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Abstract — 30 to 40% of traffic jams are happening on
highways in the Netherlands due to sudden braking and
changing speeds [1]. These root causes are preventable if cars
are driven maintaining a stable speed with little brakes. In
order to drive without brakes, knowing in advance about traffic
conditions up ahead will help eliminate braking. In the other
words, you get notifications on decreasing or increasing your
speed by an internet connected application (app). The app
sends your current GPS coordinate [6] and speed to the server
and downloads the data on how the traffic around you behaves.
On that basis, the app continuously gives you speed advice for
your car. The system ensures that you can anticipate faster in
traffic and thus, drive more evenly. This work is a summary of
the research carried on for developing the system to improve
traffic flows on Dutch highways.
Keywords — on-board unit, speed profile, wifi-p, roadside unit,
roadside LAN, GPS, speed
I. INTRODUCTION
VAST of cars are raising up along with the development
of the population of a country. Although the Netherlands
is one of the smallest European country [2], the number of cars
per family is as many as the number of motorbikes per family
in Vietnam. The people often travel to work by car with a long
distance of more than 100 kilometers, which is considered very
normal in the Netherlands [3].
As a result, highway traffic jams are happening during peak
hours. According to the statistics of the research of the Dutch
Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment [1], traffic jams can
be reduced 30 to 40% if the chauffeurs brake less and change
driving lanes not regularly.
To prevent those actions, a research was carried out to develop
a system to give an optimal speed to the chauffeurs driving on
the roads through a smartphone. For achieving this, we first
need to get the current GPS coordinate [6], driving speed,
driving acceleration, previous brake moments, and driving
lanes of the cars. Then, the data will be gathered on the server,
called Back-office, analyzed and calculated in real-time to
provide back to the cars with an advised speed. The system
overview is given in Figure 1, which contains a number of
different communication protocols to support the data exchange
Submitted on: September 07, 2015. This work was carried on by the employees
of Sioux companies in the Netherlands and Vietnam; and was supported by the
Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment.
between the car and the Back-office server side:
 App to Back-office via 3G
 App to on-board car unit via USB
 On-board car unit to roadside via Wifi-P
Figure 1 - System Architecture
These protocols will be described in the following chapters.
II. APP TO BACK OFFICE VIA 3G
The app retrieves the current coordinate and speed from the
integrated GPS module in the phone. Per predefined interval,
the app will send these information together with the maximum
speed of the car (based on the configuration by the user) toward
the back-office server, which is session-less [9]; while the
session is on the phone.
Figure 2 - A speed profile
A speed profile, which contains minimum and maximum speed
of the driving lane and the advised speed, is returned from the
server. Figure 2 shows an example of providing different speeds
on different positions of the vehicle on the road.
Speed
[km/h]
Position [m]
PDEng. Huy Nguyen, MSc. Robert Hendriksen, BSc. AnhKhoa Nguyen, BSc. Henk Aarts, MSc. Frank Kusters & MSc. Quang Tran
IMPROVING HIGHWAY TRAFFIC FLOWS USING
SMART TECHNOLOGIES
A
III. APP TO ON-BOARD CAR UNIT VIA USB
Onboard Unit (OBU) is a Cohda Mk4 device [5]. The Cohda
Mk4 is conceptually similar to the Raspberry Pi [10]. It is a
single-board computer (ARM processor, 512 DDR RAM,
Linux, a CAN bus connector [11], Wifi-P radio [8], GPS
receiver) designed for automotive applications. The device is
mounted inside the car, which is called 'onboard unit' (OBU).
OBU facilitates more data to the phone than just GPS
coordinates and speed; in which we can see the supplied data in
Figure 3:
Figure 3 - Data outputs from Onboard Unit
The OBU not only addresses technical limitations of GPS
coverage and robustness of the integrated GPS module [12]
inside the phone but also provides other useful data such as:
lighting conditions, previous brake moments, accelerations and
driving lanes. OBU provides data to the phone via USB
connection. The app will also send these information toward the
server. This improves the calculations at the server side of not
only returning advised speed, but also advised driving lane and
the statistics of brakes on the current trip.
