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Types of Computerpart 2 Hindi Notes
1.
dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj dEI;wVjksa
dks fuEu ds vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS& rduhdh vkdkj rduhdh vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa dks 3 dksfV;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dEI;wVj ds ;s izdkj gS& ,ukykWx dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj gkbZfczM dEI;wVj 1. ,ukykWx dEI;wVj%&,ukykWx izdkj ds dEI;wVj ,ukykWx flXuyksa dk mi;ksx djrs gS ftudks ifjorhZ oksYVrk ds fujarj lsV }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS vkSj budk mi;ksx oSKkfud vuqla/kku dsUnzksa] vLirkyksa rFkk mM+ku dsanzks esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,ukykWx izdkj ds dEI;wVjksa esa] fdlh Hkh ewY; dks HkkSfrd ln`'; ek=kvksa ls ugha n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, oksYVst ,ukykWx izdkj ds dEI;wVj HkkSfrd ifjorZuksa vFkkZr~ rkieku rFkk ncko dks eki dj xf.krh; vkSj rkfdZd izpkyuksa dks izksxzke djrs gSA 2. fMftVy dEI;wVj%&MkVk dks 0 vkSj 1 vad ls ;k ^vkWQ* LVsV vkSj ^vkWu* LVsV ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA ;g ¼0 ;k 1½ ds i`Fkd flXuy dh x.kuk djds MkVk dh igpku djrk gS( ;s mPp xfr izksxzke djus okys gS] ;s ewY;ksa dh lax.kuk djrs gS vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSA 3. gkbZfczM dEI;wVj%&gkbZfczM izdkj ds dEI;wVj bl ckr esa fof'k"V gS fd buesa ,ukykWx vkSj fMftVy nksuks fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa izpkyuksa dk feJ.k gSA ;s fMftVy ls ,ukykWx dUoVZj vkSj ,ukykWx ls fMftVy dUoVZj dk iz;ksx djrs jgrs gSA dEI;wVjksa dks vkdkj ds vuqlkj lkekU;r% fuEu iz;ksx izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS] gkykafd blesa i;kZIr O;kfIr gS& ilZuy dEI;wVj ;k ekbØks dEI;wVj rock_siraj@ymail.com
2.
odZLVs'ku fefudEI;wVj
esuÝsse lqij dEI;wVj ilZuy dEI;wVj bldh O;k[;k ,d O;fDr ds mi;ksx ds fy, ,d NksVs] vkisf{kd :i ls vyx ls lLrs dEI;wVj ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gSA ewY; esa] ilZuy dEI;wVjksa dk ewY; dqN lkS ikmaM ls ysdj ikap gtkj ikmaM ls vf/kd rd gksrk gSA lHkh ekbØksizkslslj izks|ksfxdh ij vk/kkfjr gS tks fuekZrkvksa dks iwjs CPU dks ,d fpi esa Mkyus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA O;kikj esa ilZuy dEI;wVjksa dk mi;ksx 'kCn lalk/ku] ys[kkdj.k] MsLdVkWi izdk'ku] rFkk LizsM'khV vkSj MkVkcsl izca/ku vuqiz;ksx ds fy, gksrk gSA ?kj ij] ilZuy dEI;wVjksa dk lcls yksdfiz; mi;ksx xse [ksyus ds fy, gksrk gS vkSj gky esa] baVjusV dks lQZ djus ds fy,A ilZuy dEI;wVj loZizFke 1970 ds n'kd esa vk, FksA lcls igyk vkSj lcls yksdfiz; ilZuy dEI;wVj] o"kZ 1977 esa ,siy dEI;wVj }kjk cuk;k x;k ,siy IIFkkA ilZuy