About Piping Materials

1. PIPING MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
Piping materials are of many types. The specific material
to suit a design requirement is chosen on the basis of certain key
factors.

2. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF PIPING
MATERIALS
• Mechanical properties – tensile, yield, creep, rupture, fatigue
and impact
• Performance requirements and material reliability
• Safety
• Environmental conditions
• Availability
• Resistance to erosion and corrosion
• Economic factors

3. VITAL CHARACTERISTICS REQUIRED
Toughness
Creep Strength
Ductility
Good surface finish
Hardness

4. CLASSIFICATION OF PIPING MATERIALS
P IP IN G M A T E R IA L S
M E T A L L IC
N O N -M E T A L L IC
L IN E D
FERRO US
N O N -F E R R O U S
PVC
M S R U B B E R L IN E D
C A S T IR O N
C O P P E R & IT S A L L O Y S
HDPE
M S PTFE, M S PVDF
CAR BO N STEEL
A L U M I N IU M & IT S A L L O Y S
PTFE
M S L E A D L IN E D
ALLO Y STEEL
N IC K E L A N D IT S A L L O Y S
LDPE
M S C E R A M IC L IN E D
S T A IN L E S S S T E E L
L E A D A N D IT S A L L O Y S
G LASS
M S G L A S S L IN E D
C E R A M IC
F R P P P L IN E D
O T H E R S P E C IA L A L L O Y S
CEM EN T

5. COMMONLY USED PIPING MATERIALS
LOW CARBON STEEL, LOW ALLOY STEEL AND STAINLESS STEELS
(used for high temperature services)
WROUGHT IRON, CAST IRON, DUCTILE IRON, COPPER, BRASS,
ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS AND NICKEL STEEL
OTHER PLASTICS MATERIALS
(PVC, polythene, polypropylene, asbestos cement, GR pipes, concrete, glass,
rubber and some newer plastics)

6. TEMPERATURE LIMITATION OF PIPING MATERIALS
SI
NO
1
MATERIAL
MAX WORKING
TEMP OC
Carbon Steel
Yield stress decreases beyond this temp
A106 GrB
427
API 5L GrB
2
230
Alloy Steel
-do-
A335 GrP11
570
A335 GrP22
600
A335 GrP91
3
REMARKS
650
Stainless Steel
From –220 OC to 538 OC
A312 GrTP304
-200 to 500
A312 GrTP316
-200 to 538
4
Aluminium
175
Loses strength beyond this temp
5
Titanium
400
-do-
6
Thermoplastics
260
Melts beyond this temp
7
Thermosetting
plastics
260
Some epoxies can be used upto 290 OC
8
Concrete
290
Cannot be used for temp intensive services
9
Rubber
Room Temp
-do-

7. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MATERIAL
YIELD STRENGTH (Mpa)
UTS (MPa)
Carbon Steels
260-1300
500-880
Cast Irons
220-1030
400-200
Low Alloy Steel
500-1980
680-2400
Mild Steel
220
430
Stainless Steel, austenitic
286-500
760-1280
Stainless Steel, ferritic
240-400
500-800
Nickel and its alloys
200-1600
400-2000
Titanium and its alloys
180-1320
300-1400
Copper
60
400
Cooper Alloys
60-960
250-1000
Brasses and Bronzes
70-640
230-890
Aluminium
40
200
Aluminium Alloys
100-627
300-700
Lead and its alloys
11-55
14-70
Tin and its alloys
7-45
14-60
Polypropylene
19-36
33-36
Polyurethene
26-31
58
Polyethylene HD
20-30
37
Polyethylene LD
6-20
20

8. FERROUS MATERIALS

9. CARBON STEELS
Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon
Contains 0.1 % to 1.5 % of Carbon
Based on Carbon Content it can be classified into
1. Mild steel - 0.05 % - 0.30 %
2. Medium Carbon steel – 0.30 % - 0.70 %
3. High carbon Steel – 0.70 % - 1.5 %
4. It can withstand upto to a temperature of 450 C
General chemical composition of CS is C - 0.07, 1.56 %, Mn – 1.6 %,
Si – 0.6 %, S – 0.1%, P – 0.1%.

