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Ch14ppt digestive honors
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 14 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
The Digestive System
Functions Ingestion—taking in food Digestion—breaking food down both physically and chemically Absorption—movement of nutrients into the bloodstream Defecation—rids the body of indigestible waste Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Functions of the
Digestive System Ingestion—getting food into the mouth Propulsion—moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another Peristalsis—alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract Segmentation—moving materials back and forth to aid with mixing in the small intestine Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
Functions of the
Digestive System Food breakdown as mechanical digestion Examples: Mixing food in the mouth by the tongue Churning food in the stomach Segmentation in the small intestine Mechanical digestion prepares food for further degradation by enzymes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Functions of the
Digestive System Food breakdown as chemical digestion Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks Each major food group uses different enzymes Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars (begins in mouth) Proteins are broken to amino acids (begins in stomach) Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols (begins in small intestine) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Functions of the
Digestive System Absorption End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph Defecation Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Functions of the
Digestive System Figure 14.11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Organs of the
Digestive System Two main groups Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract) —continuous coiled hollow tube Accessory digestive organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Organs of the
Alimentary Canal Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Organs of the
Digestive System Figure 14.1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Anatomy Lips (labia)—protect the anterior opening Cheeks—form the lateral walls Hard palate—forms the anterior roof Soft palate—forms the posterior roof Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Anatomy Figure 14.2a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Anatomy Figure 14.2b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Mouth Physiology Mastication
(chewing) of food Mixing masticated food with saliva Initiation of swallowing by the tongue Allows for the sense of taste Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Pharynx Physiology Serves
as a passageway for air and food Food is propelled to the esophagus by muscle layers Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers (peristalsis) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Esophagus Anatomy and
Physiology Anatomy About 10 inches long Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm Physiology Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Four layers Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Mucosa Innermost, moist membrane consisting of Surface epithelium Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) Small smooth muscle layer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Submucosa Just beneath the mucosa Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Muscularis externa—smooth muscle Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Serosa—outermost layer of the wall contains fluid-producing cells Visceral peritoneum—outermost layer that is continuous with the innermost layer Parietal peritoneum—innermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Layers of Alimentary
Canal Organs Figure 14.3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Stomach Anatomy Located
on the left side of the abdominal cavity Regions of the stomach Cardiac region—near the heart Fundus—expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region Body—midportion Pylorus—funnel-shaped terminal end Rugae—internal folds of the mucosa Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Stomach Anatomy Figure 14.4a Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Stomach Anatomy Figure 14.4b Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Stomach Physiology Temporary
storage tank for food Site of food breakdown Chemical breakdown of protein begins Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Small Intestine The
body’s major digestive organ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Subdivisions of the
Small Intestine Duodenum Attached to the stomach Curves around the head of the pancreas Jejunum Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum Ileum Extends from jejunum to large intestine Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Chemical Digestion in
the Small Intestine Chemical digestion begins in the small intestine Enzymes are produced by Intestinal cells Pancreas Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the small intestine Bile, formed by the liver, enters via the bile duct Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Chemical Digestion in
the Small Intestine Figure 14.6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Small Intestine Anatomy
Three structural modifications that increase surface area Microvilli—tiny projections of the plasma membrane (create a brush border appearance) Villi—fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa Circular folds (plicae circulares)—deep folds of mucosa and submucosa Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31.
Small Intestine Anatomy Figure
14.7a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32.
Small Intestine Anatomy Figure
14.7c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33.
Large Intestine Larger
in diameter, but shorter in length, than the small intestine Frames the internal abdomen Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Large Intestine Anatomy
Cecum—saclike first part of the large intestine Appendix Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) Hangs from the cecum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.
Large Intestine Anatomy
Colon Ascending—travels up right side of abdomen Transverse—travels across the abdominal cavity Descending—travels down the left side Sigmoid—enters the pelvis Rectum and anal canal—also in pelvis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Large Intestine Anatomy
Anus—opening of the large intestine External anal sphincter—formed by skeletal muscle and under voluntary control Internal involuntary sphincter—formed by smooth muscle These sphincters are normally closed except during defecation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Large Intestine Figure 14.8 Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38.
Large Intestine Anatomy
No villi present Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39.
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40.
Human Deciduous and
Permanent Teeth Figure 14.9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41.
Salivary Glands Three
pairs of salivary glands empty secretions (saliva) into the mouth Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42.
Salivary Glands Figure 14.1 Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43.
Saliva Mixture of
mucus and serous fluids Helps to form a food bolus Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44.
Pancreas Extends across
the abdomen from spleen to duodenum of small intestine Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum Hormones produced by the pancreas Insulin Glucagon Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
45.
Pancreas Figure 14.6 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46.
Liver Largest gland
in the body Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm Consists of four lobes Connected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
47.
Liver Figure 14.5 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
48.
Bile Produced by
cells in the liver Function—emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
49.
Gallbladder Sac found
in hollow fossa of liver that stores bile When digestion of fatty food is occurring, bile is introduced into the duodenum from the gallbladder Gallstones are crystallized cholesterol which can cause blockages Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
50.
Gallbladder Figure 14.6 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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