1. Antanas
Mockus
corpovisionarios.org
Bogota
started
by
changing
so8ware
Managing
urban
problems
with
art-­‐inspired
ac=ons
and
a
fresh
understanding
of
ci=zenship

2. • The
most
valuable
good
will
be
human’s
paying
aBen=on
to
humans.
Thank
you.
• Urban
infrastructure
has
become
the
most
visible
and
the
most
invisible
human
crea=on.
• Smooth
flows
get
more
and
more
intertwined
and
op=mized
for
the
long
term.
• Seoul’s
infrastructure
works
so
smoothly
that
you
can
forget
it
or
just
enjoy
it.
• Seoul’s
infrastructure
shouts
to
be
seen
like
the
future
single
human.
• The
essence
of
Seoul’s
miracle:
social
and
ins=tu=onal
innova=on.
Pre-­‐thoughts

3. Bogota Flirtatious
“If you cannot change
your hardware at least change
your software”
*

4. What mechanism do you obey the most?What mechanism do others obey the most?Challenge: to harmonize them
Regulatory Mechanisms
Fear of
legal sanction
or moral obligation
to obey the law
Admiration for
the law
Fear of guilt
or moral obligation to
follow personal moral
criteria
Moral
self-gratification
Fear of social
rejection
Trust
Reputation
Social
recognition
Legal norms Moral norms Social norms

5. Trust
Reputation
Social
recognition
Social norms
Regulatory Mechanisms
Fear of
legal sanction
or moral obligation
to obey the law
Admiration for
the law
Fear of guilt
or moral obligation to
follow personal moral
criteria
Moral
self-gratification
Fear of social
rejection
Legal norms Moral norms

6. Goals of Citizenship Culture
To harmonize law, moral and culture
To neutralize “shortcut culture”

7. 7
Examples of illegal and legal urban behavior
in harmony or tension with morals and culture
If the only way to
preserve life is by lying
in a public document
Rape
To overpay taxes
Seller offers to reduce the bill of the amount of
the tax if no receipt is issued and he does not
feel guilt neither shame
Taxi driver does not
greet the passenger
Use
reasonable
quantity of
water
Illegal city growth (usually
it does not produce neither
guilt nor shame)
Bribing a traffic police officer
in Bogotá circa1994 to
avoid a just ticket.
Car Parking on public
sidewalks in Bogotá in 1994
Public officer imposes
arbitrarely small delay
on paperwork of his
responsability
Traffic interruption
associated with street
protest
Deliberate ignorance
of etiquette for making
someone feel better

8. Citizenship is “the right to have rights”
(H. Arendt)
But also the “duty of recognizing duties”
(A. M.)
We are not born as citizens, we become
citizens by…
• Being treated as a citizen
• Trying to act as a citizen
• Letting others interpret one’s actions as manifestations of
citizenship
Forming citizens

9. Basic set of shared rules
to take advantage of (and
enjoy) the cultural and
moral diversity of the City
Cultural regulation of
interactions between
citizens and between
citizens and state officials
Objectives : more…
• voluntary compliance with norms
• citizens peacefully making others comply with norms
• peaceful resolution of conflicts with help of a shared
vision of the City
• communication (expression and interpretation) among
citizens through arts, culture, recreation and sports
“Citizenship Culture” in Bogotá 1995-7
2001-3

10. Sub-art = Art without the
pretentions of being art
Refresh, make unfamiliar the familiar
Create public through the invitation to judge (building a
common sense in the direction of a public sphere)
Consciousness of the arbitrary of social constructions.
Offer role models, inspire other practices.
*Doris Sommer, Cultural agents, Harvard

11. Viktor Shklovsky
• Things are continuously getting grey
• Art gives back colors (not necessarily the
same)
• Elaboration of forms obliges to stop-by, to
slow down perception
• You rediscover the old thing under a new
light, or you discover a new thing under the
old light: you’re estranged
• Grey is unsustainable
Shklovsky, V. (2012 [1917]). “Art as Technique”. Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays. L.T. Lemon,
M. J. Reis and G. S. Morson (Eds.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

12. Cultural agency features learned from art
• Refresh, make unfamiliar the familiar
• Promote judgment and creating publics
• Announce possible harmonies
• Offer ‘role models’ .
• Make conscious the arbitrary of social
constructions.
• Motivate, inspire other practices (close or not)
• Cultural ressources are recontextualized

