliferation of specialised slang
    !
                Difficulties in understanding between professionals




                                                                       4

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Information System:
     Set of tools, procedures, and people that have the task to organise,
      select, archive, and communicate the data regarding the activities of an
      organisation (public or private).

     Its objective is to make available to the decision makers all the
      information necessary to make the best possible choices.




       “Set of tools to acquire, extract, process, archive, and REPRESENT
       spatial data from the real world” (Burrough 1986)

       “Set of procedures, founded on the use of information technology, used
       to archive and process georeferenced data” (Aronoff 1989)
                                                                                 5

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems



                                             History
     Originally developed in Canada, GIS soon spread all over the world. They
     are mainly used by public bodies to manage land data.
     The use of GIS has grown greatly in the last ten years as an essential tool
     for urban planning, and the management and planning of environmental
     resources.
     Their diffusion         is due, mainly, to the great capacity to save, recover,
     analyse, model, and map large areas by means of very large amounts of
     spatial data.
     GIS are now widely used in the environmental field and in research
     because of the possibility to access different data correlated by their
     position in space.

                                                                                       6

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                               Information System:
    GIS are information systems dedicated to the study and management of
    geographic data. By means of these tools it is possible to:
             - collect;
             - model;
             - manipulate;
             - analyse; and
             - present
    geographically referenced data or, to put it better, GEOREFERENCED data.


    GIS allows the superposition of various levels of information regarding an
    area. It is therefore possible to obtain a better understanding of the
    processes that affect the area and the factors that characterise it.
                                                                                 7

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                               Information System:



                                         Immagine non modificabile.




                                                                      8

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                       GIS – What is it?
    !
      Geographic Information
        !   Information relating to the position of an object on the surface of the Earth
        !   Knowledge of “what is in a certain place at a certain time (we must not forget
            the time factor)”


    !
      Geographic Information Technologies
        !   Technologies for working with these data
            !   Global Positioning Systems (GPS)‫‏‬
            !   Remote Sensing (RM)‫‏‬
            !   Geographic Information Systems (GIS)‫‏‬



                                                                                             9

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems



                 GIS – Geographic Information System
    1. Complete tool suitable for land
      representation and the processing of               CAD             DATABASE
      data associated with georeferenced
      objects.
                                                                   GIS

     2. To each object (points, lines, areas)
       spatial coordinates are assigned that
                                                                  Image
       are congruent with the cartographic                      Processing
       base reference.

      3. GIS integrates the characteristics of various types of software.


          To use a GIS is not limited to just using a software tool, but rather it
                           means adopting a working method.                        10

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems



             What a Geographic Information System (GIS) is not.
     The most common error when referring to GIS is to confuse the
     Geographic Information System with one or more of its component
     technologies.
                      !
                          - cartographic base
                      !
                          - GIS is not a digital cartography
                      !
                          - the cartographic base is simply one of the starting
                          points upon which a GIS is developed
                      !
                          - GIS is not a more or less developed software package


                      !
                          - it is a system that requires the existence of a well-
                          defined project by the end user
                      !
                          - it is a MODEL REPRESENTATION OF THE REAL
                          WORLD and, therefore, a working method                    11

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems



                                 Application Fields
  - Agriculture (land use)‫‏‬                          - Real Estate Management
  - Economics (market analyses)‫‏‬                     - Earth Observation
  - Defence (logistics, planning)‫‏‬                   - Telecommunications
  - Ecology and landscape conservation               -     Administrative        Data
  - Utility networks (water, gas, power)‫‏‬            Management
  - Civil Protection                                 - Infrastructure Management
  - Natural Resource Management                      - Preparation of Maps and
  - Land Registry                                    Databases
  - Forestry                                         - Mining and Extraction
  - Public Health (epidemiology)‫‏‬                    - Surveying and Topography
  - Education                                        - Transportation and Logistics
  - Geography                                        - Urban Planning
  - Oceanography                                     - Research                       12

 Silvia Franceschi                                   ...
Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             How does a GIS work?



                                         Immagine non modificabile.




                                                                      13

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                         Using Data
     GIS allows for the organised archiving of data used in analytical and
     management activities.
     The geographic data can be correlated with each other, organised into
     structures and according to needs.
     Generally, the data that can be imported are:
              - graphic elements (points, lines, areas)‫‏‬
              - images
              - attribute data associated with the preceding elements




                                                                         14

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                      What questions can be answered?
          !
              Position: What is there in ...?
          !
              Conditions: Where is ...?
          !
              Trends: What has changed ...?
          !
              Spatial distribution: What spatial distribution is there?
          !
              Modelling: What happens if ...?




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 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                           Examples
     !
         Position: What type of soil can be found at these coordinates? Or near
         this type of structure?
     !
         Conditions: Identify the areas which fall within the temporal buffer
         zone (60 days) for water wells
     !
         Trends: What type of vegetation has undergone changes in comparison
         with the 1950 map?
     !
         Spatial distribution: Is there a correlation between vulnerable areas
         and nitrate pollution?
     !
         Modelling: What happens if the public wells of Milan are polluted?