IV. ONBOARD CAR UNIT TO ROADSIDE VIA WIFI-P
In highway traffic scenarios, when a vehicle meets an
emergency event or behaves abnormally when confronted by
unexpected maneuver or major mechanical failure, it generates
emergency collision warning message and broadcasts it to all
vehicles within its platoon.
There are two main types of communicating message: vehicle
to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to roadside (V2R). V2R is chosen
to apply on the high way in the Netherlands.
Roadside Unit (RSU) [7] is a computing device located on the
roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicles.
They are set up every certain distance on the high road in
Holland. They help all the vehicles in their range communicate
with each other via Wifi-P [8]. The mechanism is illustrated in
Figure 4 below:
Figure 4 - Roadside LAN communication
With this add-on communication, in case there is a problem
with 3G or GPRS coverage on the roads or GPS technical issue,
this communication can support to transfer the data to the
server. However, implementing roadside protocol on the roads
involves a lot of costs and effort in installations, this is therefore
only applied at high traffic roads with weak 3G signal.
V. BACK-OFFICE SERVER FOR BIG DATA
At the Back-office server, there are huge volume of data
received from different sources: the Apps and roadsides. A
multi-distributed system [13] was developed, which is called
Big Data Analyzer, contains a lot of mathematic models,
routing algorithms and real-time analytic models. Formally, it
is known as a high quality decision maker running 24/7 with a
very high reliable up-time to deliver optimal advised speeds and
driving lanes on the roads for the chauffeurs based on a lot of
real case studies on traffic jams in the Netherlands like Figure
5.
Figure 5 - Case studies on traffic jams
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Around the world, we are working on ways to make traffic
faster, safer, more comfortable and sustainable. The
Netherlands is a leader in the development of traffic
communication techniques, in which vehicles communicate
with each other and work together to reduce congestion,
increase road capacity, improve comfort for the driver and
increase the safety. The goal of the project scope is to improve
traffic flow on the highways in the Netherlands. But the
ambitions go further: with the success of the project, the
partners of the project want to expand the services of the
projects to support other European countries.
VII. FUTURE WORKS
The results achieved so far have been promising after finishing
the testing phase in the Netherlands for a half year. However, a
number of components in the system still can be improved. The
app was first developed for Android and it can be ported on
other platforms such as: iOS and Windows phone so it brings
more flexible for choices for the users. The advantage of the
current app development facilitates the porting process as an
easy because Xamarin [4] technology was chosen. The Big
Data Analyzer was developed with a lot of effort and attention
to calculate the data in real-time situation. Based on the testing
results, there were still unexpected cases happening. It requires
more fine-tuning and optimizing the algorithms to improve the
robustness of the system.
REFERENCES
[1] Spookfiles A58, Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and
Environment
[2] Wikipedia, List of European countries by area. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by
_area
[3] M. Dijst, Academia Education, International comparison of
long-distance travel: United Kingdom and the Netherlands
[4] Xamarin, Building Cross Platform Applications. Available:
http://www.xamarin.com
[5] Cohda Wireless MK4 specification. Available:
http://cohdawireless.com/Portals/0/PDFs/CohdaWirelessMKX
SDK.pdf
[6] Garmin, What is GPS and how does it work? Available:
http://www8.garmin.com/aboutGPS/
[7] IGI Global, What is Roadside Unit? Available:
http://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/roadside-unit-rsu/37000
[8] EEE 1609, Family of Standards for Wireless Access in
Vehicular Environments (WAVE), U.S. Department of
Transportation, April 13, 2013.
[9] R. Zuasti, WebCodeGeeks, Developing Stateless (session-
less) web apps, October 24, 2014
[10] Raspberry Pi, A tiny computer. Available:
https://www.raspberrypi.org/
[11] CAN Bus. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus
[12] J. Artman, Small Business, Advantages and Disadvantages
of Cellphone Tracking
[13] M. Wooldridge, An Introduction to Multi-Agent Systems.
