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"The Creator gathered all of creation and said,
'I want to hide something from the humans until they are Ready for it.
        It is the Realization that They Create their Own Reality.'
        The eagle said, 'Give it to me, I will take it to the moon.'
      The Creator said, 'No. One day they will go there and find it.'
       The salmon said, 'I will hide it on the bottom of the ocean.'
                        'No. They will go there too.'
            The buffalo said, 'I will bury it on the Great Plains.'
   Then Grand-mother Mole, who lives in the breast of Mother Earth,
       and who has no physical eyes but sees with spiritual eyes,
                          said, 'Put it Inside them.'
             And the creator said, 'It is done.' " -Sioux Legend
Why Do People Learn a
               Second/Foreign Language?
•   Here are a few suggestions:
•   Fulfill school/university requirements
•   Function and compete effectively in the global economy of today and the future
•   Increase job opportunities and salary potential
•   Develop intercultural sensitivity, increasing global understanding
•   Improve English vocabulary and language proficiency in order to communicate with members of
    that language community.
•   Improve critical and creative thinking skills
•   Improve one's education
•   Enhance travel and study abroad opportunities
•   Enjoy great literary and musical masterpieces and films in their original language
•   Improve likelihood of acceptance into university and graduate schools
•   Increase understanding of people in own country
•   Gain social power (prestige)
•   Have a secret code
•   Please one's parents
•   Any other reason(s)?
•   After all, we, as teachers, need to find the student's motives so that we can accommodate them.
Definitions of L2
• It is crucial here to mention the difference between a Second and a
  Foreign language, which are both referred to as L2.

• People who are living in an English-speaking community/country are
  learning English as their SECOND language. "The learner of the second
  language is surrounded by stimulation, both visual and auditory, in the
  target language and thus has many motivational and instructional
  advantages." (Oxford & Shearin, 1994)
• As for those who are not living in an English-speaking community/country,
  they are learning English as a FOREIGN language. "Foreign language
  learners are surrounded by their own native language and have to go out
  of their way to find stimulation and input in the target language. These
  students typically receive input in the new language only in the classroom
  and by artificial means, no matter how talented the teacher is." (Oxford &
  Shearin, 1994)
Good L2 Learners
Research has shown that the use of specific learning strategies & techniques while studying a second or
foreign language leads to success. "The conscious, tailored use of such strategies is related to language
achievement and proficiency. (Oxford, 1994)
Some of those strategies:

•   Rubin (1975) suggested that good L2 learners

      –   are willing and accurate guessers;
      –   have a strong drive to communicate;
      –   are often uninhibited, and if they are, they combat inhibition by using positive self-talk, by extensive use of
          practicing in private, and by putting themselves in situations where they have to participate
          communicatively.
      –   are willing to make mistakes;
      –   focus on form by looking for patterns and analyzing;
      –   take advantage of all practice opportunities;
      –   monitor their speech as well as that of others;
      –   and pay attention to meaning.
One of the factors that influence the choice of strategies used among students learning a
second/foreign language is Motivation. More motivated students tend to use more strategies than less
motivated students, hence, they tend to be more successful. (Oxford, 1990a)
Definitions of Motivation
•   However simple and easy the word "motivation" might appear, it is in fact very difficult to
    define. It seems to have been impossible for theorists to reach consensus on a single
    definition.
•   Here are a few that I have found in the literature:
•   According to the Webster's, to motivate means to provide with a motive, a need or desire
    that causes a person to act.
•   According to Gardner (1985), motivation is concerned with the question, "Why does an
    organism behave as it does?
•   Motivation involves 4 aspects:
     – A Goal
     – An Effort
     – A Desire to attain the goal
     – Favorable Attitude toward the activity in question.
•   Motivation is also defined as the impetus to create and sustain intentions and goal-seeking
    acts (Ames & Ames, 1989). It is important because it determines the extent of the learner's
    active involvement and attitude toward learning. (Ngeow, Karen Yeok-Hwa, 1998)
Sources of Motivation
• "Without knowing where the roots of motivation
  lie, how can teachers water those roots?"
• (Oxford & Shearin, 1994- p.15)
  – Educational psychologists point to three major
    sources of motivation in learning (Fisher, 1990):
  – The learner’s natural interest: intrinsic satisfaction
  – The teacher/institution/employment: extrinsic reward
  – Success in the task: combining satisfaction and reward
Becoming İnspired by Great Quotes




