Species composition, diversity and community structure of mangroves in Barang...
LANDFILL MINING IMPACTS
1. NETWORKING SESSION:
Circular economy and landfill mining: key
concepts to exploit waste as new resources
Overview of landfill mining impacts
SUM2016
3rd Symposium on Urban Mining and Circular Economy
Bergamo, Italy – 24.05.2016
Ernő Garamvölgyi,
Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd.
2. SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance
availability and accessibility of data and infOrmation in the EU
territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No
641988
4. Circular Economy
"Closing the loop" of product lifecycles through greater recycling and re-use, and bring
benefits for both the environment and the economy
Key element: Promotion of economic instruments to discourage landfilling
From waste to resources: boosting the market for secondary raw materials and water
reuse
Materials injected back into the economy
Increasing security of supply
SRM Use:
Still account for a small proportion
Need for demand for recycled materials
Barriers:
Uncertainty in quality,
absence of EU-wide standards
Cross-border circulation of secondary raw materials
CRM: „Such materials could also be recovered in landfills (e.g. from discarded
electronic devices) or in certain cases from mining waste.”
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm
5. Landfilled waste in the Hungarian context
Landfilled waste reported in Hungary (2004-2016)
>500 EWC codes
5 codes >98% of all materials
EWC EWC title Mass (kg) m%
Cumulated
m%
20
TELEPÜLÉSI HULLADÉK (HÁZTARTÁSI HULLADÉK ÉS A HÁZTARTÁSI HULLADÉKHOZ
HASONLÓ KERESKEDELMI, IPARI ÉS INTÉZMÉNYI HULLADÉK), IDEÉRTVE AZ
ELKÜLÖNÍTETTENGYŰJTÖTT FRAKCIÓT IS
35 180 710 918 37.01% 37.01%
10 TERMIKUS GYÁRTÁSFOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 29 925 059 801 31.48% 68.49%
17
ÉPÍTÉSI-BONTÁSI HULLADÉK (BELEÉRTVE A SZENNYEZETT TERÜLETEKRŐL
KITERMELT FÖLDET IS) 19 092 441 052 20.09% 88.58%
01
ÁSVÁNYOK KUTATÁSÁBÓL, BÁNYÁSZATÁBÓL, KŐFEJTÉSÉBŐL, FIZIKAI ÉS KÉMIAI
KEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 5 031 544 274 5.29% 93.87%
19
HULLADÉKKEZELŐ LÉTESÍTMÉNYEKBŐL, A SZENNYVIZET KÉPZŐDÉSÉNEK
TELEPHELYÉN KÍVÜL KEZELŐ SZENNYVÍZTISZTÍTÓKBÓL,VALAMINT AZ IVÓVÍZ ÉS
IPARI VÍZ SZOLGÁLTATÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK
4 460 125 092 4.69% 98.56%
03
FAFELDOLGOZÁSBÓL ÉS FALEMEZ-, BÚTOR-, CELLULÓZ ROST SZUSZPENZIÓ-,
PAPÍR- ÉS KARTONGYÁRTÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 354 982 931 0.37% 98.94%
06 SZERVETLEN KÉMIAI FOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 270 523 434 0.28% 99.22%
15
CSOMAGOLÁSIHULLADÉK; KÖZELEBBRŐL MEG NEM HATÁROZOTT FELITATÓ
ANYAGOK (ABSZORBENSEK), TÖRLŐKENDŐK, SZŰRŐANYAGOK ÉS VÉDŐRUHÁZAT 202 303 917 0.21% 99.43%
02
MEZŐGAZDASÁGI, KERTÉSZETI, AKVAKULTÚRÁS TERMELÉSBŐL,
ERDŐGAZDÁLKODÁSBÓL, VADÁSZATBÓL, HALÁSZATBÓL, ÉLELMISZER-
ELŐÁLLÍTÁSBÓL ÉS -FELDOLGOZÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK
159 965 622 0.17% 99.60%
16 A HULLADÉKJEGYZÉKBEN KÖZELEBBRŐL MEG NEM HATÁROZOTT HULLADÉK 139 936 244 0.15% 99.75%