dEI;wVjksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gS fd ;s ,sdy&mi;ksDrk flLVe gS vkSj ekbØks izkslslj ij vk/kkfjr gS gksrs gSA ilZuy dEI;wVj ds izdkj&okLrfod ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ds lkekU;r% vkdkj vkSj dsl }kjk oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA dsl /kkrq dk og Ýse gS tks bysDVªkWfud vo;oksa dks lajpukRed lgkjk nsrk gSA 1. Vkoj ekWMy%&bl in dk lanHkZ ml dEI;wVj ls gS ftlesa fo|qr vkiwfrZ] enjcksMZ vkSj lkeqfgd HkaMkj.k midj.k ,d dsfcusV esa ,d ds Åij ,d j[ks tkrs gSA ;g MsLdVkWi ekWMyksa ds foijhr gS] ftlesa bu vo;oksa dks ,d vf/kd lqlagr cDls esa j[kk tkrk gSA Vkoj ekWMy dk izeq[k ykHk gS ;g gS blesa LFkkuksa dh deh ugha gksrh gS] ftlls vfrfjDr HkaMkj.k midj.kksa dk laLFkkiu ljy gksrk gSA 2. MsLdVkWi ekWMy%&ekWuhVj dks fof'k"V :i ls dEI;wVj ds Åij j[k dj] est ds Åij ljyrk ls fQV gksus ds fy, vfHkdfYir dEI;wVjA MsLdVkWi ekWMy dEI;wVj pkSMs+ vkSj uhps gksrs gS] tcfd Vkoj ekWMy dEI;wVj irys vkSj yacs gksrs gSA vius vkdkj ds dkj.k] MsLdVkWi ekWMy lkekU;r% rhu vkarfjd LFkwy HkaMkj.k rock_siraj@ymail.com
3.
midj.k rd lhfer
gSA vR;ar NksVs gksus ds fy, vfHkdfYir MsLdVkWi ekWMyksa dks dHkh&dHkh fLyeykbu ekWMy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 3. uksVcqd dEI;wVj%&;g ,d vR;ar gYdk ilZuy dEI;wVj gS vkSj bruk NksVk gS fd ,d czhQ dsl esa ljyrk ls lek tk,A vkdkj ds vfrfjDr] ,d uksVcqd dEI;wVj vkSj ilZuy dEI;wVj ds chp dk eq[; varj gS izn'kZu LØhuA lax.kuk 'kfDr ds lanHkZ esa] vk/kqfud uksVcqd dEI;wVj yxHkx ilZuy dEI;wVj ds lerqY; gh gksrs gSA uksVcqd dEI;wVjksa dk ewY; lerqY; fu;fer vkdkj ds dEI;wVj ds ewY; dk nksxquk gksrk gSA uksVcqd dEI;wVj cSVjh iSd ds lkFk vkrs gS tks vkidks Iyx yxk, fcuk mUgsa pykus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSA fQj Hkh] cSVfj;ksa dks dqN ?kaVksa ds ckn fjpktZ djuk iM+rk gSA 4. ySiVkWi dEI;wVj%&,d NksVk lqokã dEI;wVj & bruk NksVk fd bls xksn esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA vktdy] ySiVkWi dEI;wVjksa dks izk;% uksVcqd dEI;wVj dgk tkrk gSA 5. lcuksVcqd dEI;wVj%&,d lqoká dEI;wVj tks iw.kZ vkdkj ds uksVcqd dEI;wVj ls FkksMk gYdk vkSj NksVk dh&cksMZ vkSj LØhu gksrs gS] ijarq vU;Fkk ;s uksVcqd dEI;wVj ds leku gksrs gSA 6. nLrh dEI;wVj%&,d NksVk lqoká dEI;wVj ftls gkFk esa idM+k tk ldrk gSA gkykafd ;s ys tkus ds fy, vR;ar lqfo/kktud gS] fQj Hkh bUgksus vius NksVs dhcksMZ vkSj LØhu ds NksVs vkdkj ds dkj.k uksVcqd dEI;wVjksa dk LFkku ugha fy;kA budk budk dSysaMj vkSj irk iqfLrdk tSls PIM ¼oS;fDrd lwpuk izca/kd½ izdk;ksZ ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls vfHkdYi fd;k x;k gSA nLrh dEI;wVjksa dks PDA, ikeVkWi ,aM ikWdsV dEI;wVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 7. ikeVkWe%&,d NksVk dEI;wVj tks okLro esa vkidk gFksyh esa lek tkrk gSA