This document provides an overview of key concepts and methods for evaluating programs, including: 1. SWOT analysis, the steps in program evaluation, milestone charts, Gantt charts, PERT, critical path method, Bennett's hierarchy of evaluation, and the logical framework approach. 2. It describes each method at a high level - for example, that SWOT analysis identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and that the critical path method uses mathematical calculations to schedule project activities. 3. Bennett's hierarchy presents a logic model for educational programs with 7 steps from inputs to end results, showing how the program causes changes in knowledge and practice.

1. Concept of Evaluation
Course : Monitioring , Evaluation and Impact Assessment
(FEX -506)
Presented by
Shafiya Zahoor
MSFY-2022-176
Course in Charge
Dr Hanuman L. Verma
Assistant professor

2. Contents
SWOT Analysis
Steps in Programme Evaluation
Milestone Chart
Gantt Chart
Programme Evaluation And Review Technique
Critical Path Method
Bennett’s Hierarchy of Evaluation
Logical Framework Approach

3. SWOT analysis is a framework for identifying
and analyzing an organization ‘s strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats. These
words make up the SWOT acronym.
The primary goal of SWOT analysis is to
increase awareness of the factors that go into
making a business decision or establishing a
business strategy.
Technique is credited to Stanford University in
the 1960s and 1970s.
SWOT
Analysis
strength
weakness
threats
opportunities
What is SWOT Analysis

4. A strength is a resource or capacity the organization can use effectively to achieve its objectives.
Strength describes what an organization excels at and what separates it from the competition: a strong
brand ,loyal customer base, a strong balance sheet ,unique technology and so on .
A weakness is a limitation, fault, or defect in the organization that will keep it from achieving its
objectives. They are the areas where the business needs to improve to remain competitive : a weak
brand, higher-than- average turnover, higher level of debt, an inadequate supply chain ,or lack of capital.
An opportunity is any favorable situation in the organization's environment. It is usually a trend or change
of some kind or an overlooked need that increases demand for a product or service and permits the firm
to enhance its position by supplying it .Opportunities could arise from changes in the market, emerging
trends, new technologies, partnership etc.
A threat is any unfavorable situation in the organization's environment that is potentially damaging to its
strategy. The threat may be a barrier, a constraint, or anything external that might cause problems,
damage or injury .For example rising cost for material, increasing competition ,tight labor supply and so
on.

5. According to Boyle and Johns :
Programme evaluation is determination of the extent to which the desired
objectives have been attained or the amount of movement that has been made
in the desired direction .
Programme evaluation

6. Steps in programme evaluation
Step 1 : Define the Purpose and Scope :
Clearly articulate the objectives of the evaluation and the specific aspects of the program to be assessed.
Identify the stakeholders involved and their information needs.
Step 2 :Engage Stakeholders:
Involve key stakeholders in the evaluation process from the beginning. Understand their perspectives,
expectations, and concerns about the program.
Step 3 :Develop a Logic Model or Theory of Change :
Create a visual representation of the program’s components, activities, outputs, outcomes, and intended
impacts. This helps to clarify the program’s theory of how it will bring about desired changes.
Step 4 :Determine Evaluation Questions :
Based on the program’s objectives and logic model, develop specific evaluation questions that will guide the
data collection and analysis.
Step 5 :Select Evaluation Design :
Choose the appropriate evaluation design that fits the program’s context and resources. Common designs
include pre-post evaluations, quasi-experimental designs, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

7. Step 6 :Develop Data Collection Methods
Determine the data sources and methods to be used for data collection. This can include surveys,
interviews, focus groups, observations, and reviewing existing data.
Step 7 : Collect Data:
Implement the data collection plan and gather relevant information from the program participants,
staff, and other relevant sources.
Step 8 :Analyze Data:
Use appropriate statistical and qualitative analysis techniques to interpret the data collected and
answer the evaluation questions.
Step 9 :Interpret Findings:
Analyze the evaluation results in the context of the program’s goals and objectives. Identify
strengths, weaknesses, successes, and areas for improvement.
Step 10 :Communicate Results:
Present the evaluation findings in a clear and meaningful way to stakeholders. Provide
actionable recommendations based on the results of the evaluation.

8. Milestone chart
Milestones are the check points .They show your team
when an activity or phase has been completed.
Milestones simplify your role as the project manager.
They motivate and align your team members while
showing your stakeholders that the project is
progressing .

9. A milestone chart is a visual representation of the task your team needs to
complete through the project .Once these specific tasks are completed ,they turn
into milestone.