                                                                                  16

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                    Main Functions
    • Entering and verifying data
    • Data transformations: set of operations used to correct and homogenise
       the data set (coordinate transformation, editing,...)
    • Data storage: in an appropriate DBMS
    • Analysis: application of conceptual models that reproduce the physical
       phenomenon being studied, with new data being created as a
       consequence
    • Output of results: in various forms (digital, cartographic...)‫‏‬
    • Models of geographic data: the data of a geographic data base are made
       up of three components:

               • Spatial aspect: geometry/topology
               • Quality aspect
               • Semantic aspect: alphanumerical, numerical, and statistical attributes   17

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                       Cartography
      A MAP can be simply defined as a graphic representation of the real
      world. Maps are only a representation, it is not possible to include in a
      map all the complexity of reality.
      Maps can be used to visualise cultural and physical aspects of an
      environment.
      Topographic maps are those that represent general information, such
      as the disposition of roads, land use, altitude, rivers, water bodies...
      However, there are also maps that represent non-geographical
      elements, such as the maps of meteorological evolution, temperature,
      pressure... The use of these maps is decidedly more specialistic than
      that of topographical maps.


                                                                                  18

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                       Cartography
  !
      Set of:
        !
          coordinates associated to elements (points, lines, polygons)‫‏‬
        !
          relationships between elements
        !
          attributes of the elements


        It can be seen as the reverse of traditional paper mapping:
          !
            traditional mapping:       drawing                  coordinates
          !
            digital mapping:          coordinates          drawing


           The content and uses of digital mapping are greater than those of
            traditional mapping (in fact, the latter can be derived from the
            former).


                                                                              19

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                                Scale
      The concept of SCALE may seem redundant in digital mapping because
      it is possible to view and print the data at an magnification, given that
      the coordinates are absolute.


                     However, the scale depends on the precision of the coordinates.




                     Nominal scale: scale at which the map print has the same metric
                       requirements of the traditional map (precision, graphical error).


                                                                                           20

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                   Spatial Relations between Elements
      There are three types of relations between elements: :
       !
         spatial
       !
         topological
       !
         proximity


         Directional relations: they depend on the orientation of the map
          !
            opposite                  north
          !
            on the other side         south
          !
            above                     east
          !
            below                     west


      and combinations of orientations.
                                                                            21

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                  Topological Relations

                             EQUIVALENCE



            PARTIAL EQUIVALENCE



                             CONTAINMENT



                               ADJACENCY



                             SEPARATENESS                 22

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                Proximity Relations
      These indicate, QUALITATIVELY and QUANTITATIVELY the distance
        between objects:
      !
        qualitative:
          !
            near
          !
            far
          !
            in the vicinity of ..
          !
             quantitative: d=1532 m




                                                                      23

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                Information Layers
      In digital cartography the information layers can be separated (very
      often they need to be).



                                                     HYDROGRAPHIC NETWORK



                                                     SETTLEMENTS



                                                     PRIMARY ROAD NETWORK


                                                                             24

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Data: Elements and Fields
      Spatial data is traditionally divided into two classes: RASTER and
      VECTOR

      FIELDS or RASTERS: objects defined almost everywhere within the domain of
      interest, very often continuous. For example, temperature, pressure, altitude.
      They are represented in discrete form with regular matrices of attributes
      (matrix models or georeferenced rasters), triangular irregular networks (the TIN
      model), or with contour lines.


      ELEMENTS or VECTORS: discrete and discontinuous objects that are precisely
      defined. For example, buildings, administrative areas, road networks.
      They are represented with vectorial models, that may also be topological, with
      associated tables of attributes.

                                                                                         25

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                              Fields
                             Altitude (DTM: Digital Terrain Model)‫‏‬




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 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                              Raster
                                                     DTM




                                                           27

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                          DTM/DEM
      "Digital Elevation Model" (DEM): it represents the elevations of a
      particular surface. When using a DEM, the reference surface must
      always be stated.

      "Digital Terrain Model" (DTM): it represents the elevations of the
      surface of the Earth, that is to say the terrain. A DTM is a specific case
      of a DEM where the surface represented is that of the Earth.


      “Digital Surface Model” (DSM): it represents the elevation of the surface
      of the Earth, including those elements that are above the surface.




                                                                                   28

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                          DTM/DEM
         The DTM and DEM describe a continuous surface by means of a
         finite number of three-dimensional points (x,y,z values) in space
         (x,y,z). The xyz triplets are usually distributed irregularly because
         they have been obtained by different measuring methods.         These
         irregular points are generally put into a regular grid (usually square
         with the same amplitude in the x-direction as in the y-direction) by
         means of various interpolating methods (e.g. kriging, spline, least
         squares,...). Each triplet (x,y,z) of the DTM/DEM represents,
         therefore, an area, that is to say, a square of the grid. The squares
         are called CELLS or PIXELS (= picture elements).

                                                                                  29

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                                DTM




                                                      30

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                   TIN - (Triangular Irregular Network)‫‏‬




                                                           31

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                      Contour Lines




                                                      32

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                      Contour Lines




                                                      33

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                      Elements: Points, Line, and Areas




                                                          34

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                           Elements
     !
      The elements are made up
     of:

     !
            geometric primitives:
           !   point
           !   curve
           !   surface



     !
            topological primitives:
           !   node
           !   edge
           !   face
                                                      35

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Rasterisation of the Elements




                                                             36

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Rasterisation of the Elements




                                                             37

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Comparison: Raster - Vector
    !
                      Vector                         !
                                                                   Raster

    !
        advantages                                   advantages
                                                     !