iw.kZ vkdkj ds dEI;wVjksa dh rqyuk esa] ikeVkWi cgqr gh lhfer gS] ijarq dqN dk;ksZ ds fy, ;s O;ogk;Z gS tSls Qksu cqd vkSj dSysaMjA ikeVkWiksa dks] tks buiqV ds fy, dhcksMZ ds LFkku ij ,d isu dk iz;ksx djrs gS] izk;% nLrh dEI;wVj ;k PDA dgykrs gSA ikeVkWi dks PDA, nLrh dEI;wVj vkSj ikWdsV dEI;wVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 8. PDA ¼ilZuy fMftVy ,flLVsaV½%&,d nLrh midj.k tks vfHkdyu] VsyhQksu@QSDl vkSj uksVcqd dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk feJ.k gSA ,d fof'k"V PDA lsY;qyj Qksu] QSDl izs"kd vkSj oS;fDrd vk;kstd ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSA lqoká dEI;wVjksa ds foijhr] vf/kdre PDA isu vk/kkfjr gksrs gS] tks buiqV ds rock_siraj@ymail.com
4.
fy, dhcksMZ ds
LFkku ij ,d LVkbyl dk iz;ksx djrk gSA buesa fy[kkoV igpkuus dh fo'ks"krk,a] ok.kh igpkuus dh izkS|ksfxdh Hkh 'kkfey gSA PDA dks ikWeVkWi] nLrh dEI;wVj vkSj ikWdsV dEI;wVj Hkh dgrs gSA odZLVs'ku%&;g ,d izdkj dk dEI;wVj gS ftldk mi;ksx bathfu;jh vuqiz;ksxksa (CAD/CAM), MsLdVkWi izdk'kuksa] lkW¶Vos;j ds fodkl rFkk vU; izdkj ds vuqiz;ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa vfHkdyu 'kfDr dh lk/kkj.k ek=k vkSj vkisf{kd :i ls mPp xq.koÙkk okyh xzkfQd {kerk,a visf{kr gksrh gSA odZLVs'ku lkekU;r% cM+s] RAM dh cM+h ek=k] fcYVbu liksVZ vkSj xzkfQd mi;ksDrk baVjQsl lfgr mPp jslksY;w'ku xzkfQd LØhu ds lkFk vkrk gSA vf/kdka'k odZ LVs'kuksa esa o`gr HkaMkj.k midj.k tSls fMLd Mªkbo Hkh gksrs gS ijarq fMLdjfgr odZLVs'ku Hkh vkrk gSA vf/kdre odZLVs'ku] ilZuy dEI;wVj tSls ,dy&mi;ksDrk dEI;wVj gksrs gSA feuhdEI;wVj%&;g ,d e/;e vkdkj dk dEI;wVj gSA lkekU; :i ls] ,d feuhD;wVj ,d cgq&vuqns'k lalk/ku flLVe gS] tks ,d lkFk 200 rd mi;ksDrkvksa dks lefFkZr djrk gSA esuÝse&esuÝse ,d vR;ar fo'kky vkSj egaxk dEI;wVj gS tks lSdM+ksa] ;gka rd fd gtkjksa mi;ksDrkvksa dks ,d gh le; esa lefFkZr dj ldrk gSA lqijdEI;wVj vkSj esuÝse ds chp dk izeq[k ;g varj ;g gS fd lqijdEI;wVj dqN izksxzkeksa dks ;Fkk'kh?kz fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, viuk iwjk lkeF;Z yxk nsrk gS tcfd esuÝse dbZ izksxzkeksa dks ,d lkFk dk;ZfUor djus esa viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA dqN rjhdksa esa] esuÝse lqijdEI;wVj ls vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrs gS D;ksafd os vf/kd izksxzkeksa dks lkFk&lkFk lefFkZr djrs gSA ijarq lqijdEI;wVj ,dy izksxzke dks esuÝse ls vf/kd rhozrk ls dk;ZfUor dj ldrk gSA lqijdEI;wVj%&orZeku esa miyC/k rhozre dEI;wVjksa esa ls ,d ds fy, egaxs gksrs gS vkSj fof'k"V vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksrs gS ftuesa Hkkjh ek=k esa xf.krh; ifjdyu ¼uacj Øafpax½ visf{kr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ds fy,] lqijdEI;wVj visf{kr gksrk gSA lkW¶Vos;j rock_siraj@ymail.com
5.
