3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think”
(Oxford dictionary)
• AI is the study of how to make computers make things
which at the moment people do better.
• Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object,
Intuition, Inferencing, Learning new skills, Decision
making, Abstract thinking.
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6. Specific characteristics of intelligent behavior:
– Learn from experience and apply the knowledge acquired from
experience.
– Handle complex situations.
– Solve problems when important information is missing.
– Determine what is important.
– React quickly and correctly to a new situation.
– Understand visual images.
– Process and manipulate symbols.
– Be creative and imaginative.
– Use heuristics.
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7. 4 Views of AI
Think like humans Think rationally
Act like humans Act rationally
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8. Turing Test
(developed by Alan Turing, a British Mathematician)
attempts to determine whether the
responses from a computer with
intelligent behavior are indistinguishable
from responses from a human.
9. Games
1950 Claude Shannon published a paper describing how
a computer could play chess.
1952-1962 Art Samuel built the first checkers program
1957 a chess program was written by Alex Bernstein at MIT
for an IBM 704.
Newell and Simon predicted that a computer will
beat a human at chess within 10 years.
1967 MacHack was good enough to achieve a class-C
rating in tournament chess.
1994 Chinook became the world checkers champion
1997 Deep Blue beat Kasparpov
2007 Checkers is solved
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10. The difference between Natural and Artificial Intelligence
Attributes Natural Artificial
Intelligence Intelligence
(Human) (Machine)
The ability to use sensors (eyes, ears, touch, smell) HIGH LOW
The ability to be creative and imaginative HIGH LOW
The ability to learn from experience HIGH LOW
The ability to be adaptive HIGH LOW
The ability to afford the cost of acquiring intelligence HIGH LOW
The ability to use a variety of information source HIGH HIGH
The ability to acquire large amount of external information HIGH HIGH
The ability to make complex calculations LOW HIGH
The ability to transfer information LOW HIGH
The ability to make a series of calculations rapidly and accurately LOW HIGH
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11. Major Branches of AI
– Perceptive system
• A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and
feels objects
– Robotics
– Vision system
– Natural language processing
– Neural network
– Expert system
– Learning system
Schematic
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12. Major Branches of
Artificial Intelligence
VISION LEARNING
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
ROBOTICS
EXPERT
SYSTEMS
NEURAL
NATURAL LANGUAGE NETWORKS
PROCESSING
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13. Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence
1. Robotics
Involve developing mechanical or
computer devices that perform
tasks requiring a high degree of
precision or that are hazardous for
humans.
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14. 2. Vision Systems
Include hardware and software
that permit computers to
capture, store, and manipulate
visual images and pictures.
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15. 3. Natural language processing
Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a
“natural” language, such as English.
4. Learning system
Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback.
5. Neural network
Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human
brain.
6. Expert Systems
Consists of hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences,
similar to a human expert.
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16. What if Technology goes beyond control ?
• The Matrix (Series)
• Terminator (Series)
• Transformers (Series)
• Robot
• Startrek
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17. Laws of Robots
• stated by Isaac Asimov
• First Law:
A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
• Second Law:
A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except
where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
• Third Law:
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
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18. Ethics of AI
– People might lose their jobs to automation.
– People might lose their sense of being unique.
– People might lose some of their privacy rights.
– The use of AI systems might result in a loss of
accountability.
– The success of AI might mean the end of the human
race.
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19. AI Applications
AI techniques are used in many common applications; just a sample
– Intelligent user interfaces
– Search Engines
– Spell/grammar checkers
– Context sensitive help systems
– Medical diagnosis systems
– Regulating/Controlling hardware devices and processes (e.g, in automobiles)
– Voice/image recognition (more generally, pattern recognition)
– Scheduling systems (airlines, hotels, manufacturing)
– Error detection/correction in electronic communication
– Program verification / compiler and programming language design
– Web search engines / Web spiders
– Web personalization and Recommender systems (collaborative/content filtering)
– Personal agents
– Customer relationship management
– Credit card verification in e-commerce / fraud detection
– Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases
– Computer games
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