"While teachers and school systems have drawn on both of the first two sources of motivation,
 the third source is perhaps under-exploited in language teaching. This is the simple fact of
  success, and the effect that this has on our view of what we do. As human beings, we generally
 like what we do well, and are therefore more likely to do it again, and put in more effort . . .
In the classroom, this can mean that students who develop an image of
 themselves as ‘no good at English’ will simply avoid situations which tell them what they already
 know – that they aren’t any good at English. Feelings of failure, particularly early on in a
 student’s school career, can therefore lead to a downward spiral of a self- perception of low
 ability – low motivation – low effort – low achievement – low motivation – low achievement, and
 so on.
Motivational Flow Chart
Source of Motivational Needs (1)
behavioral/external
• elicited by stimulus associated/ connected to
  innately connected stimulus
• obtain desired, pleasant consequences
  (rewards) or escape/avoid undesired,
  unpleasant consequences
• imitate positive models
Source of Motivational Needs (2)
Biological
• increase/decrease stimulation
• activate senses (taste, touch, smell, etc.)
• decrease hunger, thirst, discomfort, etc.
• maintain homeostasis, balance
Source of Motivational Needs (3)
Affective
• increase/decrease affective dissonance
  (inconsistency)
• increase feeling good
• decrease feeling bad
• increase security of or decrease threats to
  self-esteem
• maintain levels of optimism and enthusiasm
Source of Motivational Needs (4)
Cognitive
• maintain attention to something interesting or
  threatening
• develop meaning or understanding
• increase/decrease cognitive disequilibrium;
  uncertainty
• solve a problem or make a decision
• figure something out
• eliminate threat or risk
Source of Motivational Needs (5)
Conative
• meet individually developed/selected goal
• obtain personal dream
• take control of one's life
• eliminate threats to meeting goal, obtaining
  dream
• reduce others' control of one's life
Source of Motivational Needs (6)
Spiritual
• understand purpose of one's life
• connect self to ultimate unknowns
Models of Motivation
• Gardner & Lambert (1959, 1972): Socio-
  Educational Model
• After conducting a study that lasted more than
  ten years, they concluded that the learner's
  attitude toward the target language and the
  culture of the target-language-speaking
  community play a crucial role in language
  learning motivation. They introduced the notions
  of instrumental and integrative motivation.
Models of Motivation

Gardner (1985):.Gardner explored four other motivational orientations:
         (a) reason for learning,
         (b) desire to attain the learning goal,
         (c) positive attitude toward the learning situation, and
         (d) effortful behavior.

Gardner (1985) describes core second language learning motivation as a construct
composed of three characteristics:
• the attitudes towards learning a language (affect),
• the desire to learn the language (want) and
• motivational intensity (effort).

According to Gardner, a highly motivated individual will
• enjoy learning the language, and
• want to learn the language,
• strive to learn the language.
Models of Motivation
• Dornyei (1990): He postulated a motivational
  construct consisting of:
  – an Instrumental Motivational Subsystem
  – an Integrative Motivational Subsystem
  – Need for Achievement
  – Attribution about past failures.
"Instrumental motivation might be more
important than integrative motivation for
foreign language learners."
Implications & Strategies for L2
               Learners' Motivation:
Teachers:
•   The greatest motivational act one person can do for another is to listen.--Roy E. Moody

Dornyei (1994) suggests
•   developing students' self-efficacy,
•   decreasing their anxiety,
•   promoting motivation-enhancing attributions,
•   encouraging students to set attainable sub-goals, and
•   increasing the attractiveness of course content.