dEI;wVj ysaXost ls
cus NksVs&NksVs funszZ'kksa ds lewg feydj izksxzke cukrs gSA ,sls izksxzkeksa dk lewg lkW¶Vos;j dgykrk gSA ftUgsa fo'ks"k dk;Z e'khuksa ls djus ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA lkW¶Vos;j dks eq[; :i ls rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS& 1. vkWijsfVax lkW¶Vos;j 2. ,fIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j 3. ;wfVfyVh lkW¶Vos;j 1. flLVe lkW¶Vos;j%&flLVe lkW¶Vos;j dEI;wVj gkMZos;j vkSj dEI;wVj flLVe dks pykus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA blesa vkWijsfVax flLVe] fMokbl Mªkboj] loZj] foaMksbax flLVe] loZ;ksxh rFkk vU; q 'kkfey gksrs gSA ;g eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrk gS& dEI;wVj ds lHkh gkMZos;j dks vkWijsV djrk gSA dEI;wVj vkSj ;wtj ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA lHkh ,fIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j vkSj QkbZYl dks fu;af=r djrk gSA 2. ,sfIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j%&,sfIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j og lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gS tks ;wtj ds mi;ksx ds fy, gksrs gSA budk mi;ksx ;wtj vius dk;ksZ dks dEI;wVj ls djus ds fy, djrk gSA budk mi;ksx vkS|ksfxd Lopkyu] O;kikfjd lkW¶Vos;j] QkWVks ,fMfVax] fofM;ks ,fMfVax] 'kS{kf.kd lkW¶Vos;j] fpfdRlk lkW¶Vos;j] MkVkcsl vkSj dEI;wVj xsEl 'kkfey gSA izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa ds izdkj&ihf<;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izdkj dh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,a gS%& 1. e'khu Lrjh; Hkk"kk 2. leqPp; Lrjh; Hkk"kk ¼vlsEcyh ysaXost½ 3. mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk 4. pkSFkh ih<h dh Hkk"kk 5. ikapoh ih<h dh Hkk"kk rock_siraj@ymail.com
6.