ISBN 0-471-49691-X, 2012

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ANET: Technical and Future Challenges with a Real Time Vehicular Traffic Simu...
 

2015.09.07 IMPROVING HIGHWAY TRAFFIC FLOWS USING SMART TECHNOLOGIES

  • 1. Abstract — 30 to 40% of traffic jams are happening on highways in the Netherlands due to sudden braking and changing speeds [1]. These root causes are preventable if cars are driven maintaining a stable speed with little brakes. In order to drive without brakes, knowing in advance about traffic conditions up ahead will help eliminate braking. In the other words, you get notifications on decreasing or increasing your speed by an internet connected application (app). The app sends your current GPS coordinate [6] and speed to the server and downloads the data on how the traffic around you behaves. On that basis, the app continuously gives you speed advice for your car. The system ensures that you can anticipate faster in traffic and thus, drive more evenly. This work is a summary of the research carried on for developing the system to improve traffic flows on Dutch highways. Keywords — on-board unit, speed profile, wifi-p, roadside unit, roadside LAN, GPS, speed I. INTRODUCTION VAST of cars are raising up along with the development of the population of a country. Although the Netherlands is one of the smallest European country [2], the number of cars per family is as many as the number of motorbikes per family in Vietnam. The people often travel to work by car with a long distance of more than 100 kilometers, which is considered very normal in the Netherlands [3]. As a result, highway traffic jams are happening during peak hours. According to the statistics of the research of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment [1], traffic jams can be reduced 30 to 40% if the chauffeurs brake less and change driving lanes not regularly. To prevent those actions, a research was carried out to develop a system to give an optimal speed to the chauffeurs driving on the roads through a smartphone. For achieving this, we first need to get the current GPS coordinate [6], driving speed, driving acceleration, previous brake moments, and driving lanes of the cars. Then, the data will be gathered on the server, called Back-office, analyzed and calculated in real-time to provide back to the cars with an advised speed. The system overview is given in Figure 1, which contains a number of different communication protocols to support the data exchange Submitted on: September 07, 2015. This work was carried on by the employees of Sioux companies in the Netherlands and Vietnam; and was supported by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment. between the car and the Back-office server side:  App to Back-office via 3G  App to on-board car unit via USB  On-board car unit to roadside via Wifi-P Figure 1 - System Architecture These protocols will be described in the following chapters. II. APP TO BACK OFFICE VIA 3G The app retrieves the current coordinate and speed from the integrated GPS module in the phone. Per predefined interval, the app will send these information together with the maximum speed of the car (based on the configuration by the user) toward the back-office server, which is session-less [9]; while the session is on the phone. Figure 2 - A speed profile A speed profile, which contains minimum and maximum speed of the driving lane and the advised speed, is returned from the server. Figure 2 shows an example of providing different speeds on different positions of the vehicle on the road. Speed [km/h] Position [m] PDEng. Huy Nguyen, MSc. Robert Hendriksen, BSc. AnhKhoa Nguyen, BSc. Henk Aarts, MSc. Frank Kusters & MSc. Quang Tran IMPROVING HIGHWAY TRAFFIC FLOWS USING SMART TECHNOLOGIES A
  • 2. III. APP TO ON-BOARD CAR UNIT VIA USB Onboard Unit (OBU) is a Cohda Mk4 device [5]. The Cohda Mk4 is conceptually similar to the Raspberry Pi [10]. It is a single-board computer (ARM processor, 512 DDR RAM, Linux, a CAN bus connector [11], Wifi-P radio [8], GPS receiver) designed for automotive applications. The device is mounted inside the car, which is called 'onboard unit' (OBU). OBU facilitates more data to the phone than just GPS coordinates and speed; in which we can see the supplied data in Figure 3: Figure 3 - Data outputs from Onboard Unit The OBU not only addresses technical limitations of GPS coverage and robustness of the integrated GPS module [12] inside the phone but also provides other useful data such as: lighting conditions, previous brake moments, accelerations and driving lanes. OBU provides data to the phone via USB connection. The app will also send these information toward the server. This improves the