Dornyei (1998:131) suggests "Ten Commandments for Motivating Language Learners”

•    Set a personal example with your own behavior.
•    Create a pleasant, relaxed atmosphere in the classroom.
•    Present the task properly.
•    Develop a good relationship with the learners.
•    Increase the learner's linguistic self-confidence.
•    Make the language classes interesting.
•    Promote learner autonomy.
•    Personalize the learning process.
•    Increase the learners' goal-orientedness.
•    Familiarize learners with the target language culture.
Thank You

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Sanli com2 ,final_project

  • 1. "The Creator gathered all of creation and said, 'I want to hide something from the humans until they are Ready for it. It is the Realization that They Create their Own Reality.' The eagle said, 'Give it to me, I will take it to the moon.' The Creator said, 'No. One day they will go there and find it.' The salmon said, 'I will hide it on the bottom of the ocean.' 'No. They will go there too.' The buffalo said, 'I will bury it on the Great Plains.' Then Grand-mother Mole, who lives in the breast of Mother Earth, and who has no physical eyes but sees with spiritual eyes, said, 'Put it Inside them.' And the creator said, 'It is done.' " -Sioux Legend
  • 2. Why Do People Learn a Second/Foreign Language? • Here are a few suggestions: • Fulfill school/university requirements • Function and compete effectively in the global economy of today and the future • Increase job opportunities and salary potential • Develop intercultural sensitivity, increasing global understanding • Improve English vocabulary and language proficiency in order to communicate with members of that language community. • Improve critical and creative thinking skills • Improve one's education • Enhance travel and study abroad opportunities • Enjoy great literary and musical masterpieces and films in their original language • Improve likelihood of acceptance into university and graduate schools • Increase understanding of people in own country • Gain social power (prestige) • Have a secret code • Please one's parents • Any other reason(s)? • After all, we, as teachers, need to find the student's motives so that we can accommodate them.
  • 3. Definitions of L2 • It is crucial here to mention the difference between a Second and a Foreign language, which are both referred to as L2. • People who are living in an English-speaking community/country are learning English as their SECOND language. "The learner of the second language is surrounded by stimulation, both visual and auditory, in the target language and thus has many motivational and instructional advantages." (Oxford & Shearin, 1994) • As for those who are not living in an English-speaking community/country, they are learning English as a FOREIGN language. "Foreign language learners are surrounded by their own native language and have to go out of their way to find stimulation and input in the target language. These students typically receive input in the new language only in the classroom and by artificial means, no matter how talented the teacher is." (Oxford & Shearin, 1994)
  • 4. Good L2 Learners Research has shown that the use of specific learning strategies & techniques while studying a second or foreign language leads to success. "The conscious, tailored use of such strategies is related to language achievement and proficiency. (Oxford, 1994) Some of those strategies: • Rubin (1975) suggested that good L2 learners – are willing and accurate guessers; – have a strong drive to communicate; – are often uninhibited, and if they are, they combat inhibition by using positive self-talk, by extensive use of practicing in private, and by putting themselves in situations where they have to participate communicatively. – are willing to make mistakes; – focus on form by looking for patterns and analyzing; – take advantage of all practice opportunities; – monitor their speech as well as that of others; – and pay attention to meaning. One of the factors that influence the choice of strategies used among students learning a second/foreign language is Motivation. More motivated students tend to use more strategies than less motivated students, hence, they tend to be more successful. (Oxford, 1990a)
  • 5. Definitions of Motivation • However simple and easy the word "motivation" might appear, it is in fact very difficult to define. It seems to have been impossible for theorists to reach consensus on a single definition. • Here are a few that I have found in the literature: • According to the Webster's, to motivate means to provide with a motive, a need or desire that causes a person to act. • According to Gardner (1985), motivation is concerned with the question, "Why does an organism behave as it does? • Motivation involves 4 aspects: – A Goal – An Effort – A Desire to attain the goal – Favorable Attitude toward the activity in question. • Motivation is also defined as the impetus to create and sustain intentions and goal-seeking acts (Ames & Ames, 1989). It is important because it determines the extent of the learner's active involvement and attitude toward learning. (Ngeow, Karen Yeok-Hwa, 1998)