1. e'khu Lrjh;
Hkk"kk%&cgqr igys dh vkfn dEI;wVj Hkk"kk ftlesa iwjh rjg 1 vkSj 0 Fks & okLrfod Hkk"kk ftls dEI;wVj le>rk gSA 2. leqPp; Lrjh; Hkk"kk ¼vlsEcyh ysaXost½%& dsoy la[;kvksa ds LFkku ij izrhdkRed ukeksa ds iz;ksx dks vuqer djrh gSA leqPp; Hkk"kkvksa ¼vlsEcyh ysaXost½ dks nwljh ih<h dh Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fdlh leqPp; Hkk"kk esa fy[ks dwV dks e'khu Hkk"kk (1GL) esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA 3. mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk%&rhljh ih<h dh dEI;wVj izksxzkfeax }kjk vkjaHk dh xbZ Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk] 'kCnksa vkSj dekaMks dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk FkkA ¼dsoy izrhdksa vkSj la[;kvksa ds ctk,½A rhljh ih<h dh Hkk"kkvksa dks mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kkvksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj buesa C, C+ +, tkok bR;kfn 'kkfey gSA 4. pkSFkh ih<h dh Hkk"kk,¡ ¼4GL): 4GL esa iz;qDr okD; lajpuk ekuo Hkk"kk ds vR;ar fudV gSA 4GL Hkk"kkvksa dk fof'k"V :i ls mi;ksx MkVkcsl ds vfHkxe ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blesa SQL 'kkfey gSA 5. ikapoh ih<h dh Hkk"kk,¡ (5GL):- ikapoh ih<h dh Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx orZeku esa rkaf=d usVodksZ ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA ,d rkaf=d usVodZ d`f=e cqf)erk dk ,d :i gS tks ;g ,d udy djus dk iz;kl djrk gS fd ekuo efLr"d fdl izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gSA mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kkvksa ds izdkj& 1. izksfltj izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,¡ 2. oLrq ewyd izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,¡(Object Oriented Programming) 1. izfØ;kRed izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,¡%&izfØ;kRed izksxzkfeax lafØ;kvksa dh ,d lwph fofuZfn"V djrh gS ftls okafNr fLFkfr rd igaqpus ds fy, izksxzke dks iwjk djuk pkfg,A izfØ;k,a] ftUgsa izdk;Z] mifuR;Øe ;k i)fr ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] dksM ds NksVs [kaM gksrs gS tks ,d fof'k"V izdk;Z djrs gSA rock_siraj@ymail.com
7.
mnkgj.k%&QkWjVsu] csfld vkfnA 2.
lajfpr izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,a%&lajfpr izksxzkfeax ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh izfØ;kRed izksxzkfeax gSA ;gka izksxzkej izksxzke lajpuk dks dwV ds NksVs VqdM+ksa es rksM+rs gS ftUgsa rjyrk ls le>k tk ldrk gSA ;gka GOTO fooj.k dk mi;ksx vuqer ugha djrk gSA ;g izk;%fMtkbu dh ,d VkWi Mkmu igqap ls lac) gksrk gSA mnkgj.k%&C, ,sMk] vkSj ikLdyA 3. oLrq&ewyd izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk,¡%&oLrq&ewyd izksxzkeksa esa] lafØ;kvksa ds lkFk] MkVk ds fdlh VqdM+s dk ;qXeu gksrk gS tks bl ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks vkWCtsDV dgykrk gSA bl izdkj ,d izksxzke vuqns'kksa dh lwph ds ctk, lgdkjh oLrqvksa dk laxzg cu tkrk gSA OOP ds fl)kar gS%& 1- laiqVhdj.k 2- lgtkxfr 3- cgq:irk mnkgj.k%&tkok] fotqvy csfld] C#, C++ vkSj ik;FkuA Hkk"kk vuqoknd%&;g dEI;wVj ysXosat ls cus izksxzke gksrs gS tks vkWijsfVax flLVe dk gh Hkkx gSA ;g izksxzke ;wtj vkSj dEI;wVj ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrs gSA ;g eq[; :i ls rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS& 1. vlsEcylZ 2. dEikbylZ 3. baVjizsVlZ L=ksr dwV og gS tks fdlh dEI;wVj dk buiqV gSA fu"iknuh; dwV og dwV gS tks vuqoknd ls izkIr vkmViqV gSA 1. vlsEcylZ%&;g vlsEcyh ysaXost dks e'khuh ysxost rFkk e'khuh ysaXost dks vlsEcyh ysaxost esa a cnyrk gSA 2. dEikbyj%&;g gkbZ ysoy ysaXost dks e'khu ysaXost esa rFkk e'khu ysaXost dks gkbZ ysaXost esa cnyrs gSA ;g funsZ'kksa ds lewg dks ,d lkFk vuqokn djrs gSA rock_siraj@ymail.com
8.