          !   memory use                                 !   algebra on maps
          !   explicit topology                          !   operations are simple
          !   “resolution”, precision                        and intuitive for the
              of the coordinates                             user

    !
      disadvantages
          !   some operations are                    disadvantages
                                                     !



              taxing                                     !   memory operations
          !   overlay is complicated                     !   implicit topology


                                                                                     38

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                     Raster - Vector




                                                       39

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                     Raster - Vector




                                                       40

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                     Raster - Vector




                                                       41

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                           Topology
      Topological relations are relations between objects that are independent
      of the orientation of the map, and invariant to elastic or continuous
      deformations (e.g. change of reference system and/or coordinate
      system). These relations are used to express congruity constraints
                                  Immagine non modificabile.


      between objects.




                                                                                 42

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Raster Geometric Primitives

    These are based on frames with which space is divided into regular shapes
    and sizes.
    Each element is defined by its row and column numbers (2D) and layer
    number (3D).
    The position of the origin of the reference system must be defined.




                                                                            43
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 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                       Raster Geometric Primitives - 2D

      GRID: regular distribution of
      points defined by the nodes of the
      grid, derivable from a 2D structure.

      They are completely defined by
      row and column numbers.




      PIXEL: two-dimensional geometric
      primitive, corresponding to the
      basic element of a 2D structure.

                                                          44

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                       Raster Geometric Primitives - 2D

      GRID: regular distribution of
      points defined by the nodes of the
      grid, derivable from a 2D structure.

      They are completely defined by
      row and column numbers.




      PIXEL: two-dimensional geometric
      primitive, corresponding to the
      basic element of a 2D structure.

                                                          44

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                      Topological Geometric Primitives
      NODE: 0-dimensional primitive. It can be connected (by an edge) or
      isolated.

      EDGE: 1-dimensional topological primitive. It represents an orientated
      connection between two nodes (that may coincide).


      FACE: 2-dimensional geometric primitive, described by an external ring
      (a closed set of edges that do not cross) and either none or many
      internal rings.




                                                                               45

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                     Vector File Formats

      The most common vector file format is undoubtedly the shapefile
      format: .shp.
      A shapefile is made up of a family of files which, specifically, includes:
         !   .shp            contains the information related to the form of the features
         !   .shx            contains an index of the position of the features to speed up the
                             queries made
         !   .dbf            contains the attributes related to the features
         !   .prj            contains the information related to the coordinate system and the
                             projection of the data
         !   .shp.xml        contains the metadata linked to the features


         Other formats supported by the vast majority of GIS are: tab,              dxf,    dwg,
             E00, ..., ascii.
                                                                                                 46

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                Raster File Formats
      The most common are:
        • TIFF
        • GIF
        • JPEG
        • ASCII

      The raster files of images that can be viewed with a GIS need to contain
      information relating to the coordinate system and the projection. Files
      such as TIFF files, therefore, need to be georeferenced. That is to say,
      they must be GEO-TIFF files. The information relating to the projection
      can be included within the TIFF file itself or it can be written to a
      separate file, usually with extension TFW (or JGW).
      ASCII files contain all information relating to the region and the
      localisation of the data.                                                47

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                Overview of Open Source Desktop GIS
 •The most widespread GIS in the field of open source GIS are:
       -GGRASS: the oldest of the open source GIS. Originally developed by the United
       States Department of Defence, it is very powerful in raster analysis
       (www.grass.itc.it)

       -JUMP: viewer which offers the possibility of vectorial data analysis
       (http://openjump.org)

       -GVSIG: viewer which offers the possibility of vectorial data analysis. There is
       also an integration of raster components but not sufficient for raster analysis
       (www.gvsig.gva.es)

       -QGIS: considered the simple graphic interface for GRASS (www.qgis.org)
       -JGRASS: GIS dedicated to environmental analysis, it allows the viewing and
       analysis of raster and vector data (www.jgrass.org)

       -uDig: vectorial data and image viewer (http://udig.refractions.net)               48

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                 Overview of Commercial Desktop GIS
     I most widespread GIS in the field of commercial GIS are:

        • ESRI: ArcGIS, Arcview, Arcreader... probably the the biggest family of GIS
        software in the commercial field (www.esri.com)

        • ERDAS-IMAGINE: satellite image management (www.geosystems.de)

        • ERMAPPER: high-resolution image management ( orthorectification,
        mosaic, reprojection, colour balance and compression)


        • MAPINFO: very easy to use; best described as a viewer that manages
        vectorial data well (www.mapinfo.com)


        • AutoCAD Map 2004: advanced management of geographic data along with
        image management (www.autodesk.com)
                                                                                       49

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             GIS Support Databases
   The database is an essential component of the GIS in that it contains all the
   information that will be viewed and analysed, both with desktop GIS and
   WebGIS. In the field of proprietary databases, the most widespread are:

         • ORACLE: with a spatial extension to support geometries (Oracle-
         Spatial)
         • ArcSDE: spatial database by ESRI
         • Access: this is not a spatial database but a mechanism can be
         constructed to link information to geometric features.