10. CARBON STEEL – MATERIAL COMPOSITION
MATERIAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
DESCRIPTION
C
A106 GrB
(1/2”-14”)
API 5L GrB
(1/2”-14”)
A53 GrB
(1/2”-14”)
A105 (S.W.)
(1/2”-1½”)
A216GrWCB
2” & above
Seamless, CS pipe for high Temp & Pr services
Mn
0.3 0.29 - 1.06
Si
0.1
-
P
S
0.035 0.035
ERW ( E=0.85), CS pipe, Seamless
0.27
1.15
0.04
0.05
Seamless, CS pipe for low Temp services (Galv)
0.3
0.9
Forged CS for ambient and high Temp services
0.35
0.9
0.35
0.05
CS castings suitable for high Temp services
0.3
1
0.6
0.04 0.045
0.15 - 04 0.035 0.035
0.05

11. ALLOY STEELS
• Adding of Alloying elements to improve the characteristics of
the material is termed as Alloy Steel.
• Commonly used Alloying elements are Silicon, Chromium,
Nickel, Molybdenum, Manganese, Vanadium, Titanium, Boron,
Aluminium, Cobalt and Tungsten.
• WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING?

12. PURPOSE OF ALLOYING
1. Improved Corrosion resistance
2. Better Hardenability
3. Improved Machinability
High or low temperature Stability
Ductility
Toughness
4. Better Wear resistance

13. INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Alloying
Aluminium
(2 - 5 %)
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
(0.15 – 0.6 %)
Nickel
(upto 5%)
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Advantage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Resistance to heat and oxidation
Improves scale resistance
Imparts strength
Increases wear resistance (carbides)
Corrosion resistance
Hardness & Strength
If above 5% corrosion resistance is improved even at high temp
Increases tensile strength & machinability
Improves hardenability
High temp strength & impact resistance
Corrosion resistance especially to chloride solutions
Machinability
Decreases decomposition of austenite
Increases resistance to oxidation at high temp
Decreases critical temperature
Prevents precipitaion of Cromium Carbides
Imparts strength
Wear resistance
Abrasion resistance
Increases red hardness (hot working)
Powerful deoxidiser, forms strong carbides
Wear resistance & strength
Causes fine grain structure
Disadvantage
Increases brittleness
Machinability,
weldability
Machinability

14. LOW ALLOY STEEL – MATERIAL COMPOSITION
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
DESCRIPTION
C
Mn
0.05 - 0.15 0.3 - 0.6
Si
0.5
Cr
SERVICE
Mo
1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13 HP, superheated and hot reheat Steam
Ferritic alloy steel pipe for high Temp services
0.08 - 0.12 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.5 8 - 9.5
Pipe fitting alloy steel for moderate and elevated
0.05 - 0.15 0.3 - 0.6
Temp
Alloy steel castings for Pr containing parts suitable for
0.18 0.4 - 0.7
high Temp services
0.85 - 1.05
Superheated steam piping system
0.5
1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13
High Temp services
0.6
2 - 2.75
Valves for AS pipes
0.9 - 1.2

15. STAINLESS STEEL
•
•
•
•
•
Adding 11.5 % or greater chromium in iron,changes the
microstructure and based on that its varieties are obtained.
Posses greater percentage of chromium which forms a
chromium oxide film exposed to air that prevents chemical
attack of moist air on the material surface
Nickel retains the austenitic structure of steel
Greater resistance to corrosion than all types of steels
Classified into three types based on its micro structure
1. Austenitic stainless steel
2. Ferritic stainless steel
3. Martensitic stainless steel

16. STAINLESS STEEL – MATERIAL COMPOSITION
MATERIAL
DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
C
A312
Gr.TP316L
(1/2”-14”)
A403
Gr.WP304
A351
Gr.CF8
A182
Gr.F304
(2” & above)
Cr
Mo
2
18-20
-
8 - 11
SERVICE
Ni
0.04
A312 GrTP304
Mn
Hydrocarbons, chemicals, etc.
Welded & seamless austenitic stainless steel
0.27 1.15
0.08
2
18-20
-
8 - 11
Forged fittings
0.08
Wrought austenitic stainless steel pipe fittings
16-18
2-Mar 11 - 14
Corrosive process service
1.5
18-21
-
8 - 11
Valve castings
0.08
2
18-20
-
8 - 11
Flanges
Castings

