1. Understanding and Clinical Management of Dry Eye FatmaAsyari AINI Eye Hospital Klinik Mata Mayestik RSPI
2. Ocular Surface ( cornea & conjunctiva ) Very sensitive Should be clear and moist Tears : support and maintain integrity Blinking reflex : 4x / min Dry spot pain reflex stimulation lacrimation
3. Dry eye Extremely common in our daily practice Any age , female , male , even children Can be mild to severe Devastating and frustrating “ Long life treatment “ ?
8. Mucin : 0,02 - 0,05 um Product of conjunctival Goblet cells present in bulbar conjunctiva , caruncula Maintain tear film stability Glycocalyx produced by epithelial cells help bind mucins onto the epithelial surface
10. Tear film function Maintain integrity of cornea & conjunctiva Smoothes ocular surface , improve vision Wash away all the dirty materials coming onto the eye Moisturizing, lubricating for comfort , eye movements Media transport for O2 , CO2 ( 40% from atmosphere ) Nutrition ( glucose, electrolytes, enzymes , protein ) Defense : Anti bacterial, antibodies, lisozyme
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12. Definition NEI-Industry Workshop 1995 Dry eye is a disorder of the tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation which causes damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort DEWS Report 2007 Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbances, and tear instability with potential damage to ocular surface. It is accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface
49. SleepPrause JU, Norn M. Relation Between Blink Frequency and Break-Up Time. Acta Ophthalmol. 1983 61: 108-116. Cho P, Cheung P, Leung K, Ma V, Lee V. Effect of Reading on Non-Invasive Tear Break-Up Time and Inter-Blink Interval. Clin. Exp. Optom. 1997 80: 62-8. Tsubota K, Seiichiro H, Okusawa Y, Egami F, Ohtsuki T, Nakamori K. Quantitative Videographic Analysis of Blinking in Normal Subjects and Patients with Dry Eye. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996 114(6): 715-720. Nally L, Ousler GW, Abelson MB. Ocular discomfort and tear film break-up time in dry eye patients: a correlation. IOVS 2000 41(4): 1436. Collins M, Seeto R, Campbell L, Ross M. Blinking and Corneal Sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmologica 1989 67(5): 525-531. Abelson MB, Holly FJ. A tentative mechanism for inferior punctate keratopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1977 83: 866-869. Doane MG. Dynamics of the Human Blink. Ber. Disch. Ophthalmol. Ges. 1980 77: 13-17. Kaneko K, Sakamoto K. Spontaneous Blinks as a Criterion of Visual Fatigue During Prolonged Work on Visual Display Terminals. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2001 92(1): 234-250.
51. Environment Smoke, air pollution, wind, heat, air-conditioning, air travel, light, dry climate staring at TV , computer reading , SMS etc ( Less blinking reflexes ) Medications Blink disorder Anatomical surgical (LASIK)
52. Dry eye is not just adisease, It is a complex, multi-factorial disorder
53. Diagnosis of dry eye Obtaining patient history Physical examination Staining of the corneal surface Tests of tear production Tests of tear film stability (TBUT)
55. Patient History Ocular symptoms Redness, dryness, itching, burning, constant tearing, etc. Current illnesses Sinus or ear trouble, hay fever, skin disorders, asthma, etc. Medications Antihistamines, beta blockers, oral contraceptives, etc. Duration of the present problem Recent or ongoing...weeks, months, etc. Family history of a similar problem Parents, siblings, Any present refractive condition Glaucoma, cataracts, contact lenses, etc.
56. Physical examination Five main components of a clinical examination involve: The lids The blink mechanism The tear film The ocular surface General physical assessment
57. Signs conjunctival staining blepharitis increased cytokines corneal staining /damage : epitheliopathy, filaments, ulcers hyperemia low tear meniscus Increase tear debris fast tear break up time conjunctival pleating
59. Slit-Lamp BiomicroscopyCorneal Staining Types of corneal staining include: Fluorescein – Discloses epithelial breaks, erosions and filaments Rose Bengal – Assesses degenerated tissue; indirectly measures tear volume deficiencies Lissamine Green – similar to rose bengal but more comfortable to the patient Carboxyfluorescein – shows the extent of any damage to the corneal epithelium
60. Tear Film Break-Up Time ( TBUT ) Time required for a dry spot to appear on the corneal surface after blinking Dry spots will appear as part of normal evaporation and diffusion of tears Normal healthy eye : dry spots start occuring between blinks at about 10-12 seconds, and an urge to blink is triggered
62. Tests of tear production standard diagnostic tests for aqueous tear production Schirmer test I : the filter paper strip is placed in the unanesthetized eye and is left in place for 5 minutes. no dry eye : enough tears to wet 20 to 25 mm of the paper strip Wetting of < 10 mm is suggestive of dry eye Schirmer Tear Test II : with topical anesthesia .
63. Ferning test : quality and stability of tear film I II III IV
68. Qualities of an ideal Dry Eye Product Ability to spread evenly over the cornea quickly and efficiently (Long Lasting) Prolonged retention time for extended efficacy (Long Lasting) Objective and subjective improvement in patient signs and symptoms (Efficacy) *Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocular Surface 2007;5:165.
70. HYALUBSodium hyaluronates 0.1% Lubricating , protecting Powerful wetting agent Long lasting Reduce ocular surface damage Accelerate wound healing Safe , well tolerated for long term use Non preservative
71. Treatment should be based on disease severity The ideal artificial lubricant should be preservative-free, contain potassium, bicarbonate, and other electrolytes, and have a polymeric system to increase its retention time. The goals of pharmacotherapy To reduce morbidity and to prevent complications
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73. Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007 Apr;5(2):75-92
74. Surgical treatments( reserved for severe disease poor/non-compliance ) Punctum Plug Surgical / thermal / laser occlusion
75. Punctal plugs Absorbable - Made of collagen or polymers - occlusion duration ranges from 7-180 days - plugs dissolve by themselves or may be removed by saline irrigation Non-absorbable - Made of silicone - punctum plugs and intracanalicular plugs. ( Cylindrical Smartplug )
85. Future causal therapy of dry eye Cyclosporine A 0.05% drops in moderate and severe ocular surface inflammation essential fatty acids omega-3 in reducing ocular surface irritation Secretion stimulation, mucin stabilizing ,mucolytic agents ,local androgenic complexes systemic immunomodulation / immunosuppressive in severe cases topical anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody to suppress the activation of CD4+ T cells
86. Dry eye is not just adisease, It is a complex, multi-factorial disorder Regardless of the cause, all dry eye patients have in common an abnormal tear film or abnormal tear function individuals who experience signs and symptoms of dry eye at one time or another due to environmental factors = 100%
Afferent impulses : fromeye surface and nasal mucosa travel in the trigeminal nerve to its sensory nucleus at pons. This connects with the facial nerve nuclei at pontine level of the brainstem.impairment of this reflex pathway result in dry eye disease; however, the exact mechanism remains unclear.