calculations at the server side of not only returning advised speed, but also advised driving lane and the statistics of brakes on the current trip. IV. ONBOARD CAR UNIT TO ROADSIDE VIA WIFI-P In highway traffic scenarios, when a vehicle meets an emergency event or behaves abnormally when confronted by unexpected maneuver or major mechanical failure, it generates emergency collision warning message and broadcasts it to all vehicles within its platoon. There are two main types of communicating message: vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to roadside (V2R). V2R is chosen to apply on the high way in the Netherlands. Roadside Unit (RSU) [7] is a computing device located on the roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicles. They are set up every certain distance on the high road in Holland. They help all the vehicles in their range communicate with each other via Wifi-P [8]. The mechanism is illustrated in Figure 4 below: Figure 4 - Roadside LAN communication With this add-on communication, in case there is a problem with 3G or GPRS coverage on the roads or GPS technical issue, this communication can support to transfer the data to the server. However, implementing roadside protocol on the roads involves a lot of costs and effort in installations, this is therefore only applied at high traffic roads with weak 3G signal. V. BACK-OFFICE SERVER FOR BIG DATA At the Back-office server, there are huge volume of data received from different sources: the Apps and roadsides. A multi-distributed system [13] was developed, which is called Big Data Analyzer, contains a lot of mathematic models, routing algorithms and real-time analytic models. Formally, it is known as a high quality decision maker running 24/7 with a very high reliable up-time to deliver optimal advised speeds and driving lanes on the roads for the chauffeurs based on a lot of real case studies on traffic jams in the Netherlands like Figure 5. Figure 5 - Case studies on traffic jams VI. CONCLUSIONS Around the world, we are working on ways to make traffic faster, safer, more comfortable and sustainable. The Netherlands is a leader in the development of traffic communication techniques, in which vehicles communicate with each other and work together to reduce congestion, increase road capacity, improve comfort for the driver and increase the safety. The goal of the project scope is to improve traffic flow on the highways in the Netherlands. But the ambitions go further: with the success of the project, the
  • 3. partners of the project want to expand the services of the projects to support other European countries. VII. FUTURE WORKS The results achieved so far have been promising after finishing the testing phase in the Netherlands for a half year. However, a number of components in the system still can be improved. The app was first developed for Android and it can be ported on other platforms such as: iOS and Windows phone so it brings more flexible for choices for the users. The advantage of the current app development facilitates the porting process as an easy because Xamarin [4] technology was chosen. The Big Data Analyzer was developed with a lot of effort and attention to calculate the data in real-time situation. Based on the testing results, there were still unexpected cases happening. It requires more fine-tuning and optimizing the algorithms to improve the robustness of the system. REFERENCES [1] Spookfiles A58, Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment [2] Wikipedia, List of European countries by area. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by _area [3] M. Dijst, Academia Education, International comparison of long-distance travel: United Kingdom and the Netherlands [4] Xamarin, Building Cross Platform Applications. Available: http://www.xamarin.com [5] Cohda Wireless MK4 specification. Available: http://cohdawireless.com/Portals/0/PDFs/CohdaWirelessMKX SDK.pdf [6] Garmin, What is GPS and how does it work? Available: http://www8.garmin.com/aboutGPS/ [7] IGI Global, What is Roadside Unit? Available: http://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/roadside-unit-rsu/37000 [8] EEE 1609, Family of Standards for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), U.S. Department of Transportation, April 13, 2013. [9] R. Zuasti, WebCodeGeeks, Developing Stateless (session- less) web apps, October 24, 2014 [10] Raspberry Pi, A tiny computer. Available: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ [11] CAN Bus. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus [12] J. Artman, Small Business, Advantages and Disadvantages of Cellphone Tracking [13] M. Wooldridge, An Introduction to Multi-Agent Systems. ISBN 0-471-49691-X, 2012