1. Introduction to
Electronics
Mohamed Ibrahim

2. Introduction to
Electronics
History
 In 600 BC Greeks discovered static electricity by
rubbing wool against amber which would attract
objects.
 Amber is the common name for fossil resin or tree sap
that is appreciated for its inherent and interesting
mixture of colors and it is widely used for the
manufacture of ornamental objects. Although not
mineralized, it is sometimes considered and used as a
gemstone. Most of the world's amber is in the range of
30–90 million years old. Semi-fossilized resin or sub-
fossil amber is called copal.

3. Introduction to
Electronics
What Amber Looks Like

4. Introduction to
Electronics
Types of Electricity
 Two forms of electricity Static and Produced
 Static Electricity is an electrical charge at
rest.
 Produced Electricity is produced by either
magnetism, chemicals, light, heat, or pressure.

5. Introduction to
Electronics
Types of Electricity
 Magnetism – Generator
 Chemical – Battery
 Light – Photocell (solar cell)
 Heat – Thermocouple (nuclear power)
 Pressure - Crystals

6. Review
 The study of electronics can be
broken down into four basic
steps:
Step 1 – Basic Electricity
Step 2 – Electronic Components
Step 3 – Electronic Circuits
Step 4 – Electronic Systems

7. Step 1: Basics of Electricity
Current
Voltage
Power
Resistance
• Step 1: Basics of Electricity
Current – Andre’ Ampere’
Voltage – Alessandro Volta
Resistance – George Ohm
Power – James Watt
Andre’ Ampere’
Alessandro
Volta
Georg Ohm
James Watt

8. Step 2: Electronic Components
Current
Voltage
Power
Resistance
Components
• Step 2 Electronic Components
Switches and Keyboard
Semiconductors
Transducers
Resistors
Capacitors
Electron Tubes
Magnetic
Nikola Tesla
Thomas Edison

9. Step 3: Electronic Circuits
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
• Step 3: Electronic Circuits
Signal Generators and Timers
Amplifiers
Digital Circuits
Power Supplies
Detectors and Mixers
Filters
Phase-locked Looks
Converters
Data Acquisition
Synthesizers
Charles Wheatstone
Gustav Kirchoff
Robert Noyce

10. Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
• Step 4: Electronic Systems
Communications
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
Test and Measurement
Biomedical

11. Step 4: Electronic Systems
• Communications Systems
Radio
Telecommunications
Television
Data Communications
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
Systems
Communications
Heinrich Hertz
Guglielmo Marconi
Lee Deforest
John Baird

12. Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
Systems
Communication
Computers
• Computers
Data Terminals
Computer Systems
Data Storage
Input/Output Devices
George Boole
John von Neuman
Alan Turing
Charles Babbage

13. Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
Systems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
• Consumer
Video Equipment
Audio Equipment
Personal
Automobile Electronics
William Shockley
Chester Carlson
Jack Kilby
Nolan Bushnell

14. Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
Systems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
• Industrial
Manufacturing Equipment
Computer-Aided-Design
and Engineering CAD/CAE
Management
Charles Steinmetz
Werner Von Siemens
James Joule
Carl Gauss

15. Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
• Test and Measurement
General Test and
Measurement Equipment
Automated Test Systems
Components
Circuits
Systems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
Test and Measurement
Sir Isaac Newton
RAdm Grace Harper
Benjamin Franklin
John Napier

16. Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
• Biomedical
Patient Care
Diagnostics
Circuits
Components
Systems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
Test and Measurement
Biomedical
Luigi Galvani
Henry Cavendish
Sir John Fleming

17. Basic Electronics I

18. Electricity
 Is an invisible force which can
produce:
 heat
 light
 sound
 motion

19. Electricity can be broken
down into:
 Electric Charge
 Voltage
 Current
 Resistance

20. Electrons
 The smallest amount of electrical
charge having the quality called
negative polarity.
 Electrons orbit the center of atoms.

21. Protons
 The proton is a basic particle with
positive polarity.
 Protons are located in the nucleus of
atoms along with neutrons, particles
which have neutral polarity.

23. Electrically, all materials
fall into 1 of 3
classifications:
 Conductors
 Insulators
 Semi-Conductors

24. Conductors
 Have 1 valence electron
 Materials in which electrons can move
freely from atom to atom are called
conductors.
 In general all metals are good
conductors.
 The purpose of conductors is to allow
electrical current to flow with
minimum resistance.

25. Insulators
 Have 8 valence electrons
 Materials in which electrons tend to stay put
and do not flow easily from atom to atom
are termed insulators.
 Insulators are used to prevent the flow of
electricity.
 Insulating materials such as glass, rubber,
or plastic are also called dielectrics,
meaning they can store charges.
 Dielectric materials are used in components
like capacitors which must store electric
charges.

26. Semi-Conductors
 Have 4 valence electrons
 Materials which are neither conductors nor
insulators
 Common semi conductor materials are
carbon, germanium and silicone.
 Used in components like transistors

27. Harnessing Electricity
 First we must separate the + & -
charges in matter.
 Changing the balance of forces
produces evidence of electricity.
 Example: A battery. Its chemical
energy separates electric charges to
produce an excess of electrons on one
lead, and an excess of protons on the
other.

28. Voltage
 1 volt is a measure of the amount of work
required to move 1C of charge
 Potential refers to the the possibility of
doing work.
 Any charge has the potential to do the work
of attracting a similar charge or repulsing an
opposite charge.
 The practical unit of potential difference is
the volt (V)

29. The Symbol for Charge
 The symbol for charge is Q which
stands for quantity.
 The practical unit of charge is called
the coulomb (C).
 One coulomb is equal to the amount
of charge of 6.25X1018 electrons or
protons stored in a dielectric.

30. Current
 When a charge is forced to move
because of a potential difference
(voltage) current is produced.
 In conductors - free electrons can be
forced to move with relative ease,
since they require little work to be
moved.
 So current is charge in motion.
 The more electrons in motion the
greater the current.

31. Amperes
 Current indicates the intensity of the
electricity in motion. The symbol for current
is I (for intensity) and is measured in
amperes.
 The definition of current is: I = Q/T
 Where I is current in amperes, Q is charge
in coulombs, and T is time in seconds.

32. 1 ampere = 1 coulomb
per second

33. Resistance
 Opposition to the flow of current is
termed resistance.
 The fact that a wire can become hot
from the flow of current is evidence of
resistance.
 Conductors have very little resistance.
 Insulators have large amounts of
resistance.

34. Ohms
 The practical unit of resistance is the
ohm designated by the Greek letter
omega: Ω
 A resistor is an electronic component
designed specifically to provide
resistance.

35. People To Research
Andre Ampere Alessandro Volta
Georg Ohm James Watt
Nikola Tesla Michael Faraday
Joseph Henry Thomas Edison
Charles Wheatstone Gustav Kirchoff
Rene Descartes Robert Noyce
Guglielmo Marconi Lee Deforest
Heinrich Hertz John Baird

36. People To Research
George Boole John von Neuman
Charles Babbage Alan Turing
William Shockley Jack Kilby
Chester Carlson Nolan Bushnell
Charles Steinmetz Werner von Siemens
James Joule Carl Gauss
John A. Napier Grace Hopper
Benjamin Franklin Luigi Glavani
Henry Cavendish John Flemming

37. References
 Google search :
Basic Electronics
Introduction in Electronics
History of Electronics and scientists