17. NON-FERROUS MATERIALS

18. COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Used when heat and electric conductivity are important
Theraml conductivity is high
Alloys are brasses, Bronzes (Cu-Sn) and Cupronickels (Cu-Ni)
Upto 20% Zn in Brass gives good corrosion resistance
Bronzes display good strength with corrsion resistance
Cupronickels have highest corrosion resistance among Cu alloys
Cupronickels are used for heat exchanger tubing

19. NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS
•
•
•
•
Easy machinability and weldability
Chloromet and Hastelloy are widely used other than Monel 400
Not resistant to oxidising environments
Monel 400 is used to handle dilute sulphuric acid and
hydrochloric acid
• Alkalis and sea water do not affect Nickel

20. ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
• Good thermal conductivity
• Most workable metal
• Highly resistant to atmospheric conditions, industrial fumes,
fresh brackish or salt water
• Not resistant to corrosion
• Loses strength rapidly at 1750C.

21. TITANIUM
• Strong and medium weight
• Titanium Oxide is formed which prevents corrosion
• Resistant to Nitric acid of all concentrations except fuming
nitric acid
• Welding requires inert atmosphere
• Loses strength above 4000C
• Provides good resistance to hydrochloric acid when alloyed
with 30% Molybdenum
• Not affected by impingement and crevice corrosion

22. COMMON NON-FERROUS PIPING MATERIALS (METALS)
ASTM Des.
DESCRIPTION
SERVICES
SB42
Seamless Cu pipes
Heat exchanger services
SB43
Seamless red brass pipes
Moderate corrosion resistance
SB75
Seamless Cu tubes
Heat exchanger tubing
SB161
Ni seamless pipes & tubes
Alkaline solution, sea water
SB165
Ni-Cu alloy, seamless pipes & tubes
Dilute sulphuric acid
SB167
Ni-Cr-Fe alloy for seamless pipes & tubes
Hydro fluoric acids
SB171
Ni-Cr-Fe alloy for condenser tube plates
Condenser tubing
SB210
Al alloy drawn seamless tubes
Cryogenic
SB241
Al alloy extruded tubes & seamless pipes
Cryogenic and low temp
SB337
Seamless and welded Ti & Ti alloy pipes
Nitric acid & sea water
SB444
Ni-Cr-Mo-Columbium alloy, seamless
pipes & tubes
High concentration acid
SB564
Ni alloy forgings
Forged pipe fittings
SB690
Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, seamless pipes &
tubes
Wear resistant services

23. NON-FERROUS MATERIALS COMPOSITION
ASTM
Des
Si
Cu
Al
Ni
(Co)
Pb
Fe
Zn
Mn
Ti
P
C
Cr
Others
SB43
-
84.686
-
-
0.5
max
0.5
max
Rem.
-
-
-
-
-
SB75
-
99.9
min
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.015
-0.45
-
-
SB161
0.35
max
0.25
max
-
99
min
-
0.4
max
-
0.35
max
-
-
0.15
max
-
SB165
0.52
-3
0.30.5
0-2.4
45-72
-
6-25
-
0.51.5
0.050.1
0.02
max
0.05
0.25
1429
SB171
-
58-62
6-11
-
0.070.25
0.060.4
0.2-1
1-1.5
0.10.2
-
-
-
SB241
0.20.6
0.050.4
-
-
-
0.350.7
0.050.25
0.031.5
0.050.2
-
-
0.050.25
SB444
0.5
max
-
0.4
max
58
-
5 max
-
0.5
max
-
0.015
max
0.1
max
2023
Cb, Ta,
Co, Mo
SB564
0.05
-1
0.240
0.10.5
20-99
-
0.2-50
-
1-3
0.1-2
0.04
max
-
0.535
Mo
SB690
1
max
0.75
max
-
23.525.5
-
Rem.
-
2 max
-
0.04
-
2022
Mo, N
Sn