  • 6. Sources of Motivation • "Without knowing where the roots of motivation lie, how can teachers water those roots?" • (Oxford & Shearin, 1994- p.15) – Educational psychologists point to three major sources of motivation in learning (Fisher, 1990): – The learner’s natural interest: intrinsic satisfaction – The teacher/institution/employment: extrinsic reward – Success in the task: combining satisfaction and reward
  • 7. Becoming İnspired by Great Quotes "While teachers and school systems have drawn on both of the first two sources of motivation, the third source is perhaps under-exploited in language teaching. This is the simple fact of success, and the effect that this has on our view of what we do. As human beings, we generally like what we do well, and are therefore more likely to do it again, and put in more effort . . . In the classroom, this can mean that students who develop an image of themselves as ‘no good at English’ will simply avoid situations which tell them what they already know – that they aren’t any good at English. Feelings of failure, particularly early on in a student’s school career, can therefore lead to a downward spiral of a self- perception of low ability – low motivation – low effort – low achievement – low motivation – low achievement, and so on.
  • 9. Source of Motivational Needs (1) behavioral/external • elicited by stimulus associated/ connected to innately connected stimulus • obtain desired, pleasant consequences (rewards) or escape/avoid undesired, unpleasant consequences • imitate positive models
  • 10. Source of Motivational Needs (2) Biological • increase/decrease stimulation • activate senses (taste, touch, smell, etc.) • decrease hunger, thirst, discomfort, etc. • maintain homeostasis, balance
  • 11. Source of Motivational Needs (3) Affective • increase/decrease affective dissonance (inconsistency) • increase feeling good • decrease feeling bad • increase security of or decrease threats to self-esteem • maintain levels of optimism and enthusiasm
  • 12. Source of Motivational Needs (4) Cognitive • maintain attention to something interesting or threatening • develop meaning or understanding • increase/decrease cognitive disequilibrium; uncertainty • solve a problem or make a decision • figure something out • eliminate threat or risk
  • 13. Source of Motivational Needs (5) Conative • meet individually developed/selected goal • obtain personal dream • take control of one's life • eliminate threats to meeting goal, obtaining dream • reduce others' control of one's life
  • 14. Source of Motivational Needs (6) Spiritual • understand purpose of one's life • connect self to ultimate unknowns
  • 15. Models of Motivation • Gardner & Lambert (1959, 1972): Socio- Educational Model • After conducting a study that lasted more than ten years, they concluded that the learner's attitude toward the target language and the culture of the target-language-speaking community play a crucial role in language learning motivation. They introduced the notions of instrumental and integrative motivation.
  • 16. Models of Motivation Gardner (1985):.Gardner explored four other motivational orientations: (a) reason for learning, (b) desire to attain the learning goal, (c) positive attitude toward the learning situation, and (d) effortful behavior. Gardner (1985) describes core second language learning motivation as a construct composed of three characteristics: • the attitudes towards learning a language (affect), • the desire to learn the language (want) and • motivational intensity (effort). According to Gardner, a highly motivated individual will • enjoy learning the language, and • want to learn the language, • strive to learn the language.
  • 17. Models of Motivation • Dornyei (1990): He postulated a motivational construct consisting of: – an Instrumental Motivational Subsystem – an Integrative Motivational Subsystem – Need for Achievement – Attribution about past failures. "Instrumental motivation might be more important than integrative motivation for foreign language learners."
  • 18. Implications & Strategies for L2 Learners' Motivation: Teachers: • The greatest motivational act one person can do for another is to listen.--Roy E. Moody Dornyei (1994) suggests • developing students' self-efficacy, • decreasing their anxiety, • promoting motivation-enhancing attributions, • encouraging students to set attainable sub-goals, and • increasing the attractiveness of course content. Dornyei (1998:131) suggests "Ten Commandments for Motivating Language Learners” • Set a personal example with your own behavior. • Create a pleasant, relaxed atmosphere in the classroom. • Present the task properly. • Develop a good relationship with the learners. • Increase the learner's linguistic self-confidence. • Make the language classes interesting. • Promote learner autonomy. • Personalize the learning process. • Increase the learners' goal-orientedness. • Familiarize learners with the target language culture.