04 BŐR-, SZŐRME- ÉS TEXTILIPARI HULLADÉK 63 550 528 0.07% 99.82%
07 SZERVES KÉMIAI FOLYAMATBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 54 609 863 0.06% 99.87%
11
FÉMEK ÉS EGYÉB ANYAGOK KÉMIAI FELÜLETKEZELÉSÉBŐL ÉS BEVONÁSÁBÓL
SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK; NEMVAS FÉMEK HIDROMETALLURGIAI HULLADÉKA 53 212 641 0.06% 99.93%
08
BEVONATOK (FESTÉKEK, LAKKOK ÉS ZOMÁNCOK), RAGASZTÓK, TÖMÍTŐANYAGOK
ÉS NYOMDAFESTÉKEKGYÁRTÁSÁBÓL, KISZERELÉSÉBŐL, FORGALMAZÁSÁBÓL ÉS
FELHASZNÁLÁSÁBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK
31 458 566 0.03% 99.96%
12
FÉMEK, MŰANYAGOK ALAKÍTÁSÁBÓL, FIZIKAI ÉS MECHANIKAI
FELÜLETKEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 15 833 710 0.02% 99.98%
18
EMBEREK VAGY ÁLLATOK EGÉSZSÉGÜGYI ELLÁTÁSÁBÓL ÉS/VAGY AZ AZZAL
KAPCSOLATOSKUTATÁSBÓL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK (kivéve a konyhai és éttermi
hulladékot, amely nem közvetlenül az egészségügyi ellátásból származik)
12 878 594 0.01% 99.99%
05
KŐOLAJFINOMÍTÁSBÓL,FÖLDGÁZTISZTÍTÁSBÓL ÉS A KŐSZÉN PIROLITIKUS
KEZELÉSÉBŐL SZÁRMAZÓ HULLADÉK 4 718 970 0.00% 100.00%
13
OLAJHULLADÉK ÉS A FOLYÉKONY ÜZEMANYAG HULLADÉKA (kivéve az étolajokat,
valaminta 05, a 12 és a 19 főcsoportokban meghatározotthulladékot) 712 720 0.00% 100.00%
09 FÉNYKÉPÉSZETI IPAR HULLADÉKA 528 797 0.00% 100.00%
14
SZERVES OLDÓSZER-, HŰTŐANYAG-ÉS HAJTÓGÁZ HULLADÉK (kivéve a 07 és a 08
főcsoportokban meghatározotthulladék) 31 434 0.00% 100.00%
Összesen: 95 055 129 108 100.00%
EWC code
cumulated
Source: Bay, OKIR, Hungary
6. Reasons for and against landfill mining
Why Landfill Mining?
Economic
Extraction recycling potential: Metals/plastics (highest values / lowest level of
degradation)
Extraction for energy recovery: un-degraded biomass (short- to medium-term
solution)
Environmental
Reclamation of land
Landfill site is a physical barrier to a development
Landfill site is in location not for landfill operations
Reuse the available landfill space
Contaminating the groundwater / surrounding area
Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
7. Reasons for and against landfill mining
Why NOT Landfill Mining?
Unquantifiable variables
Difficulty in understanding the composition, estimates must be made of the
wastes within landfill. Records for many older landfills are non-existent.
Impacts that those wastes may have
Risks
Economic:
Uncertainty of produced output, low market demand
Quality of materials: likely to be poor compared to fresh wastes, materials
contaminated with soils, leachate and other materials
Environmental:
Nuisance caused during operation
Potential for presence of hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos)
Escape of leachate or landfill gas
Residual contamination of the land or groundwater should be removed
Source:
ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
8. Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
Positive impacts
Removal of potential source of pollution
Manage the escape of LFG (contributor to global warming, odour issues; etc.)
Potential for leachate is diminished (contaminate surface water and groundwater)
Extending landfill capacity by recovering void-space.