3. bUVjizsVlZ%&;g gkbZ
ysoy ysaXost dks e'khu ysaXost esa rFkk e'khu ysaXost dks gkbZ ysaXost esa cnyrs gSA ;g funsZ'kksa ds lewg dks ykbZu&ckbZ&ykbZu vuqokn djrs gSA dksfMax flLVe%& BCDIC - Binary Code Decimale Interchange code- 1960 esa IBM dEiuh us dEI;wVj esa dSjsDVj bUQkWesZ'ku dks laxzg djus ds fy, dksfMax flLVe Msosyi fd;k ftls BCDIC dksM ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g 6 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe FkkA EBCDIC - ExtendedBinary Code Decimale Interchange code- 1963 esa IBM dEiuh us esuÝse dEI;wVj IBM system 360 tkjh fd;k ftlesa dEiuh us 8 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe tkjh fd;k ftls EBCDIC dksM ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g 8 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe FkkA ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange):- vesfjdk dh laLFkk ANSI (American National Standard Institute)us vesfjdk ds {ks=h; Hkk"kk ds dSjsDVj dks dEI;wVj esa laxzg vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, dksfMax flLVe dk fodkl fd;k ftls ASCII dksM ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ASCII-7 ;g 7 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe Fkk ftlesa 128 dSjsDVjlZ dks dksfMax dh xbZAvkLdh&7 dks c<kdj vkLdh&8 dk fodkl fd;k x;kA ;g 8 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe Fkk ftlesa 256 dSjsDVjlZ dh dksfMax dh xbZA blls dEI;wVj vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa dk;Z djus yxkA UNICODE- ISO (International Organization for Standarization)us ;wjksi ds ns'kksa o vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk feydj 16 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe cuk;k ftls Universal Unique Character code ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g 16 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe FkkA ftlesa dqy 65]536 dSjsDVlZ dks dksfMax nh xbZA ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange)C-DAC (center for development of advance computing):- CDAC us fgUnh foHkkx vkSj bysDVªkWfud foHkkx ds lkFk feydj Hkkjr ds {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa ds dSjsDVlZ dks dksfMax dhA ;g 8 fcV dk dksfMax flLVe gS ftlesa rock_siraj@ymail.com
9.
256 dSjsDVlZ dh
dksfMax dh xbZA vc rd CDAC dUuM+] mM+h;k] xqtjkrh] vklkeh] caxkyh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dks dksfMax dh tkrh gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke gS tks mi;ksDrk rFkk dEI;wVj ds chp ,d baVjQsl miyC/k djkrk gS vkSj gtkjksa vuqiz;ksxksa dk izca/ku djrk gSA vU; izksxzkeksa dks pykus ds fy, izR;sd lk/kkj.k iz;kstu ds dEI;wVj esa ,d vkWijsfVax gksuk pkfg,A vkWijsfVax flLVe fMLd ij HkaMkfjr gksrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj dks fLop vkWu djus ij vkSj fdlh vU; izksxzke dks pyk ldus ls igys bls eseksjh (RAM) esa yksM fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA vkids dEI;wVj dks vkWu djrs ;k cwV djrs gh vkWijsfVax flLVe Lor% gh eseksjh esa yksM gks tkrk gSA cwfVax in fdlh vkWijsfVax flLVe dks fdlh dEI;wVj ds eseksjh es yksM djus dh izfØ;k ds lanHkZ esa gSA ;g izfØ;k ,d izksxzke ls ¼tks cwVLVSªsi yksMj dgykrk gS½ fd;k tkrk gS tks dEI;wVj ds bysDVªkWfud ifjifFkdh esa ¼lkekU;r% fdlh ROM fpi ij½ LFkkbZ :i ls HkaMkfjr gksrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds izdkj%& cSp izkslsflax vkWijsfVax flLVe%& fdlh cSp izkslsflax vkWijsfVax flLVe esa] fu"iknu ds le; mi;ksDrk vkSj izkslslj ds chp vU;ksU;fØ;k lhfer gksrh gS ;k dksbZ Hkh vU;ksU;fØ;k ugha gksrh gSA ftu MkVk vkSj izksxkeksa dks lalkf/kr fd;k tkuk gS] mudk caMy cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk ^cSp* ds :i esa laxzg.k z fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d lkFk fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA eYVh ;wtj ¼le;&Hkkxhnkjh½%& vkWijsfVax flLVe% nks ;k vf/kd mi;ksDrkvksa dks ,d gh le; esa izksxzke pykuk vuqer djrk gSA eYVhizkslsflax vkWijsfVax flLVe%&,dkf/kd CPU ij izksxzke pykus dks lefFkZr djrk gSA eYVhVkfLdax vkWijsfVax flLVe%&,dkf/kd izksxzke dks ,d lkFk pykuk vuqer djrk gSA eYVhFkzsfMax vkWijsfVax flLVe%&fdlh ,d izksxzke ds fofHkUu va'kksa ds ,d lkFk pykuk vuqer djrk gSA fj;y Vkbe vkWijsfVax flLVe%&buiqV ij rRdky izfrfØ;k djrk gSA DOS vkSj UNIX fj;y Vkbe ugha gSA rock_siraj@ymail.com
10.
