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National income accounting
1.
National Income Accounting
Unit I PPT 2 17-01-2010 1 © meenal jagtap
2.
Introduction • It is
necessary to measure the total output and income generated in an economy….why? • Because only then we can make out that whether the economy is growing or not! • A increase in real GNP ( a measure of total output in the economy) indicates economic growth. 17-01-2010 2 © meenal jagtap
3.
Basic Concepts • GNP
( Gross National Product) at market prices: Is defined as the aggregate of market value of final goods & services produced by an economy within a period of one year • Market value: means the price at which it is sold in the market • Final goods: those goods that are not going through any further value addition and are sold as such in the market. 17-01-2010 3 © meenal jagtap
4.
GNP.. • Whereas intermediate
goods are those which are used for resale or for further processing. E.g Cotton is an intermediate good while shirt made with this cotton is a final good, fertilizer & wheat?...any guesses? • Non productive transactions must be excluded from calculation of GNP. 17-01-2010 4 © meenal jagtap
5.
GNP • Non productive
transactions are those financial transactions corresponding to which any productive activity is not taking place and in these transactions, money only exchanges hands e.g sale & purchase of shares & stocks, gifts, old age pensions, unemployment allowances etc. • GNP is usually calculated for a period of one year. • It is a sum total of all goods & services produced by citizens of an economy, whether within the boundaries of that country or outside. E.g the incomes earned by Indian nationals while working abroad will be included in the calculation of GNP. 17-01-2010 5 © meenal jagtap
6.
GDP • It is
defined as the market value of aggregate goods & services produced within the boundaries of a country during a period of one year. • GNP at mp – (Net exports or net factor income from abroad) = GDP at mp. • Net Exports = Exports – Imports • Exports means sale of domestically produced products outside the economy. 17-01-2010 6 © meenal jagtap
7.
GDP • On the
other hand, Imports are produced outside but sold within the boundaries of a country. • If what we receive from abroad is greater than what we pay abroad , then GNP > GDP 17-01-2010 7 © meenal jagtap
8.
NNP at market
prices • NNP at mp = GNP at mp – Depreciation • Depreciation refers to the wear & tear of capital assets. • In National Income Accounting, depreciation is usually referred to as Capital Consumption Allowance ( CCA) 17-01-2010 8 © meenal jagtap
9.
NNP at factor
Cost or National Income (NY or NI or Y) • National Income at factor cost is the aggregate of all incomes earned by the factors of production for their contribution of land, labor, capital & entrepreneurial ability which go into the year’s net production. • It is the income that all the factors of production receive for their services rendered during the year. 17-01-2010 9 © meenal jagtap
10.
NNP at factor
cost or National Income (NY or NI or Y) • NNP fc = NNP mp – Indirect taxes + Subsidies • NNP mp is the market value of G&S. However, the whole of this market value does not get transferred to FOP in the form of incomes. • Indirect taxes, which form a part of the market value of G&S gets transferred from the seller to the Govt. and therefore does not form a part of the factor incomes. 17-01-2010 10 © meenal jagtap
11.
NNP at factor
cost or National Income (NY or NI or Y) • Subsidies have to be added to NNP mp because it is a price which the Govt. pays to the manufacturer to keep the prices low for consumers. • Therefore, it forms a part of factor incomes as it is transferred by manufacturer to the FOP 17-01-2010 11 © meenal jagtap
12.
Personal Income • It
is the income that is received by the individuals , whether earned or un earned. • So, from the NY, we subs tract those incomes which are not received by them. • PI = NY – ( corporate taxes + Corporate retained earnings/undistributed corporate profits + social security contributions)+ transfer payments 17-01-2010 12 © meenal jagtap
13.
Personal Income • Transfer
Payments : These are payments received by individuals for which they do not have to provide any productive service in return e.g pensions, scholarships, unemployment allowances etc. 17-01-2010 13 © meenal jagtap
14.
Disposable Income or
Personal Disposable Income • It is the income which is received by the individuals & is at their disposal for spending. • PDI = PI – direct taxes • Direct taxes have to be paid compulsorily by individuals, only the residual income can be spent by them. 17-01-2010 14 © meenal jagtap
15.
Discretionary Income • It
is defined as the income which the individuals can spend at their own discretion, i.e at their free will. • DI = Disposable income – compulsory savings & loan installments. 17-01-2010 15 © meenal jagtap
16.
Per Capita Income •
It is defined as the average earnings or income of an individual in a particular country in a year. • Per capita income = National Income (2010) Population in 2010 17-01-2010 16 © meenal jagtap
17.
Private Income • It
is the income obtained by individuals from any source, and the retained income of corporations. • Private income = NNP f c + TP + interest on public debt + corporate retained earnings + savings of Govt. undertakings. • OR • Private Income = PI + corporate taxes+ corporate retained earnings 17-01-2010 17 © meenal jagtap
18.