Reclaimed soil (daily cover material, avoiding transportation impacts)
Producing energy(combustible waste to generate energy)
Recycling of materials (mainly metals)
Freeing-up land for other uses
9. Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
Negative impacts
Hazardous waste uncovered (e.g. asbestos). Older landfills with less robust waste
disposal practices and acceptance criteria )
Release of landfill gases and odours (explosions, fires, odours and risk to human
health)
Releases of liquids and leachate
Releases of dust
Subsidence or collapse: Excavation of a landfill area can undermine the integrity of
adjacent cells, which can sink or collapse.
Noise
Vermin may be attracted
Additional traffic movements on the local road network
10. LCA:
difference between leaving the landfill to naturally degrade over an unknown
period against the impact of the LFM project
to take into account the beneficial use of materials recovered compared against
raw extraction or production
using traditional fossil fuels against the use of waste-derived biomass extracted
from landfill
impact of the LFM operation, including any emissions caused by the excavation
and the premature release of contaminants
Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
11. Landfill mining issues – Environment impacts
Source: Life cycle analysis of enhanced landfill mining: case study for the remo landfill, 2013.
Findings in Remo landfill case study LCA
(Belgium)
ELFM (Enhanced Landfill Mining) is
NOT always beneficial from an
environmental point of view
Net environmental impact of ELFM
strongly depends on the quality and
the quantity of the output products
ELFM for the total waste (IW+MSW)
resulted in a net environmental
benefit compared to the Donothing
scenario
12. Landfill mining issues – Economic impacts
Source: ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.,
13. Landfill mining issues – Economic impacts
Landfill mining feasibility decisions
Waste composition
Historic operating conditions
Extent of waste degradation
Markets and prices for recovered materials
Ricardo-AEA:
LFMR is rarely self-sufficient
Economically viable cases:
LFMR involving onsite energy recovery at non-hazardous landfills
Excavation, shredding, screening and removal of ferrous metal, with sale of metal
Recovery of soil for use as daily cover
Compaction of waste may be economically viable based on the voidspace
recovered.
LFMR with resource and off-site energy recovery might be feasible where wastes
are to be excavated anyway, assuming that the alternative is to pay for landfill
elsewhere.
Landfills with industrial wastes may contain more valuable material
Source:
Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013
https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
14. Landfill mining issues – Social impacts
Negative impacts
Road congestion
Concern over health, amenity and nuisance impact due to LFM process
Negative impact on property value
Positive impacts
Places of work
Removal of landfilled wastes
Process that reduces/eliminates on-going risks
Process that reduces/eliminates impacts upon health and environment
Positive impact on property value
Source: Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, 2013.
16. Landfill mining in Miskolc (Hungary) – in 2016
Source: Bay, Internet, http://europacentermiskolc.hu/
17. SmartGround investigations - approach
1. Pilot sampling (long/short list)
2. Technology process line
3. Impact assessment (ENV/ECON/SOC)
18. ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Mining, 2013.
https://waste-management-world.com/a/landfill-mining-goldmine-or-minefield
Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland, Scoping Study,
S. Ford, K. Warren, C. Lorton, R. Smithers, A. Read, M. Hudgins, 2013.
Life cycle analysis of enhanced landfill mining: case study for the remo landfill, M.
Danthurebandara, S. Van Passel, K. Van Acker, 2nd International Academic Symposium
on Enhanced Landfill Mining, 2013.
SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance availability and
accessibility of data and infOrmation in the EU territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials,
Horizon 2020, Grant Agreement No 641988
Literature references
18www.smart-ground.eu
No real info on content
No info on content before 2004
More prevalent at older landfills that were in operation at a time when waste disposal practices and waste acceptance criteria were not as robust. Special handling and disposal requirements to mitigate risk.
Enhanced Landfill Mining: “the safe conditioning, excavation and integrated valorisation of (historic and/or future) landfilled waste streams as both materials (Waste-toMaterial, WtM) and energy (Waste-to-Energy, WtE), using innovative transformation technologies and respecting the most stringent social and ecological criteria”
municipal solid waste and assimilated industrial waste (MSW & AIW), industrial waste (IW)
A resident may perceive that a completed LFMR project…