ACE inhibitors were originally synthesized from compounds found in pit viper venom. They work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure. Landmark trials showed that ACE inhibitors reduce mortality and hospitalization in heart failure and hypertension. They are now first-line treatment for these conditions as well as post-MI and diabetic kidney disease due to their cardiovascular and renal protective effects. However, trials in low risk patients like PEACE and IMAGINE found no additional benefit of ACE inhibitors beyond standard therapy.
3. Franklin D Roosevelt – 1940s
Howard Bruenn lamented in the Annals of Internal Medicine, "I have
often wondered what turn the subsequent course of history might have
taken if the modern methods for the control of hypertension had been
available’’
6. ACE Inhibitor Groups
A. Sulfhydryl-containing agents:
– Captopril , the first ACE inhibitor
B. Dicarboxylate-containing agents:
– Enalapril
– Ramipril
– Quinapril
– Perindopril
– Lisinopril
– Benazepril
C. Phosphonate-containing agents:
– Fosinopril
– Trandolapril
7. Clinical Indications for ACEI
• Hypertension
• CHF
• Post MI
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Proteinuria
• Vascular Disease
• Post - transplant
8. Additional Benefits of ACEI
• Prevention of diabetes
• Prevention of stroke recurrence
• Prevention of atrial fibrillation
9. How ACEI is useful in hypertension?
• ACE inhibitors block the conversion of
angiotensin I to angiotensin II
• Lower arteriolar and renovascular resistance
• Increase venous capacity,
• Increase cardiac output, cardiac index and
stroke volume.
10. Which antihypertensive?
NICE Diabetes Clinical Guideline 66;May 2008. NICE Full Diabetes Guideline;2008
• First-line BP lowering therapy should be a once-daily, generic ACE
inhibitor
• Exceptions to this are:
– People of African-Caribbean descent
– Women for whom there is a possibility of
becoming pregnant
– For a person with continuing intolerance to an
ACE inhibitor
11. Choice of antihypertensive agents
When implementing blockade of the renin–
angiotensin system start treatment with an ACE
inhibitor first then move to an ARB if the ACE
inhibitor is not tolerated.
12. Pharmacotherapy –BP Control
• In people without CKD aim to keep the systolic
blood pressure below 140 mmHg (target range
120–139 mmHg) and the diastolic blood pressure
below 90 mmHg.
• In people with CKD and diabetes with urinary
protein excretion 1 g/24 h or more) aim to keep
the systolic blood pressure below 130 mmHg
(target range 120–129 mmHg) and the diastolic
blood pressure below 80 mmHg
13. Fixed Drug Combination
► To achieve recommended blood pressure
goals, it is often necessary to combine two or
more antihypertensive agents. Is there a
preferred combination?
14. Less effective
Diuretics Beta Blockers
ACEIs
ARBs
Calcium
Channel
Blockers
α1-Receptor Blockers
Particularly effective
Adapted from Chalmers J. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1993;15:1299–1313.
Concomitant Use of
Antihypertensive Drugs
15. The Moral of the Tale
As long as we reach
the objective BP
below 140/90
(130/80), it doesn’t
matter how we get
there
16. ALLHAT (JAMA 2002)
“The key message from ALLHAT is that what
matters most is getting blood pressure
controlled’’
17. The Heart Matters – the effect of ACEI
• Prevents cardiac hypertrophy
• Limits infarct size
• Improves cardiac function
• Improves cardiac metabolism
18. ACEI in Heart Failure
• ACE inhibitors are recommended to treat HF
due to systolic dysfunction.
• The benefit of ACE inhibitors has been
demonstrated in all severities of symptomatic
HF and in patients with asymptomatic left
ventricular (LV) dysfunction.
19. ACE in Heart Failure: the evidence
A meta-analysis evaluated five trials
• Improvement in symptoms
• A lower total mortality.
• A lower rate of readmission for HF).
20.
21. ACE Inhibitors for ‘Diastolic’ Heart
Failure?
• Guidelines for the management of heart
failure focus on patients with left ventricular
systolic dysfunction.
• However, guidelines make no
recommendation for their use in patients with
heart failure and preserved left ventricular
systolic function.