   The most widespread open source databases are:

          • Postgres: the most popular, with spatial extension PostGIS
          • HSQLDB: this is not a spatial database, it is only a relational database
   ...

                                                                                   50

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                               Open Source WebGIS
      The two open source development environments for geospatial data
      currently used are:
      !
        GEOSERVER
      !
        MAPSERVER


      Graphic interfaces for these products are available for the production of
      WebGIS such as those that are often found on the websites of public
      bodies and research centres. Some tools of this type are:
      !
        Ka-Map
      !
        Py-WPS
      !
        ...


                                                                                  51

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
   Open Source WebGIS




                                                     52

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Italian Digital Cartography


                                         Immagine non modificabile




                                                                     53

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      With respect to the purely geometric representation of objects, a GIS
      also needs to store and manage the information about the mutual
      spatial relationships between the various elements. That is, it must
      structure the data and define the topology.


      As well as geometric and topological data, the GIS must also allow for
      the insertion of descriptive data relative to individual real objects, that
      is to say the ATTRIBUTES.


      The structure that is capable of saving the spatial and geometric
      relations and attributes is referred to as a relational structure.

                                                                                    54

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      In a GIS, the coordinates of an object are neither stored with respect to
      an arbitrary reference system nor with respect to the coordinate system
      of the device being used. They are stored according to the reference
      system in which the object is really found and with their real
      dimensions, not to scale.


      The scale of representation becomes solely a parameter used to define
      the level of accuracy and the resolution of the graphical information.
      Depending on the scale, smaller elements may not be visualised and one
      sees only areas of terrain characterised by the same quantity.
      GIS allows us to manage the data like 3-dimensional objects in a real 3-
      dimensional system. No longer do we need to simply attribute a height
      to an object.                                                            55

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines




                                                               56

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     57
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis




                                                               58

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     59
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles




                                                               60

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                       A partire da un TIN, un DTM o un DEM è possibile:
 GIS Characteristics



                       !
                        interpolare curve di livello
                       !
                        effettuare un'analisi di visibilità
                       !
                        generare profili longitudinali




                                                                           61

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles
      !
       carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis...




                                                               62

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     63
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles
      !
       carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis...
      !
       calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate




                                                                            64

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     65
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles
      !
       carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis...
      !
       calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate
      !
       query a list of attributes and extract the required values




                                                                            66

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     67

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles
      !
       carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis...
      !
       calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate
      !
       query a list of attributes and extract the required values
      !
       extract the morphological characteristics of the terrain




                                                                            68

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     69
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles
      !
       carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis...
      !
       calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate
      !
       query a list of attributes and extract the required values
      !
       extract the morphological characteristics of the terrain
      !
       process quantities relative to the hydrographic network




                                                                            70

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems
 GIS Characteristics




                                                     71
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                 GIS Characteristics
      Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to:
      !
       interpolate contour lines
      !
       carry out a visibility analysis
      !
       generate longitudinal profiles
      !
       carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis...
      !
       calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate
      !
       query a list of attributes and extract the required values
      !
       extract the morphological characteristics of the terrain
      !
       process quantities relative to the hydrographic network
      !
       carry out stability analysis of the catchment
      !
       carry out hydrological analysis at event scale
      !
       ...
                                                                            72

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                             JGRASS
      The Research Centre for the development of algorithms implemented in
      JGrass is the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the
      University of Trento (Italy) and CUDAM (University Centre for the
      Defence of Mountain Environments), also at the University of Trento.
      The Development Centre is HydroloGIS of Bolzano (Italy), although
      there are other developers at CUDAM in Trento.

      The JGrass starting point is GRASS GIS, which currently represents the
      most important Open Source project in the GIS field. GRASS is slowly
      evolving towards an attractive solution for the commercial and
      productive sectors. The biggest obstacle to the commercial blooming of
      GRASS is without doubt its versatility problem. Many professionals use
      Windows and Mac-OS as the preferred operating systems, and many
      businesses do not provide the possibility of using Linux (which is the
      operating system upon which GRASS development is based).               73
 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                             JGRASS
      JGrass, developed to simplify the use of GRASS on different operating
      systems, has set itself the following objectives:

         •versatility - the possibility to run GRASS on Windows, Unix/Linux
         and Mac-OS indifferently (write once, run everywhere)

         •the possibility for anyone, by means of the framework that has
         been created, to develop with ease additional modules, particular
         functions, and application oriented interfaces by means of XML
         scripting

         •scripting - the possibility to use a Java-based scripting language in
         order to automatise certain processes (programmer and scientific -
         work oriented)

         •simplicity of use - menu bars, tool bars and icons aimed at
         simplifying the interface (end-user friendly)
                                                                                  74

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                             JGRASS
       Over the last number of years various attempts have been made to
       combine the strengths of Java and GRASS. The first of these was the
       wrapping of the GRASS libraries in Java by Alexandre Sorokine. Shortly
       thereafter, at the Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences of the
       University of the West Indies (Jamaica), John Preston began to develop
       a Java/Swing application for the visualisation of geochemical maps.