13. Examples of sub-art in Bogotá
1995-7, 2001-3
Mobility
Citizen’s cards
Mimes regulating car and pedestrian traffic
The “Zebra” Knights: taxi drivers that respected three rules…
Cross-like stars on roads where pedestrians were killed
Collective action
Water voluntary saving as response to water shortage
63.000 voluntary tax-payers
Disarmament
Life is sacred
“Carrot law” Alcohol restriction after 1 am to save lives.
Bullet proof jacket
The “Supercívico”

14. Mobility
Mimes
instead of
Traffic Police
in a small
part of
Central
Bogotá
succeeded in
enforcing the
use of zebra
crosswalk

15. Citizen’s Cards

16. 11.6
12.7
15
18.3
20.3
18.8 18.8 18.4
16.7
15.3
14.7
13.8 12.6
12.1 11.8
11.9
21.3
24.4
23.3
24.1 24.3
22.3
15.6
15.1
14.2
13.2
11.6
10.7
8.6
9.9
8.2 8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Numberofdeathsper100,000inhabitants
Colombia
Bogotá
Seatbelts, citizens cards,
mimes
“Carrot” law (alcohol restriction)
and elimination of transit police
Better pre-hospital
care
Signaling of places where
pedestrians died because
of traffic accidents
Deaths in traffic accidents

17. Examples of sub-art in Bogotá
1995-7, 2001-3
Mobility
Citizen’s cards
Mimes regulating car and pedestrian traffic
The “Zebra” Knights: taxi drivers that respected three rules…
Cross-like stars on roads where pedestrians were killed
Collective action
Water voluntary saving as response to water shortage
63.000 voluntary tax-payers
Disarmament
Life is sacred
“Carrot law” Alcohol restriction after 1 am to save lives.
Bullet proof jacket
The “Supercívico”

18. • Water savings
• Zebra’s Knights
• Disarmament
• Voluntary tax “110% with Bogotá”
Collective
Actions
n
Net benefit
/person
A
B C
O
Number of persons
cooperating
First
movers
29m3 →20m3  l14m3

19. In the face of a
water supply
crisis, we
discarded
mandatory
rationing in favor
of voluntary
reduction of
consumption. The
commitment to
voluntary reduce
consumption was
sustained, despite
an initial increase
in consumption.

21. Fuente: Tesorería Distrital.
Cálculos: Secretaría de Hacienda - Dirección Distrital de Impuestos.
Results: City’s Tax Revenues
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
200 million
dollars per year
750 million
dollars per
year
+ additional 700
million dollars:
Sales of 50% of
Energy company
´s shares

22. Destruction of guns
voluntarily returned

23. Desarme voluntario
Cooperation of government and citizenry
for shared delight and learning

24. Examples of sub-art in Bogotá
1995-7, 2001-3
Mobility
Citizen’s cards
Mimes regulating car and pedestrian traffic
The “Zebra” Knights: taxi drivers that respected three rules…
Cross-like stars on roads where pedestrians were killed
Collective action
Water voluntary saving as response to water shortage
63.000 voluntary tax-payers
Disarmament
Life is sacred
“Carrot law” Alcohol restriction after 1 am to save lives.
Bullet proof jacket
The “Supercívico”

25. “Life is Sacred”
Intervention in the central cemetery. Bogotá, Colombia.

27. Because threats from
the FARC guerrilla, I
wore for nine months a
bullet-proof-white
jacket with a heart-
shaped hole placed
over the heart.
Possible meanings: to
depict, to challenge, to
seduce, invitation to
seduce instead of
frightening, an open
narrative (“And now
what will happen?”)

28. “Carrot Law”
Carrot Law: Night clubs curfew to save lives.