fMfLVªC;wVsM vkWijsfVax
flLVe%&fdlh fMLVªhC;wVsM iz.kkyh esa] lkW¶Vos;j vkSj MkVk flLVe ds pkjksa vksj forfjr gks ldrs gSA izksxzke vkSj Qkby fofHkUu HkaMkj.k midj.kksa esa HkaMkfjr gks ldrs gS tks fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd LFkkuksa ij fLFkr gS vkSj fofHkUu dEI;wVj VfeZuyksa }kjk mu rd igqapk tk ldrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dk;Z%& 1. lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku 2. vuqiz;ksxksa dks pykuk 3. varfufeZr mi;ksfxrk izksxzkeksa dk leFkZu 4. dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dk fu;a=.k 5. lqj{kk izca/ku 6. mi;ksDrk baVjQsl miyC/k djkuk mi;ksDrk baVjQsl ,d in gS ftldk mi;ksx O;fDr;ksa vkSj dEI;wVj iz.kkyh ds chp ds lapkj dh O;k[;k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA CLI ¼dekaM ykbu baVjQsl½%&CLI baVjQsl dk :i gS tgka dEI;wVj ds dke djus ds fy, mi;ksDrk dekaMks dks Vkbi djrk gSA mnkgj.k % DOS, UNIX GUI ¼xzkfQd ;wtj baVjQsl½%&GUI og baVjQsl gS tgka mi;ksDrk ,d ladsrd midj.k dk iz;ksx djds LØhu ij fdlh vkbZdkWu] cVu] esuw vkSj lwph ij ladsr vkSj fDyd djds dekaM tkjh djrk gS ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekml½ mnkgj.k% foaMkst] MAC, OSX ekbØkslkW¶V fMLd vkWijsfVax flLVe (MS-DOS):- DOS vkisf{kr :i ls ljy baVjQsl ds lkFk gksrk gS] ijarq vfr mi;ksDrk vuqdwy baVjQsl ugha gS] ,d xSj vkjs[kh js[kk ewyd dekaM ;k esuw&pkfyr vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA ;g ,d flLVe lkW¶Vos;j gS ftls vf/kdre dEI;wVjksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks lsdsaMjh HkaMkj.k midj.k vkSj mu ij lwpuk dk izca/k djrs gSA fdlh dEI;wVj dk izpkyu djrs le;] mi;ksDrk dqN dekaM izfo"V djrk gS tks dEI;wVj eseksjh }kjk iBuh; gSA DOS dEI;wVj }kjk tfur ewy lans'kksa dks rock_siraj@ymail.com
11.