       At the beginning of 2003 Dr Rigon, of the Department of Civil and
       Environmental Engineering and CUDAM of the University of Trento,
       decided to support the Jamaican project in a concrete way by
       supplying funds and a developer, and coordinating with the research
       group at ITC, which includes Markus Neteler. In this way the
       development of JGrass began.

                                                                                 75

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                             JGRASS

      At the moment JGrass is an application that can be run locally, although
      the future implementation of remote running is planned. It is a Java/
      RCP application based on an MDI (multiple document interface) and
      provides standardised ways of interaction between the interface and the
      GRASS kernel.


      Although we are trying to keep JGrass, as much as possible, in "pure
      Java", some parts are still written in the native language of GRASS by
      means of Sun's API JNI technology.




                                                                                 76

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                                             JGRASS

      JGrass is a free and open source GIS that can be freely downloaded
      from the website:


                                        www.jgrass.org

      All the instructions for use are found on the same webpage, along with
      documents of the available commands.




                                                                               77

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010
An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems




                             Thank you for your attention.



                             G. Ulrici -




                                                             78

 Silvia Franceschi

Friday, September 10, 2010

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3 introduction gis

  • 1. An Introduction to GIS Land Information Systems Fahlstrom - Map of the Worls Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 2. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Objectives: 2 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 3. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Land Information Systems (LIS) Geographic Information Systems (GIS)‫‏‬ 3 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 4. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Definition: ! There is not a precise definition for the meaning of GIS ! The definition depends on the “cultural context” 4 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 5. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Definition: ! There is not a precise definition for the meaning of GIS ! The definition depends on the “cultural context” 4 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 6. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Definition: ! There is not a precise definition for the meaning of GIS ! The definition depends on the “cultural context” ! The proliferation of specialised slang ! Difficulties in understanding between professionals 4 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 7. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Information System: Set of tools, procedures, and people that have the task to organise, select, archive, and communicate the data regarding the activities of an organisation (public or private). Its objective is to make available to the decision makers all the information necessary to make the best possible choices. “Set of tools to acquire, extract, process, archive, and REPRESENT spatial data from the real world” (Burrough 1986) “Set of procedures, founded on the use of information technology, used to archive and process georeferenced data” (Aronoff 1989) 5 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 8. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems History Originally developed in Canada, GIS soon spread all over the world. They are mainly used by public bodies to manage land data. The use of GIS has grown greatly in the last ten years as an essential tool for urban planning, and the management and planning of environmental resources. Their diffusion is due, mainly, to the great capacity to save, recover, analyse, model, and map large areas by means of very large amounts of spatial data. GIS are now widely used in the environmental field and in research because of the possibility to access different data correlated by their position in space. 6 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 9. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Information System: GIS are information systems dedicated to the study and management of geographic data. By means of these tools it is possible to: - collect; - model; - manipulate; - analyse; and - present geographically referenced data or, to put it better, GEOREFERENCED data. GIS allows the superposition of various levels of information regarding an area. It is therefore possible to obtain a better understanding of the processes that affect the area and the factors that characterise it. 7 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 10. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Information System: Immagine non modificabile. 8 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 11. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS – What is it? ! Geographic Information ! Information relating to the position of an object on the surface of the Earth ! Knowledge of “what is in a certain place at a certain time (we must not forget the time factor)” ! Geographic Information Technologies ! Technologies for working with these data ! Global Positioning Systems (GPS)‫‏‬ ! Remote Sensing (RM)‫‏‬ ! Geographic Information Systems (GIS)‫‏‬ 9 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 12. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS – Geographic Information System 1. Complete tool suitable for land representation and the processing of CAD DATABASE data associated with georeferenced objects. GIS 2. To each object (points, lines, areas) spatial coordinates are assigned that Image are congruent with the cartographic Processing base reference. 3. GIS integrates the characteristics of various types of software. To use a GIS is not limited to just using a software tool, but rather it means adopting a working method. 10 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 13. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems What a Geographic Information System (GIS) is not. The most common error when referring to GIS is to confuse the Geographic Information System with one or more of its component technologies. ! - cartographic base ! - GIS is not a digital cartography ! - the cartographic base is simply one of the starting points upon which a GIS is developed ! - GIS is not a more or less developed software package ! - it is a system that requires the existence of a well- defined project by the end user ! - it is a MODEL REPRESENTATION OF THE REAL WORLD and, therefore, a working method 11 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 14. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Application Fields - Agriculture (land use)‫‏‬ - Real Estate Management - Economics (market analyses)‫‏‬ - Earth Observation - Defence (logistics, planning)‫‏‬ - Telecommunications - Ecology and landscape conservation - Administrative Data - Utility networks (water, gas, power)‫‏‬ Management - Civil Protection - Infrastructure Management - Natural Resource Management - Preparation of Maps and - Land Registry Databases - Forestry - Mining and Extraction - Public Health (epidemiology)‫‏‬ - Surveying and Topography - Education - Transportation and Logistics - Geography - Urban Planning - Oceanography - Research 12 Silvia Franceschi ... Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 15. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems How does a GIS work? Immagine non modificabile. 13 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 16. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Using Data GIS allows for the organised archiving of data used in analytical and management activities. The geographic data can be correlated with each other, organised into structures and according to needs. Generally, the data that can be imported are: - graphic elements (points, lines, areas)‫‏‬ - images - attribute data associated with the preceding elements 14 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 17. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems What questions can be answered? ! Position: What is there in ...? ! Conditions: Where is ...? ! Trends: What has changed ...? ! Spatial distribution: What spatial distribution is there? ! Modelling: What happens if ...? 15 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 18. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Examples ! Position: What type of soil can be found at these coordinates? Or near this type of structure? ! Conditions: Identify the areas which fall within the temporal buffer zone (60 days) for water wells ! Trends: What type of vegetation has undergone changes in comparison with the 1950 map? ! Spatial distribution: Is there a correlation between vulnerable areas and nitrate pollution? ! Modelling: What happens if the public wells of Milan are polluted? 16 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 19. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Main Functions • Entering and verifying data • Data transformations: set of operations used to correct and homogenise the data set (coordinate transformation, editing,...) • Data storage: in an appropriate DBMS • Analysis: application of conceptual models that reproduce the physical phenomenon being studied, with new data being created as a consequence • Output of results: in various forms (digital, cartographic...)‫‏‬ • Models of geographic data: the data of a geographic data base are made up of three components: • Spatial aspect: geometry/topology • Quality aspect • Semantic aspect: alphanumerical, numerical, and statistical attributes 17 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 20. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Cartography A MAP can be simply defined as a graphic representation of the real world. Maps are only a representation, it is not possible to include in a map all the complexity of reality. Maps can be used to visualise cultural and physical aspects of an environment. Topographic maps are those that represent general information, such as the disposition of roads, land use, altitude, rivers, water bodies... However, there are also maps that represent non-geographical elements, such as the maps of meteorological evolution, temperature, pressure... The use of these maps is decidedly more specialistic than that of topographical maps. 18 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 21. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Cartography ! Set of: ! coordinates associated to elements (points, lines, polygons)‫‏‬ ! relationships between elements ! attributes of the elements It can be seen as the reverse of traditional paper mapping: ! traditional mapping: drawing coordinates ! digital mapping: coordinates drawing The content and uses of digital mapping are greater than those of traditional mapping (in fact, the latter can be derived from the former). 19 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 22. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Scale The concept of SCALE may seem redundant in digital mapping because it is possible to view and print the data at an magnification, given that the coordinates are absolute. However, the scale depends on the precision of the coordinates. Nominal scale: scale at which the map print has the same metric requirements of the traditional map (precision, graphical error). 20 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 23. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Spatial Relations between Elements There are three types of relations between elements: : ! spatial ! topological ! proximity Directional relations: they depend on the orientation of the map ! opposite north ! on the other side south ! above east ! below west and combinations of orientations. 21 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 24. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Topological Relations EQUIVALENCE PARTIAL EQUIVALENCE CONTAINMENT ADJACENCY SEPARATENESS 22 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 25. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Proximity Relations These indicate, QUALITATIVELY and QUANTITATIVELY the distance between objects: ! qualitative: ! near ! far ! in the vicinity of .. ! quantitative: d=1532 m 23 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 26. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Information Layers In digital cartography the information layers can be separated (very often they need to be). HYDROGRAPHIC NETWORK SETTLEMENTS PRIMARY ROAD NETWORK 24 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 27. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Data: Elements and Fields Spatial data is traditionally divided into two classes: RASTER and VECTOR FIELDS or RASTERS: objects defined almost everywhere within the domain of interest, very often continuous. For example, temperature, pressure, altitude. They are represented in discrete form with regular matrices of attributes (matrix models or georeferenced rasters), triangular irregular networks (the TIN model), or with contour lines. ELEMENTS or VECTORS: discrete and discontinuous objects that are precisely defined. For example, buildings, administrative areas, road networks. They are represented with vectorial models, that may also be topological, with associated tables of attributes. 25 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 28. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Fields Altitude (DTM: Digital Terrain Model)‫‏‬ 26 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 29. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster DTM 27 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 30. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems DTM/DEM "Digital Elevation Model" (DEM): it represents the elevations of a particular surface. When using a DEM, the reference surface must always be stated. "Digital Terrain Model" (DTM): it represents the elevations of the surface of the Earth, that is to say the terrain. A DTM is a specific case of a DEM where the surface represented is that of the Earth. “Digital Surface Model” (DSM): it represents the elevation of the surface of the Earth, including those elements that are above the surface. 28 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 31. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems DTM/DEM The DTM and DEM describe a continuous surface by means of a finite number of three-dimensional points (x,y,z values) in space (x,y,z). The xyz triplets are usually distributed irregularly because they have been obtained by different measuring methods. These irregular points are generally put into a regular grid (usually square with the same amplitude in the x-direction as in the y-direction) by means of various interpolating methods (e.g. kriging, spline, least squares,...). Each triplet (x,y,z) of the DTM/DEM represents, therefore, an area, that is to say, a square of the grid. The squares are called CELLS or PIXELS (= picture elements). 29 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 32. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems DTM 30 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 33. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems TIN - (Triangular Irregular Network)‫‏‬ 31 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 34. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Contour Lines 32 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 35. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Contour Lines 33 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 36. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Elements: Points, Line, and Areas 34 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 37. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Elements ! The elements are made up of: ! geometric primitives: ! point ! curve ! surface ! topological primitives: ! node ! edge ! face 35 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 38. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Rasterisation of the Elements 36 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 39. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Rasterisation of the Elements 37 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 40. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Comparison: Raster - Vector ! Vector ! Raster ! advantages advantages ! ! memory use ! algebra on maps ! explicit topology ! operations are simple ! “resolution”, precision and intuitive for the of the coordinates user ! disadvantages ! some operations are disadvantages ! taxing ! memory operations ! overlay is complicated ! implicit topology 38 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 41. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster - Vector 39 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 42. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster - Vector 40 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 43. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster - Vector 41 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 44. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Topology Topological relations are relations between objects that are independent of the orientation of the map, and invariant to elastic or continuous deformations (e.g. change of reference system and/or coordinate system). These relations are used to express congruity constraints Immagine non modificabile. between objects. 42 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 45. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster Geometric Primitives These are based on frames with which space is divided into regular shapes and sizes. Each element is defined by its row and column numbers (2D) and layer number (3D). The position of the origin of the reference system must be defined. 43 2 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 46. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster Geometric Primitives - 2D GRID: regular distribution of points defined by the nodes of the grid, derivable from a 2D structure. They are completely defined by row and column numbers. PIXEL: two-dimensional geometric primitive, corresponding to the basic element of a 2D structure. 44 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 47. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster Geometric Primitives - 2D GRID: regular distribution of points defined by the nodes of the grid, derivable from a 2D structure. They are completely defined by row and column numbers. PIXEL: two-dimensional geometric primitive, corresponding to the basic element of a 2D structure. 44 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 48. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Topological Geometric Primitives NODE: 0-dimensional primitive. It can be connected (by an edge) or isolated. EDGE: 1-dimensional topological primitive. It represents an orientated connection between two nodes (that may coincide). FACE: 2-dimensional geometric primitive, described by an external ring (a closed set of edges that do not cross) and either none or many internal rings. 45 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 49. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Vector File Formats The most common vector file format is undoubtedly the shapefile format: .shp. A shapefile is made up of a family of files which, specifically, includes: ! .shp contains the information related to the form of the features ! .shx contains an index of the position of the features to speed up the queries made ! .dbf contains the attributes related to the features ! .prj contains the information related to the coordinate system and the projection of the data ! .shp.xml contains the metadata linked to the features Other formats supported by the vast majority of GIS are: tab, dxf, dwg, E00, ..., ascii. 46 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 50. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Raster File Formats The most common are: • TIFF • GIF • JPEG • ASCII The raster files of images that can be viewed with a GIS need to contain information relating to the coordinate system and the projection. Files such as TIFF files, therefore, need to be georeferenced. That is to say, they must be GEO-TIFF files. The information relating to the projection can be included within the TIFF file itself or it can be written to a separate file, usually with extension TFW (or JGW). ASCII files contain all information relating to the region and the localisation of the data. 47 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 51. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Overview of Open Source Desktop GIS •The most widespread GIS in the field of open source GIS are: -GGRASS: the oldest of the open source GIS. Originally developed by the United States Department of Defence, it is very powerful in raster analysis (www.grass.itc.it) -JUMP: viewer which offers the possibility of vectorial data analysis (http://openjump.org) -GVSIG: viewer which offers the possibility of vectorial data analysis. There is also an integration of raster components but not sufficient for raster analysis (www.gvsig.gva.es) -QGIS: considered the simple graphic interface for GRASS (www.qgis.org) -JGRASS: GIS dedicated to environmental analysis, it allows the viewing and analysis of raster and vector data (www.jgrass.org) -uDig: vectorial data and image viewer (http://udig.refractions.net) 48 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 52. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Overview of Commercial Desktop GIS I most widespread GIS in the field of commercial GIS are: • ESRI: ArcGIS, Arcview, Arcreader... probably the the biggest family of GIS software in the commercial field (www.esri.com) • ERDAS-IMAGINE: satellite image management (www.geosystems.de) • ERMAPPER: high-resolution image management ( orthorectification, mosaic, reprojection, colour balance and compression) • MAPINFO: very easy to use; best described as a viewer that manages vectorial data well (www.mapinfo.com) • AutoCAD Map 2004: advanced management of geographic data along with image management (www.autodesk.com) 49 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 53. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Support Databases The database is an essential component of the GIS in that it contains all the information that will be viewed and analysed, both with desktop GIS and WebGIS. In the field of proprietary databases, the most widespread are: • ORACLE: with a spatial extension to support geometries (Oracle- Spatial) • ArcSDE: spatial database by ESRI • Access: this is not a spatial database but a mechanism can be constructed to link information to geometric features. The most widespread open source databases are: • Postgres: the most popular, with spatial extension PostGIS • HSQLDB: this is not a spatial database, it is only a relational database ... 50 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 54. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Open Source WebGIS The two open source development environments for geospatial data currently used are: ! GEOSERVER ! MAPSERVER Graphic interfaces for these products are available for the production of WebGIS such as those that are often found on the websites of public bodies and research centres. Some tools of this type are: ! Ka-Map ! Py-WPS ! ... 51 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 55. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Open Source WebGIS 52 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 56. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Italian Digital Cartography Immagine non modificabile 53 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 57. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics With respect to the purely geometric representation of objects, a GIS also needs to store and manage the information about the mutual spatial relationships between the various elements. That is, it must structure the data and define the topology. As well as geometric and topological data, the GIS must also allow for the insertion of descriptive data relative to individual real objects, that is to say the ATTRIBUTES. The structure that is capable of saving the spatial and geometric relations and attributes is referred to as a relational structure. 