3. DIFFERENT TYPE OF SOILS
Major soil types in India
The main types of soil in India are as follows:
1) Red soils
2) Laterites and lateritic soil
3) Black soil
4) Alluvial soils
5) Forest & hill soils
6) Peaty and marshy soils
4. Soil Pollution
Soil Pollution
Soil Pollution is the
Soil Pollution is the
addition of any
addition of any
substance that has
substance that has
a negative effect on
a negative effect on
land or the living
land or the living
things.
things.
The substances that
The substances that
cause soil pollution
cause soil pollution
are called pollutants.
are called pollutants.
5. Soil pollution is caused by
Addition of chemicals reducing the
productive capacity of soil
Toxic substances from dumps contaminated
the ground water by leaching out and
percolating through the soil layer.
Mining activities leads to loss of land for
agriculture production.
Residual chemicals of the fertilizers and
fertilizers and
pesticides
pesticides
Disposal of urban solid wastes
Disposal of urban solid wastes
6. Soil Pollution
Un planned Agricultural practices
Disposal of industrial wastes and sludges over land,
sub surface disposal of toxic wastes etc
7. The pollutant, if
volatile, could
evaporate, again causing
little harm to the soil
(however, not a
solution to the bigger
pollution problem, as it
might become a source
of air pollution).
Pollutant could infiltrate
through the unsaturated
soil, in much the same
way as ground water.
9. Other spills are the direct
action of humans pouring
potentially toxic materials
(solvents, paints, household
cleaning agents, oil, etc.) onto
the soil surface rather than
disposing these materials by
more appropriate means.
Illegal dumping is the disposal
of waste in unauthorized areas.
It is also known as “open
dumping”, “fly dumping”, and
“mid-night dumping”.
Illegal dumps occur most often
along isolated roadsides in
remote areas of the country.
Materials often found in illegal
dumps include large household
appliances, tires, excess
building materials, old furniture,
oil, household chemicals, and
common household refuse.
Washington state
Missouri
Virginia
New York
Iowa
10. Soil contaminants are
spilled onto the surface
through many different
activities.
Most of these are the
result of accidents involving
the vehicles that are
transporting waste material
from site of origin to a
disposal site.
Source: UNEP, Zehng Zhong Su, China, Still Pictures
Much good agricultural land is threatened by chemical
pollution, particularly - as here in China - by waste
products from urban centres. Chemical degradation is
responsible for 12 per cent of global soil degradation
wearing level
“B" protective gear
wearing level “A" protective gear
11. Agricultural practices, including the use of
agricultural chemicals, are another primary source
of pollution on or near the ground surface.
Most agricultural chemicals are water-soluble nitrates and
phosphates that are applied to fields, lawns and gardens to
stimulate the growth of crops, grass and flowers.
12.
13. Agricultural Chemicals
When not used by the plants the
nutrients can enter streams and
lakes during the run-off or
leaching events.
Once in a body of water, these
nutrients continue to promote
the growth of plants, the
resulting plant detritus is food
for micro-organisms, and as the
population of such organisms
grows, the supply of oxygen in
the water is depleted.
14. "Biochemical Oxygen Demand",
or "BOD".
Water is capable of supporting
a large population of bacteria
and the bacteria will have a
high demand for oxygen.
Soon the oxygen supply is
depleted by the bacteria and
other organisms in the water
now lack oxygen (fish kills)
Algae in streams
15. Effect of soil pollution
1. The pathogenic
bacteria spread
infection
2. Chemicals such as
Arsenic, mercury,
chromium, Nickel,
lead, cadmium, Zinc,
Iron being toxic affect
the living beings
16. Effects of soil pollution
Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides affects the
plant growth besides reducing crop yield
17. Effect of soil pollution
Water logging and salinity may increase the level of
dissolved salt content in ground water as well as in
the soil
18. Control of soil pollution
Treating the sewage before land
disposal.
By preserving and protecting the top
fertile soil, we can control erosion.
Disposal of wastes in landfill.
Utilizing optimal dose of fertilizers and
pesticides .
Rotating the crop pattern
19. Land or Soil
Important natural resources for economic
development
The economy of the country depends on land
productivity.
All the demands for food, energy and other
requirements have to be met by land.
So Land is the most important endowment of
nature
20. Land or Soil
Relentless pressure of increasing
human and cattle population and
excessive demands of
unprecedented rates of economic
development are the major causes
of the widespread degradation of
the land
21. Soil Pollution
Pressure of
population and
failure of
agricultural
productivities to
keep places with
population have
led to cultivation
in marginal lands
and lands on
hillsides
22. Soil Pollution
Soil Pollution
Preservation of
ecological
balance may
mean
conservation and
wise management
of the life support
systems of land,
water flora, fauna
and the
atmosphere
25. A very small amount of DDT in water
can build up to harmful levels in
living things
26. Major Sources of Water
Major Sources of Water
Pollution
Pollution
The three major sources of water
The three major sources of water
pollution are human wastes,
pollution are human wastes,
industrial wastes, and chemical
industrial wastes, and chemical
runoff.
runoff.