24. NON-METALLIC P IP ES

25. COMMONLY USED NON-METALLIC PIPING
MATERIALS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plastics – Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics
Concrete
Ceramic
Asbestos-Cement
Glass
Rubber

26. THERMOPLASTICS

27. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
•
•
•
•
Tough and exceptionally resistant to chemical attack
Rigid unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride is thermoplastic material
Pipes are manufactured by extrusion
Fittings, flanges and valves are manufactured by injection
moulding

28. TYPES OF PVC
There are three types of PVC pipes,
Type-I, “normal-impact” grade
Type-II, “high-impact” grade
Type-IV, newer grade

29. PVC MATERIAL PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
TYPE – I
TYPE – II
TYPE - IV
Hydrostatic design
pressure
2000 psi
1000 psi
1600 psi
Temperature
160 OF
-
-
Grades available
PVC 1120, PVC
1220
PVC, 2110, PVC
212, PVC 2116
PVC 4116

30. ADVANTAGES OF PVC PIPES
• No physical or little deterioration when exposed to direct
sunlight, unlike other plastics
• Does not support combustion
• No scales are formed over smooth inside surface

31. APPLICATIONS OF PVC
• Extensively used in highly corrosive application involving
acids, alkalis, salt solution, alsohols and many chemical
• In oil fields as it can carry sour crude oil to which PVC is inert
and paraffin built-up is minimum
• Salt-water disposal in oil fields
• Gas transmission service
• Cold water line in Industry as it is non-toxic and doesn’t add
any odour or taste to water
• For vent piping for removal of acid fumes and corrosive gases

32. TETRAFLUROETHYLENE (TEFLON)
• Unaffected by alkalis and acids except flourines and chlorines,
molten metals at elevated temperatures (260 0C max)
• TFE + Chlorine = CTFE, which is highly resistant to corrosion
by acids and alkalis up to 180 0C
• TFE components can be prepared only by powder metallurgy

33. POLYETHYLENE (PE)
• Produced from hydrocarbons and ethylene under high
temperature and extremely high temperature pressure
• Types – Low, Medium and High Density
• HDPE is not very flexible as LDPE
• 2% Carbon black is added to increase weather resistance

34. APPLICATIONS OF PE
•
•
•
•
•
HDPE is used in jet wells and farm sprinklers
Salt water disposal lines
Chemical waste lines
Gas gathering systems
Conduit for power and telephone cables

35. ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS)
• It produced by injection or compression moulding
• Exhibit good toughness and tensile strength

36. APPLICATIONS OF PE
• Service of inorganic acids, bases and salts
• Sewage piping
• Crude oil and gas piping

37. THERMOS ETTING P LAS TICS
Generally produced by centrifugal casting,
hand lay-up moulding and filament winding. Major
resins are Epoxy and Polyester resins and generally
reinforced with glass or blue asbestos fibre.

38. EPOXY
• Used in transportation of acids, neutral or basic salt solutions,
waste process water and sewage
• Used in paper industries for pulp stock wastes and dyes
• It resists fouling, salt atmosphere and marine organism
• Used in food and beverage industry

39. CONCRETE P IP ES

40. CONCRETE PIPING MATERIALS
• Types – reinforced and non-reinforced
• Some non-reinforced concrete pipe material specifications are
ASTM C14, AASHO M86, ASTM C412, etc.
• Non-reinforced pipe sizes vary from 12” to 24”
• Some reinforced concrete pipe material specifications are
ASTM C76, AASHO M170, SS-P-375, etc.
• Used for sewage and industrial waste, storm waste, culverts,
water supply

41. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES
• Not used very commonly
• Some standard material specification are ASTM C296, AWWA
C400, SS-P-331, etc.
• Used for drains and industrial waste

42. P IP E LININGS

43. COMMONLY USED LINING MATERIALS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rubber
Plastic
Lead
Glass
Epoxy resin
Synthetic resin