29. SuperCívico

30. Homicide rate dropped, from 80 per 100.000 inhabitants in 1993
to 22 per 100.000 inhabitants in 2004.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
Colombia (S/B) Bogotá
Reduction in homicides
(partially attributed to cultura ciudadana)
Colombia without Bogota
Bogota
* Fuente: Colombia - Policía Nacional, Bogotá - Medicina Legal

32. Some results
• Two homicide rate reductions by 1/3 in two non-
consecutive three year periods.
• Reduction of the rate of people killed in traffic
accidents (from 24 to 8 per 100000).
• Water demand management approach used to
afford water supply crisis.
• Patronage-based clientelistic relationships
interrupted
• Reduction of tax evasion (voluntary tax and new
incomes warranted)

33. Build on what was built

34. 1995-1997, 1998-2000,
2001-2003: intertwining
Citizenship Culture
+ improvements
Mayor Peñalosa, physical improvements (not only):
– Sidewalks (we all share the condition of pedestrians)
– A new model of Transportation based on BMT + biking +
restrictions on car use (40% peak hours, day without car
democratically approved)
– Public space defense / egalitarianism
– Construction of 4 huge libraries and 20 mega-schools in
very poor neighborhoods.
Investment of resources obtained by selling half of energy
company.

35. Before
After

37. En 1999 se
decidió intervenir
una de las zonas
más peligrosas
del centro de
Bogotá
(delincuencia y
consumo y tráfico
de
estupefacientes)
Para esto se
demolieron las
casas que se
ubicaban en el
sector y se
construyó en este
lugar el parque
Tercer Milenio.
12.000 personas
fueron reubicadas
Urban Renewal: El Cartucho
198
9
200
7

38. 1998
2006

40. Social innovation: art inspired
promotion of law obedience
Fostering collective action to change specific social
norms proved to be a way to enhance legal
compliance. It helped to make of legal obedience a
general social norm.
Learning to manage, managing to learn

41. Could a similar approach work
in face of suicides?

42. South
Korea
Lithuania Uruguay Brazil Colombia
Suicide
rate per
100,000
31.7 31.6 15.8 4.8 4.9
Homicide
rate per
100,000
2.6 6.6 5.9 21.0 31.4
Source : Medicina Legal, UNODC, WHO

43. Seoul Bogotá
Suicide rate
per 100,000 26.9 3.0
Homicide rate
per 100,000
2.38 16.1
Source : Medicina Legal, UNODC, WHO

44. 0; 67
0; 22
0.1; 60
0.9; 3.2
1.6; 22
2.3; 52
3; 1.05
3.8; 49
3.94; 3.8
4; 15
4.6; 22
4.9; 35
5.2; 1.1
5.7; 3.9
5.8; 2.1
6.1; 0.96.6; 1.2
6.8; 71
6.8; 19
7.2; 13
7.8; 5.97.9; 5.5
7.9; 1.17
8; 11
8.5; 0.93
8.6; 4.1
9.2; 1.289.5; 0.86
10.1; 2.3
10.2; 1.310.3; 1.7410.3; 1.7
10.3; 0.38
10.6; 2.8
10.6; 1.01
11.1; 5
11.3; 2.3
11.3; 011.4; 0.6
11.6; 1.8111.6; 1.3511.8; 1.8
12; 43
12.3; 5.5
12.4; 1.94
12.8; 0.55
13.2; 5.8
13.2; 2.215; 1.67
15.1; 0.7115.2; 1.21
15.4; 34
15.8; 0.89
16.5; 7.1
17; 1.3117.6; 1.8218.3; 2.5
20.7; 4.8
21.6; 7.4
21.8; 1.38
22.6; 5.4
22.9; 21
23.5; 15
24.4; 1.02
25.3; 5.6
31; 2.3
31.5; 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Venezuela
USA
Honduras
Perú
Repúblic
a
Dominic
ana
Colombia
Brasil
El Salvador
Jamaica
Guate
mala
Tobago
South Africa
Ha
ití Ecuador
México
Guayana
Rusia
Nicaragua
Lituania
Corea del Sur
Tailandia
Estonia
Bielorusia
HungríaFinlandia Japón
Letonia
India
10,6: 2,8
China
6,6;12
Costa Rica Sri Lanka
Turquía
Grecia
WORLD
14,5; 8,8