Nominal & Real
National Income • National Income or product calculated at current prices is called Nominal Income. • It is the money value of all final G&S measured at current prices produced by a country during one year. • However, if there is inflation, the nominal value of national income will increase even if there is no actual growth in the output or income. 17-01-2010 18 © meenal jagtap
19.
Nominal & Real
National Income • So, during inflation the nominal value of NI will be increasing even when there is no real increase in the output. • To overcome this discrepancy and to make the NI data comparable over time, we calculate NI or GDP or GNP at constant prices. • NI at constant prices or at base year’s prices is known as Real National Income 17-01-2010 19 © meenal jagtap
20.
Nominal & Real
National Income • To calculate NI at constant prices ,we chose a base year, which is taken as a benchmark against which all prices are compared. • For e.g if we want to compare GNP of 2010 with GNP of 2004, we will calculate GNP of 2010 at 2004’s prices. In this case 2004 will be the base year! 17-01-2010 20 © meenal jagtap
21.
Nominal & Real
National Income • The formula to convert the NI at current prices to the constant prices ( of the base year) is as follows: NI at constant prices =NI at current prices * 100 Price Index for current year 17-01-2010 21 © meenal jagtap
22.
GDP Deflator • The
GDP deflator is calculated as follows: Nominal GDP GDP deflator = × 100 Real GDP In GDP deflator, we compare the base year price index with current year price index. So, GDP of constant prices = Nominal GDP GDP deflator 17-01-2010 22 © meenal jagtap
23.
Calculating NI at
Constant prices (Question) NY at current Price Index NY at Year prices No. (base constant year 2006 = prices 100) 2006 500 100 500 2007 525 105 ? 2008 570 112 ? 2009 610 120 ? 2010 17-01-2010 680 130 ? 23 © meenal jagtap
24.
Answers to Question 2007
500 2008 508.93 2009 508.33 2010 523.08 17-01-2010 24 © meenal jagtap
25.
Methods to Measure
National Income • Different measurements of national income viz., GNP, GDP, NNP or NY can be calculated with three different methods, which are: • Expenditure or Spending method • Income method • Production method 17-01-2010 25 © meenal jagtap
26.
Spending Approach • The
spending approach divides GDP into four areas: • households (consumption) (C) • businesses (investment) (I) • government (G) and • foreigners (net exports) (X-IM). 17-01-2010 26 © meenal jagtap
27.
Spending Approach • Therefore,
GNP = C + I + G + ( X- M) • C stands for Private Consumption expenditure. It is the expenditure on consumer durable goods & single use goods. • I stands for Investment expenditure or “Gross Domestic Private Investment”. It is the expenditure made by private enterprises on new investment & replacement of old capital. There are two components to it – (i) Fixed investment, (ii) Change in inventories. 17-01-2010 27 © meenal jagtap
28.
Spending Method • G
refers to the expenditure that the Govt. incurs on purchase of goods & services. • X-M is the net exports or the export surplus 17-01-2010 28 © meenal jagtap
29.
Income Method • GNP
= Wages & salaries + Rent + Interest+ Dividends + Undistributed corporate profits + Mixed Incomes +Net income from abroad • Mixed Incomes or Composite Income means a combination of any of the above incomes. 17-01-2010 29 © meenal jagtap
30.
Mixed Incomes • EXAMPLE
: • A small grocer has set up his grocery shop in one portion of his house & has put his own money as capital. He & his family members work in the same house. In this case, the total income recd by that grocer consists of rent, wages, interest & profit. Such types of income are known as Mixed Incomes 17-01-2010 30 © meenal jagtap
31.
The production approach •
The production approach looks at GDP from the standpoint of value added by each input in the production process. • The three approaches--spending, income, and production– (should) result in equivalent values for GDP. 17-01-2010 31 © meenal jagtap
32.
Production Approach /
Value Added • While taking the aggregate value of output of G &S for the whole economy, we must avoid “Double Counting”. • It can be avoided by taking the value addition for each stage of production or by taking the final G&S produced. 17-01-2010 32 © meenal jagtap
33.
Value Addition Method Stage
of Prod. Final Value Value Added Sale of Wheat 100 100 Sale of flour 150 Sale of Bread 300 150 Sale by 350 Wholeseller Sale by retailer 400 Bread sold at Rs. ? ? 17-01-2010 33 © meenal jagtap
34.
Question 1 • GNP
= C+I+G+(X-M) = (1150 – 155) +150+25+125+(-20) = 1275 17-01-2010 34 © meenal jagtap
35.
Question 2 • GNP
mp = C+I+G+(X-M) = 50,000+5000+4500+500+(800 – 600) = 60,200 GNP mp = GDP mp + NFIA 60200 = GDP + 500 = 60,700 17-01-2010 35 © meenal jagtap
36.
Problems in calculation
of National Income 17-01-2010 36 © meenal jagtap
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