22. ACE inhibitors versus ARBs: comparison of
practice guidelines and treatment selection
• ACC/AHA Heart Failure guidelines 2005. ACE
inhibitors should be prescribed to all patients
with left ventricular systolic dysfunction HF
(class IA recommendation).
• They recommend ARBs as a "reasonable
alternative" first-line therapy (class IIA
recommendation).
23. ACE inhibitors versus ARBs: comparison of
practice guidelines : Contd
• ACEI more cost effective
• ARB better tolerated than ACEI
• Deciding factor may be largely patient-
specific.
24. Landmark trials with ACE inhibitors in HF
Trial n EF% Drug Death Hospitalisation Follow up NNT
(death)
CONSENSUS
1987
253 <35%
(IV)
enalapril 36 vs 50 reduced 1 year 6
SOLVD-P
1992
4228 <35
(I)
enalapril trend to
reduction
reduced 4 years 104
SOLVD – T
1991
2500 < 40
(II-III)
enalapril 12.3 vs 15.5 reduced 3 years 31
ATLAS
1997
3164 <35
(II-IV)
lisinopril no difference reduced 4 years -
25. • The ACE inhibitor Enalapril has also been
shown to reduce cardiac cachexia in patients
with chronic heart failure
• Cachexia is a poor prognostic sign in patients
with chronic heart failure. ACE inhibitors are
now used to reverse frailty and muscle
wasting in elderly patients without heart
failure.
27. Can ACEI prevent Diabetes ?
• Several recent studies indicate that ACE
inhibitor therapy reduces the development of
type 2 diabetes in persons with essential
hypertension.
• HOPE, CAPPP, SOLVD, and ALLHAT
• DREAM & ONTARGET = more recent
28. Path physiology
• Exact mechanism is not known
• ACEI reduces oxidative stress
• Increases insulin sensitivity in the liver
• Reduces Insulin resistance in muscles
• Helps in the preservation of islet cells of
pancreas
29. ACEI and the Kidneys
Clinical studies have shown ACE inhibitors
reduce the progress of diabetic nephropathy
independently from their blood pressure-
lowering effect.
This action of ACE inhibitors is used in the
prevention of diabetic renal failure.
30. ACEI and the Kidneys – Contd:
• Decreases Proteinuria (DM and Non-DM)
• Beneficial effect on permeability
• Beneficial effect on size selectivity
• Slow the Rate of GFR Decline
31. Primary composite endpoint: conventional therapy (44%) and intensive therapy (24%).Primary composite endpoint: conventional therapy (44%) and intensive therapy (24%).
**
Death from CV causes, nonfatal MI, CABG, PCI, nonfatal stroke, amputation, or surgery for peripheral atheroscleroticDeath from CV causes, nonfatal MI, CABG, PCI, nonfatal stroke, amputation, or surgery for peripheral atherosclerotic
artery disease.artery disease.
††
Behavior modification and pharmacologic therapy.Behavior modification and pharmacologic therapy.
Adapted from Gaede P, et al.Adapted from Gaede P, et al. N Eng J MedN Eng J Med. 2003;348:383-393.. 2003;348:383-393.
PrimaryCompositeEndpoint*(%)PrimaryCompositeEndpoint*(%)
Months of Follow-UpMonths of Follow-Up
6060
4040
2020
1212 2424 3636 4848 6060 7272 8484 9696
Conventional TherapyConventional Therapy
Intensive TherapyIntensive Therapy††
20% Absolute20% Absolute
Risk ReductionRisk Reduction
N=160; follow-up=7.8 yearsN=160; follow-up=7.8 years
Aggressive treatment ofAggressive treatment of††
::
– Microalbuminuria withMicroalbuminuria with
ACEIs, ARBs, or combinationACEIs, ARBs, or combination
– HypertensionHypertension
– HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia
– DyslipidemiaDyslipidemia
– Secondary prevention of CVDSecondary prevention of CVD
Intensive Multiple Risk Factor Management Patients with
Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
33. HOPE (Heart Outcome Prevention
Evaluation)
• 9297 Patients
• Age >55
• DM + 1 other CV factor
• Normal EF (>40%)