Homicide rate vs suicide rate
(circa 2010)
Suicides
Homicides

45. 0; 67
0; 22
0.1; 60
0.9; 3.2
1.6; 22
2.3; 52
3; 1.05
3.8; 49
3.94; 3.8
4; 15
4.6; 22
4.9; 35
5.2; 1.1
5.7; 3.9
5.8; 2.1
6.1; 0.96.6; 1.2
6.8; 71
6.8; 19
7.2; 13
7.8; 5.97.9; 5.5
7.9; 1.17
8; 11
8.5; 0.93
8.6; 4.1
9.2; 1.289.5; 0.86
10.1; 2.3
10.2; 1.310.3; 1.7410.3; 1.7
10.3; 0.38
10.6; 2.8
10.6; 1.01
11.1; 5
11.3; 2.3
11.3; 011.4; 0.6
11.6; 1.8111.6; 1.3511.8; 1.8
12; 43
12.3; 5.5
12.4; 1.94
12.8; 0.55
13.2; 5.8
13.2; 2.215; 1.67
15.1; 0.7115.2; 1.21
15.4; 34
15.8; 0.89
16.5; 7.1
17; 1.3117.6; 1.8218.3; 2.5
20.7; 4.8
21.6; 7.4
21.8; 1.38
22.6; 5.4
22.9; 21
23.5; 15
24.4; 1.02
25.3; 5.6
31; 2.3
31.5; 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Venezuela
USA
Honduras
Perú
Repúblic
a
Dominic
ana
Colombia
Brasil
El Salvador
Jamaica
Guate
mala
Tobago
South Africa
Ha
ití Ecuador
México
Guayana
Rusia
Nicaragua
Lituania
Corea del Sur
Tailandia
Estonia
Bielorusia
HungríaFinlandia Japón
Letonia
India
10,6: 2,8
China
6,6;12
Costa Rica Sri Lanka
Turquía
Grecia
WORLD
14,5; 8,8

Homicide rate vs suicide rate
(circa 2010)
Homicides
Suicides

46. Colombia
South
Korea
Population 47,050,000 50, 004, 441
Annual growth rate 1.18% 0.1 %
Surface (km2) 1.141.748 99 828
Density (people/km2) 41,2 500, 91
GDP per capita (USD) 6,685 23, 020
GDP Growth 4.30% -0.40 %
Life expectancy (years) 74.3 81.2
Fertility index (children /
woman)
2.18 1.15
Infant mortality rate (per 1000) 16.9 4.24
Human Development Index
(IDH 2012)
0.719/1.0
(rank : 92/186)
0.909/1.0
(rank : 12/186)
Source: www.populatiodata.net

47. A worldwide problem
For each 100 homicides there are
164 suicides
During the last 45 years suicides
grew a 60%

48. South
Korea
Seoul Colombia Bogotá
Population 50,004,441 22,692,652 47,050,000 8,423,837
Suicide
rate per
100,000
31.7 26.9 4.9 3.0
Homicide
rate per
100,000
2.6 2.38 31.4 16.1
Source : Medicina Legal, UNODC, WHO

49. México Siglo XXI, 2010

54. SELFEXPRESSION

56. 15,7
10,1
16,5
6,6
4.0
8,0
15,0
1,7
7,7
8,7
0,64
8,0
Hom
Suic
Más de 20 por
100.000 hab por año
3,2
TheCulturalMapoftheWorldcirca2000(Welzel-Inglehart)

59. Promote happiness and
entrepreneurship
Reduce or reorient politics
Soften drive to achieve
Strengthen traditional and self-
expression values
Possible strategies
against suicide for
South Korea and
Lithuania

60. SELFEXPRESSION
Promote familism, health,
leisure, importance of friends,
life satisfaction, ecology,
women’s emancipation and
tolerance.
Reorient freedom of choice.
Possible strategies
against suicide for
South Korea and
Lithuania

61. SELFEXPRESSION
Build upon health, leisure,
importance of friends, life
satisfaction, ecology, women’s
emancipation and tolerance.
Possible strategies
against suicide for
Uruguay

62. Promote happiness and
entrepreneurship
Soften drive to achieve
Strengthen self-expression
values
Possible strategies
against suicide for
Uruguay

63. Citizenship Culture applied to suicide
prevention
Strengthening social taboos against suicide. Building
on prevalent values or, selectively, reorient some of
them.
Improving legislation and legal enforcement against
third parties complicity or passivity in face of suicidal
attempts.
Making visible collective actions in favour of human life.
Revoking the obligation of not smiling on IDs.
Making and divulging mutual commitments to not
suicide without previous notice and authorization.