10. Step 1 : Define project goal
Create a rough timeline and define your project goal and objectives.
Step 2 : Create task list
Write down all the project task in chronological order.
Step 3 : Identify milestone
Milestone are powerful because they demonstrate forward progress in your project
plan.
Step 4 : Create your timeline
Assemble your timeline. Define dependencies and adjust phases to ensure that they
won’t cause any bottlenecks.
Step 5 : Share time line
Ask your team for feedback and adjust the timeline to prevent issue later on.
Step 6 : Add documentation
Add files ,notes to your timeline during the project lifecycle to make relevant
information accessible to everyone on your team.
Step 7 : Celebrate milestone
Acknowledge when your team reaches a new milestone by celebrating them.
How to create a Milestone chart step by step

11. A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project scheduled
,named after its inventor Henry Gantt who designed such a chart around
the year 1910 -1915.
This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis ,and time
interval on the horizontal axis.
The width of the horizontal bars in the graph shows the duration of each
activity
It illustrates the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and
summary elements of each project
Gantt Chart

12. Gantt charts help visualize various tasks and projects that
occur simultaneously within an organization, and how far
along they have progressed .
They are used by management to plan and schedule such projects so
that resources can be allocated in an optimal way and that projects
that are prioritized can finish before less important ones begin.
What are Gantt chart used for…

13. Project Evaluation and Review Technique (pert)

14. Creating a PERT Chart

15. Benefitsof using PERT in projectmanagement:
1. It helps maximize the use of resources.
2. It makes project planning more manageable.
3. It’s useful even if there is little or no previous schedule data.
4. It enables project managers to better estimate or determine a more definite
completion date .
5. Useful for managing uncertainty.

16. 1
2
3
4
5
6 8
7
2 weeks
12 weeks
2 weeks 12 weeks
Nodes represent project events .These events are the large components that make up project.
Tasks ( a )are what need to be completed in order for your nodes to be implemented.
Dependencies ( )is when a task is connected to another task .These tasks rely on one another and
cannot be completed without the other.
20 weeks
PERT Chart
12 weeks

17. Critical pathmethod(CPM)
Critical path is a sequence of activities between a project start and
finish that takes the longest time to complete .
Critical path method is based on mathematical calculations and it is
used for scheduling project activities .
The CPM was first developed in the 1950’s by Morgan R. walker of
DuPont (chemical Company )and James E. Kelley of Remington Rand
( Machine Manufacturer).
It was first used in a missile-defense construction project .

18. Finding the critical path is very helpful for project managers
because it allows them to:
1.

19. Bennett's Hierarchy is a type of logic model tailored for programs that provide
information or education.
Bennett’s Hierarchy describes seven steps that are necessary to get from input (the first
step) to impact (the final step).
Step 1
Inputs: These are the resources to be used for the program. i.e. What you are giving?
Step 2
Activities: This is a description of what you will be doing.
Step 3
Participation: This is a description of two things. First, who is the target audience?
Second, how many people are participating, for how long, how often, etc.? e.g. scope,
frequency, duration, intensity.
Step 4
Reactions: This is a description of what the participants immediate reactions should be
to the program. Did they find the program interesting, enjoyable, informative, etc.? You
can also call this the participant’s experience.
Bennett’s Hierarchy of Evaluation

21. 1. Inputs
2. Programme and activities
3. Programme delivery and client participation
4. Client’s reactions/satisfactions
5. Changes in Knowledge ,attitudes ,skills and aspirations
6. Change in practice
7. End results (improved social, economical and
environmental condition )
Bennett’s hierarchy – chain of events in extension programming

22.  An LFA is a management tool for effective planning and implementation of
developmental projects. It provides clear, concise and systematic information
about a project through a framework.
We know about various components of a project such as goal, objectives,
activities, results and indicators. The LFA helps in connecting all these components
in one framework, presenting the tight relationship between them, leading to the
achievement of the expected outcomes.
Logical framework approach (LFA)

23. During initial stages, it can be used to test project
ideas and concepts for relevance and usefulness.
It guides systematic and logical analysis of the key
interrelated elements that constitute a well-
designed project .
It defines linkages between the project and
external factors.
Advantage Disadvantage

24. Butt,H .W (1961). Principles and Philosophy of Extension Education .In Extension Education in Community
Development, New Delhi, Directorate of Extensions , Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Government.
ICA (1984).Learning and Education Process, the IERD Co-ordination Centre, Rue Amedee Lymen Stroat,
8,1030.Brussels,Belgium.
Misra D.C (1990). Defining Agricultural Extension for 1990’s. Directorate of Extension New Delhi.
Van den Ban and Hawkins H.s (1998). Agricultural Extension Longman Scientific Tectorial Essex ,UK 1988.