Hkh ,d cks/kxE;
QkWesZV esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA IBM ds fy, ekbØkslkW¶V }kjk fodflr MS-DOS IBM vuqdqy ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ds fy, ekud vkWijsfVax flLVe FkkA DOS ,d 16 fcV vkWijsfVax flLVe gS vkSj cgq&mi;ksDrk ;k eYVhVkfLdax dks lefFkZr ugha djrkA cwfVax%&tc dEI;wVj dks fLop vkWu fd;k tkrk gS] rks QeZo;j izksxzke dsoy i<us ;ksX; eseksjh (ROM) s esa gksrk gS] ftls csfld buiqV vkmViqV flLVe (BIOS) Hkh dgk tkrk gS] izksxzke vkSj MkVk vFkkZr] vkWijsfVax flLVe dks i<rk gS vkSj bls eseksjh (RAM) esa yksM djrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks cwVLVªsfiax ¼cwfVax½ dgk tkrk gSA ,d ckj yksM djus ds ckn OS dEI;wVj dk fu;a=.k laHkky ysrk gS] vuqiz;ksx izksxzkeksa dks fu"ikfnr djrk gSA dksYM cwV%&ikoj vkWQ ls dEI;wVj dks fLop vkWu djuk vkSj fQj vkWijsfVax flLVe dks yksM djuk ^dksYM cwV* dgykrk gSA okWeZ cwV%&;fn dEI;wVj igys ls gh vkWu gS ;k gSax gks tkrk gS vkSj ;fn ge flLVe dks fQj ls cwV djuk ] rks ge flLVe ij ctrl+alt+del dqaft;ksa dks ,d lkFk nckdj ;k ^jhlsV* cVu dks nckdj okWeZ cwV djrs gSA ekbØkslkW¶V foaMkst ekbØkslkW¶V foaMkst ekbØkslkW¶V }kjk mRikfnr vkWijsfVax flLVe dh J`[kyk gSA foaMkst xzkfQdy ;wtj a baVjQsl (GUI)] eYVhVkfLdax iznku djrk gS vkSj dbZ ifj/kh; midj.kksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA laLdj.k& 1. 1982&1985% foaMkst 1-0%&blesa Mªki Mkmu esU;w] LØksy ckj] vk;dku] Mk;ykWx ckWDl] NksM+us vkSj iqu%vkjaHk fd, fcuk dbZ izksxzkeksa ds chp fLop djus dh lqfo/kk gSA blesa MS-DOS ds Qkby izca/ku] isaV] foaMkst jkbVj] uksViSM] dSydqysVj] ,d dSysaMj] dkMZ Qkby vkSj ?kM+h Hkh 'kkfey gS tks nSuafnu dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks fu;af=r djus esa vkidh lgk;rk djrs gSA 2. 1987&1992% foaMkst 2-0&2-11& vf/kd foaMkst] vf/kd xfr%&ekbØkslkW¶V us MsLdVkWi fpg~u vkSj foLrkfjr eseksjh okys foaMkst 2-0 dks foeksfpr fd;kA blesa ,d fodflr xzkfQd leFkZu] vksoj ySi rock_siraj@ymail.com
12.
foaMkst] LØhu ds
foU;kl dk fu;a=.k vkSj dhcksMZ 'kkWVZdV dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftlls vkids dk;Z esa rsth vk ldsaA 3. 1990&1991% foaMkst 3-0 foaMkst NT & xzkfQd izkIr djuk%& 4. 1995&2001% foaMkst 95% foMkst 95esa lcls igys izR;sd foaMks ds fy, LVkVZ esU;w] VkLd ckj vkSj ehfuekbt rFkk eSDlhekbt djus rFkk can djus ds cVu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA 5. 1998&2000% foaMkst 98] foaMkst 2000 6. 2006&2008% foaMkst foLVk& lqj{kk ds fy, LekVZ 7. 2009 & foaMkst 7 8. vDVwcj 2012 &foaMkst 8 ;wfuDl vkSj fyusDl (UNIX and Linux) 1969 esa AT&T Bell Labs. ds oSKkfud Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson vkSj Rudd Canaday ds xzqi us ;wfuDl vkWijsfVax flLVe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA 1991 esa AT&T Bell Labs esa ;wfuDl dk GUI otZu Linux ykWUp fd;kA rock_siraj@ymail.com
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