• Ramipril (10mg) vs. Placebo
34. HOPE (Primary endpoints)
• Death (CV) - 6.1 vs 8.1 P<0.001 RR=0.75
• MI - 9.9 vs 12.2 P<0.001 RR=0.80
• Stroke - 3.4 vs 4.9 P<0.001 RR=0.69
35. HOPE (secondary endpts.)
• Death 10.4 vs 12.2
• Revascularization 16.0 vs 18.6
• Cardiac arrest 0.8 vs 1.2
• Heart Failure 7.4 vs 9.4
• DM complications 6.2 vs 7.4
* all statistically significant
36. EUROPA
Randomised 12,218 patients with stable coronary
artery disease (CAD) and a broad range of risk for
cardiovascular complications
Showed the benefit of long-term (mean 4.2 years)
ACE-inhibition (perindopril 8 mg/day)
37. Study end points
Non Fatal MI, Cardiac arrest and CV mortalityNon Fatal MI, Cardiac arrest and CV mortality
Primary endpointPrimary endpoint
Secondary endpointsSecondary endpoints
Heart failureHeart failure
Revascularisation (PCI/CABG)Revascularisation (PCI/CABG)
StrokeStroke
38. Primary endpoint
% CV death, MI or cardiac arrest% CV death, MI or cardiac arrest
Placebo annual event rate: 2.4%Placebo annual event rate: 2.4%
PerindoprilPerindopril
PlaceboPlacebo
p = 0.0003p = 0.0003
RRR:RRR: 20%20%
YearsYears
00
22
44
66
88
1010
1212
1414
00 11 22 33 44 55
39. Primary endpoint
RRR: 20% [95% CI : 9 - 29]RRR: 20% [95% CI : 9 - 29]
CV death, MI or cardiac arrestCV death, MI or cardiac arrest
00
100100
200200
300300
400400
500500
600600
700700
No eventsNo events
PerindoprilPerindopril
(6 110)(6 110)
8.0%8.0%
488488
PlaceboPlacebo
(6 108)(6 108)
9.9%9.9%
603603
40.
41. The Prevention of Events with
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Inhibition (PEACE) Trial
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial
Sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
42. Hypothesis
To test whether ACE inhibitor therapy,
when added to modern conventional
therapy, reduces CV mortality, MI, or
coronary revascularization in low-risk,
stable CAD patients with normal or
mildly reduced LV function.
43. Inclusion Criteria
• Age ≥ 50 years
• Coronary artery disease
– MI, or
– CABG or PCI, or
– Coronary angiogram with obstruction of ≥50%
luminal diameter in at least one native vessel
• LVEF > 40%
• Tolerated 2 week run-in of 2 mg/day
trandolapril
46. PEACE Trial: All Death
7.2
8.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
Trandolapril Placebo
• A slight reduction in all-
cause death seen in the
Trandolapril arm was not
statistically significant
All-Cause Death
p = 0.13
Presented at AHA 2004
47. PEACE Trial: Primary Endpoint
3.5
5.3
6.5
12.4
3.7
5.3
7.1
12.0
0
4
8
12
16
Cardio death Nonfatal MI CABG PCI
Trandolapril Placebo
%
Presented at AHA 2004
p=0.67
p=1.00
p=0.24
p=0.65
The individual components of the primary endpoint were also
equivalent in the Trandolapril and placebo groups
48. IMAGINE
•In patients at low risk of CV
events after CABG, routine
early initiation of ACE
inhibitor therapy does not
appear to improve clinical
outcome up to 3 years after
CABG
Trial design: IMAGINE was a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
designed to test the effects of early ACE inhibitor initiation (quinapril 10 or 20 mg/day within
7 to 10 days) after CABG in patients with preserved LV function, and no clear indication for
ACE inhibitor therapy.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions
CV death or cardiac arrest
(p = 0.57)
Quinapril
(n = 1,280)
%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.5
0.4
Placeb
o
(n =
1,273)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Concomitant Use of Antihypertensive Drugs
Antihypertensive drugs typically are very complimentary; however, there are some combinations which tend to be more favorable and are shown in this slide by the yellow lines. Although drug combinations shown by the pink line can be used, they tend to be less complimentary and frequently do not result in an additive reductions in BP.
Reference:
Chalmers J. The Place of Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Hypertension in 1993. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1993;15:1299-1313.