44. RUBBER LINED PIPES
• Natural and Synthetic rubber linings are used to counteract
corrosion
• Generally used in the temperature range of –20 OC to 50 OC
• Commonly used natural rubbers are soft rubber, semi-hard and
hard rubbers
• Commonly used synthetic rubbers are PolychloropreneNeoprene, Butyl rubber, Nitrile rubber and Thiokol
• Cannot be used for strongly oxidising conditions or halogenated
carbon

45. PLASTIC LINING
• PTFE and PVC are important lining materials
• Used for chemical resistance, corrosion protection, resist
abrasion, non-toxic and smooth bore reduces friction
• PTFE is chemically inert and used from –270 OC to 260 OC
• Polyvinyl flouride, fluoroethylene propylene and polypropylene
can be added to enhance the range of PTFE
• PVC provides tough and heavy-duty finish resistant to most acid
and marine growth

46. LEAD LININGS
• Lead lining is useful for most corrosive fluids and sulphuric
acid below 80% concentration
• Should not be used for nitric acid, hydrochloric acids,
hydrofluoric acids, organic acids and alkalis
• Can be alloyed to improve mechanical properties

47. GLASS LININGS
• Glass enamel (glass like) inorganic compositions are used as
linings
• Bonded to mild steel by fusion on metal surface above 750 OC
• Provide good resistance against acid attack and abrasion
• Cheap alternative in many situations
• Temperature range of –20 OC to 250 OC

48. EPOXY RESIN LININGS
• Good resistance to alkalis and most acids except strongly
oxidising ones
• Good resistance to abrasion by suspended particles due to
glossy nature of lining
• Used mostly in natural gas pipe lines

49. SYNTHETIC RESIN LININGS
• Sprayed phenol formaldehyde can be used when expected
corrosion is less
• Cannot be used above 80 OC
• Because of sterile and non-tainting properties it is used in food
processing industries
• Mostly used to line welded steel vessels

50. LINED PIPES SAMPLES

51. P IP ING MATERIAL
S P ECIFICATION

52. What is a Material Specification?
A Piping Material Specification is an
engineering specification that contains requirements
for the selection of materials to be used in the
construction and fabrication for all process and utility
piping.

53. FEATURES OF A MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
• Material of construction, end construction, end connections and
wall thicknesses for various ranges
• Individual line class of the piping materials
• Codes and standards relevant to the pipes and fittings of the
specified material class
• Line class coding system
• Pressure-Temperature ratings for various fittings and limiting
sizes of fittings
• Other general notes and design criteria as applicable to the
material class

54. CLASS SERVICE INDEX – IDEA STANDARDS
SI NO
CLASS
MATERIAL
MAX P
(kg/cm2)
T RANGE
(OC)
SERVICE
1
A1A
CS
20
-29 to 300
Fuel oil, nitrogen liquid, fuel gas,
NaOH, brine, steam tracing
2
A1AR
CS
20
-29 to 300
Steam condensate, BFW
3
A1B
CS
20
-45 to 400
Hydrocarbons, catalyst solutions,
lube oil, flare, flue gas, caustic, hot
nitrogen
4
A21A
304 SS
19.33
-29 to 300
Pure water(pump seal cooling) WPF,
additive solutions, seal oil, antifoam,
carbonate, brine II
5
A21B
SS
19.33
-29 to 150
Demin. Water, other process
6
A37A
Aluminium
1.4
100
Pneumatic conveying
7
B1C
CS
-
-
Chlorine vapour, chlorine liquid
8
B1EH
CS
52
-29 to 260
Hydrocarbons for HDPE only
(Dupont B1E)
9
D21A
304 SS
101.25
-200
Liquid ethylene (Cryogenic)
10
S5A
CS
polypropylene
lined
10.55
-29 to 80
Chemical sewer, regeneration wastes
(H2SO4 and NaOH)

55. SOME MATERIAL COMPARISONS

59. GENERAL DES IGN CONS IDERATIONS
• Seamless pipes are mostly preferred in power piping, butt welded
may also be used
• API 5L pipes are not permitted by IBR for design pr.>20 kgcm2
and temp>260 OC
• Most projects require multinational specification
• Economy precedes the choice of code for material specification,
after design requirements

60. THANK YOU
FOR YOUR P ATIENCE