27. Human Waste
Sewage in cities
During heavy rains or floods, sanitary
sewers sometimes overflow and can
pollute the surface water.
If this happens, people are often told to
boil water for drinking and cooking after a
flood.
The boiling kills many disease-causing
organisms.
28. Sewage in Rural Areas
Sewage in Rural Areas
In rural areas, people must be careful where
they locate septic tanks.
If a tank is too near a stream or on a hill,
wastewater can leak into the stream or flow
downhill to the area of a well.
30. Sewage in Rural Areas
Wastes from cattle, pigs, and chickens can
also be a problem in rural areas.
Animal wastes can run off from pastures and
barnyards and pass disease-causing bacteria
and other kinds of pollution into bodies of
water.
31. Industrial Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Chemicals, smoke , and heated
Chemicals, smoke , and heated
water are three types of pollutants
water are three types of pollutants
produced by factories, mines, and
produced by factories, mines, and
other industries.
other industries.
32. Chemicals
Chemicals
Many factory processes
Many factory processes
involve toxic chemicals and
involve toxic chemicals and
strong acids.
strong acids.
Other toxic wastes are
Other toxic wastes are
produced as a result of
produced as a result of
manufacturing and mining
manufacturing and mining
processes.
processes.
Although laws control many
Although laws control many
point sources of chemical
point sources of chemical
pollution, some factories
pollution, some factories
still release toxic chemicals
still release toxic chemicals
directly into nearby rivers
directly into nearby rivers
and lakes.
and lakes.
33. Chemicals
Chemicals
Another problem is pollution
Another problem is pollution
caused by nonpoint sources.
caused by nonpoint sources.
In the past, many industries
In the past, many industries
stored toxic wastes in barrels
stored toxic wastes in barrels
or other containers buried
or other containers buried
underground.
underground.
Over the years, however, many
Over the years, however, many
of these containers rusted or
of these containers rusted or
broke.
broke.
The chemicals leaked out,
The chemicals leaked out,
polluting both the soil and the
polluting both the soil and the
groundwater.
groundwater.
35. Smoke and Exhaust
Smoke and Exhaust
Many power plants and factories burn coal or oil
Many power plants and factories burn coal or oil
to fuel their processes.
to fuel their processes.
The engines of millions of cars, trucks, and buses
The engines of millions of cars, trucks, and buses
burn gasoline.
burn gasoline.
Smoke and exhaust from these sources pour into
Smoke and exhaust from these sources pour into
the air, especially around large cities.
the air, especially around large cities.
36. Smoke and Exhaust
When coal, oil, and
gasoline are
burned, the gases
sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide are
released into the
atmosphere.
The sulfur and
nitrogen react with
water, forming
sulfuric and nitric
acids.
The result is acid
rain.
37. Acid Rain
Acid Rain
Acid rain is rain or
another form of
precipitation that is
more acidic than
normal.
Acid rain can affect
fish, harm trees, and
eat away the stone
of buildings and
statues.
38. Heat Pollution
Heat Pollution
Much of the water in
factories is used to cool
machinery or metal
objects.
The warm water alone can
act as a pollutant.
Many water organisms
can live in only a narrow
range of temperatures.
Warm water released by
factory into a nearby river
or pond raises the
temperature of the water,
sometimes enough to
harm the living things
there.
39. Chemical Runoff
Chemical Runoff
Farmers spread or
spray fertilizing
chemicals on their
fields to produce better
crops.
When rain falls on the
fields, it washes some
of the chemicals away
as runoff.
Water used for
irrigation also creates
runoff.
The fertilizers in the
runoff are a nonpoint
41. Runoff from farms
Runoff from farms
With the addition of fertilizers running off into ponds
and lakes, the process of eutrophication speeds up.
Runoff and irrigation water carry away pollutants
from farm fields such as pesticides and fertilizers.
43. Runoff from roads
When it rains, runoff carries oil into rivers and lakes,
or underground and into the groundwater.
During winter, runoff also picks up salt that is
spread on roads and sidewalks to melt ice.
Gasoline, oil, and salt are nonpoint sources that
pollute rivers and lakes.
They can also seep underground and pollute wells
and aquifers.
44.
45. Water Pollution Solutions
Solving pollution problems involves cleaning up
existing problems as well as preventing new ones.
Cleanup
Many pollutants are removed from fresh water through
natural cleanup processes.
Living things in lakes, streams, and wetlands help
reduce pollution by filtering out and breaking down
waste materials.
46. Living things helping cleanup
pollution
Examples
Plant roots filter larger particles from the water.
Certain bacteria consume oil and have been used to
cleanup oil spills.
Natural and artificial wetlands can be used to clean up
water pollution.
Wetlands have been built near coal mines to treat
acidic mining runoff before it returns to the
environment.
47.
48. Prevention
Many industries have found that recycling
techniques that conserve water also reduce
pollution.
For example, factories cool the water used to cool
machinery and reuse it instead of releasing it into a
river.
Another example is when farmers collect and reuse the
runoff water from their pasture as water for irrigation.
Farmers can also plant fields of grasses that filter out
pollutants before the water reaches a river or pond.