54 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 58. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics In a GIS, the coordinates of an object are neither stored with respect to an arbitrary reference system nor with respect to the coordinate system of the device being used. They are stored according to the reference system in which the object is really found and with their real dimensions, not to scale. The scale of representation becomes solely a parameter used to define the level of accuracy and the resolution of the graphical information. Depending on the scale, smaller elements may not be visualised and one sees only areas of terrain characterised by the same quantity. GIS allows us to manage the data like 3-dimensional objects in a real 3- dimensional system. No longer do we need to simply attribute a height to an object. 55 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 59. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines 56 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 60. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 57 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 61. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis 58 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 62. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 59 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 63. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles 60 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 64. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems A partire da un TIN, un DTM o un DEM è possibile: GIS Characteristics ! interpolare curve di livello ! effettuare un'analisi di visibilità ! generare profili longitudinali 61 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 65. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles ! carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis... 62 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 66. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 63 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 67. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles ! carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis... ! calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate 64 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 68. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 65 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 69. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles ! carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis... ! calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate ! query a list of attributes and extract the required values 66 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 70. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 67 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 71. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles ! carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis... ! calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate ! query a list of attributes and extract the required values ! extract the morphological characteristics of the terrain 68 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 72. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 69 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 73. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles ! carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis... ! calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate ! query a list of attributes and extract the required values ! extract the morphological characteristics of the terrain ! process quantities relative to the hydrographic network 70 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 74. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics 71 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 75. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems GIS Characteristics Starting from a TIN, a DTM or a DEM it is possible to: ! interpolate contour lines ! carry out a visibility analysis ! generate longitudinal profiles ! carry out slope analysis, exposition analysis... ! calculate real distance, taking account of the vertical coordinate ! query a list of attributes and extract the required values ! extract the morphological characteristics of the terrain ! process quantities relative to the hydrographic network ! carry out stability analysis of the catchment ! carry out hydrological analysis at event scale ! ... 72 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 76. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems JGRASS The Research Centre for the development of algorithms implemented in JGrass is the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Trento (Italy) and CUDAM (University Centre for the Defence of Mountain Environments), also at the University of Trento. The Development Centre is HydroloGIS of Bolzano (Italy), although there are other developers at CUDAM in Trento. The JGrass starting point is GRASS GIS, which currently represents the most important Open Source project in the GIS field. GRASS is slowly evolving towards an attractive solution for the commercial and productive sectors. The biggest obstacle to the commercial blooming of GRASS is without doubt its versatility problem. Many professionals use Windows and Mac-OS as the preferred operating systems, and many businesses do not provide the possibility of using Linux (which is the operating system upon which GRASS development is based). 73 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 77. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems JGRASS JGrass, developed to simplify the use of GRASS on different operating systems, has set itself the following objectives: •versatility - the possibility to run GRASS on Windows, Unix/Linux and Mac-OS indifferently (write once, run everywhere) •the possibility for anyone, by means of the framework that has been created, to develop with ease additional modules, particular functions, and application oriented interfaces by means of XML scripting •scripting - the possibility to use a Java-based scripting language in order to automatise certain processes (programmer and scientific - work oriented) •simplicity of use - menu bars, tool bars and icons aimed at simplifying the interface (end-user friendly) 74 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 78. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems JGRASS Over the last number of years various attempts have been made to combine the strengths of Java and GRASS. The first of these was the wrapping of the GRASS libraries in Java by Alexandre Sorokine. Shortly thereafter, at the Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences of the University of the West Indies (Jamaica), John Preston began to develop a Java/Swing application for the visualisation of geochemical maps. At the beginning of 2003 Dr Rigon, of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and CUDAM of the University of Trento, decided to support the Jamaican project in a concrete way by supplying funds and a developer, and coordinating with the research group at ITC, which includes Markus Neteler. In this way the development of JGrass began. 75 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 79. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems JGRASS At the moment JGrass is an application that can be run locally, although the future implementation of remote running is planned. It is a Java/ RCP application based on an MDI (multiple document interface) and provides standardised ways of interaction between the interface and the GRASS kernel. Although we are trying to keep JGrass, as much as possible, in "pure Java", some parts are still written in the native language of GRASS by means of Sun's API JNI technology. 76 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 80. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems JGRASS JGrass is a free and open source GIS that can be freely downloaded from the website: www.jgrass.org All the instructions for use are found on the same webpage, along with documents of the available commands. 77 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010
  • 81. An Introduction to GIS - Land Information Systems Thank you for your attention. G. Ulrici - 78 Silvia Franceschi Friday, September 10, 2010