1. 1 91 4-1 91
8:
Th e World
at War

2. Differing Viewpoints
 “Family Feud”
 “The War to End All Wars”
 “The War to ‘Make the
World Safe for Democracy’”

3. C au s e s
of th e
War

4. MAIN-IM
 Militarism & military
planning
 Alliance System
 Imperialism
 Nationalism
 Intellectual Context
 Mass Politics

5. Family Feud!
 Most of the Monarchs of Europe were
related by blood somehow.
 Queen Victoria was Tsar Nicholas’s Aunt,
Kaiser Wilhelm’s grandmother, and many
others were related.
 This led to complications with loyalties
and alliances in strained diplomatic times.

6. 1. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%

7. 2. The Alliance System
Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

8. Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Face-off

9. The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]

10. Europe in 1914

11. 3. Imperial Rivalries

12. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

13. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe

14. Th e
“ S p ark”
th at b e gan
E ve ryth ing

15. Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand & His Family

16. The Assassination: 1914
Sarajevo

17. The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip, Black
Hand Serbian
militant
nationalist group

18. Who’s To Blame?

19. The Schlieffen Plan

20. Schlieffen Plan-August 1914
 The German War Plan
 To defeat France militarily through Belgium in less than
a month, and then turn attentions to Russia
 Germans sent 78 infantry divisions into France. Met by
72 French divisions
 Germans won initially./Then Russians came in and
distracted and separated the troops.
 British troops also came in against the Germans.
 The Battle of The Marne followed in September.

21. German Atrocities in Belgium

22. Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
It's a long way to Tipperary,
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!

23. Recruitment Posters

24. A Young Australian Recruit

25. Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
Austro-
Hungarians

26. New French Recruits

27. A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier

28. Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
10
Millions
8
6
4
2
0
France Germany Russia Britain

29. Wom e n
and th e
War
E ffort

30. Financing the War

31. For Recruitment

32. Munitions Workers

33. French Women Factory
Workers

34. German Women Factory Workers

35. Working in the Fields

36. A Woman Ambulance Driver

37. Red Cross Nurses

38. Women in the Army Auxiliary

39. Russian Women Soldiers

40. Spies
Ì “Mata Hari”
Ì Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
Ì German Spy!

41. Women in Action

42. Pos te rs :
Wartim e
P rop agand
a

43. Australian Poster

44. American Poster

45. Financing the War

46. German Poster
Think of Your Children!

47. Th e We s te rn
Front:
A “ War of
Attrition ”

48. A Multi-Front War

49. The Battle of the Marne Sept. 1914
 The Schleiffen Plan
destroyed! The idea
of defeating France in
6 weeks was crushed
when the Germans
were forced to retreat.
 At the River Marne in
France, trenches were
dug along on both
sides 300 miles and
eventually caused a
stalemate with years
of trench warfare
following.

50. The Taxi Brigade
 Paris taxis transport
6,000 French troops to
the front for the Battle of
the Marne.
 Communications and
transport not all up and
running enough to
transport soldiers to front
line trenches.