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Climate Change / Global Warming
Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?
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                    NY Times
Climate and Weather
             What is the difference?
• Climate – Pattern of weather for a month or longer
  -- Includes changes in average weather patterns due to
     global conditions such as ocean temperature

• Weather – Day-to-day changes in temperature and rain
  -- Changes tied to weather systems such as cold and
     warm fronts and hurricanes
“Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?”



   Many people consider that Global Warming is
   the greatest environmental threat of the 21st
   Century.
   However, during the 80s and early 90s
   scientists argued about the causes and effects
   of global warming.
   In the late 1990s scientists reached a
   consensus that global warming was a cause
   for concern.
   So, why should you be concerned about global
   warming?
Climate Change…
• No longer speculation or theory
• Changes already felt, set to get worse
• Science trying to assess how much, how
  fast
• Needed: taking action even before full
  knowledge & understanding
• Two types of response:
  – Mitigation: preventing problem getting worse
  – Adaptation: Learning to live with inevitable
    effects
• “Warming of the climate system is
  unequivocal, as is now evident from
  increases in global average air and
  ocean temperatures, melting of snow
  and ice, and rising sea level.”
  – IPCC 4th Assessment Working Group I,
    Summary for Policymakers, 2007
What Is Global Warming?

                                           Global warming is the
                                           warming of the earth
                                           through carbon dioxide
                                           (CO2)and other GHGs.
                                           Then the gases trap
                                           heat like the glass in a
                                           greenhouse. This is
                                           where the term the
                                           “greenhouse effect”
                                           came from.
http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/
What constitutes a green house gas
                    (GHG)




June 2, 2009                           8
Green House Gases

• Carbon dioxide, CO2
• Methane, CH4
• Nitrous Oxide, N2O
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofuorocarbons
  (CFCs) (covers 13 chemicals)
• Perfluorocarbons, PFCs (covers 7 chemicals)
• Sulfur Hexafluoride, SF6
•   Water vapor

         Not all GHGs contain carbon


June 2, 2009                                         9
Solutions to the problem…
Explanation of the causes of global warming
Temperature is increasing!
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
What’s Happening
Scientists say that the barrier
insulating the continental ice
caps is melting.
 “The impacts of warming
temperatures in Antarctica
are likely to occur first in the
northern sections of the
continent, where summer
temperatures approach the
melting point of water, 32
degrees F (0 degrees C).”
http://www.climatehotmap.o
rg/antarctica.html
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
What’s Happening
As the ice melts, big
chunks of glaciers will
break off and become
like ice cubes in a big
glass of water. The ice
chunks, known as
icebergs, create mass in
the ocean. The icebergs
displace the water
causing the ocean level
to rise..
Evaluation of the different viewpoints held about
     global warming by MEDCs and LEDCs
What Will Happen
                                “Rising global
                                temperatures are
                                expected to change
                                precipitation and other
                                local climate conditions.
                                Changing regional
                                climate could alter
                                forests, crop yields, and
                                water supplies. It could
                                also affect human health,
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWar   animals, and many types
ming/default.asp                of ecosystems.
                                http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/global
                                warming.nsf/content/impacts.html
Explanation of the effects of global warming in
           both MEDCs and LEDCs
Where Has It Been Happening




This is where temperatures have risen in the world.
http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/war
mingmap.html
How Long Has It Been Going On
                  “According to NOAA,
                 the global warming
                 rate in the last 25
                 years has risen to 3.6
                 degrees F per
                 century, which tends
                 to confirm the
                 predictions of
                 temperature
                 increases made by
                 international panels
                 of climate scientists
                 (IPCC).” /
How Long Has It Been Going On

• The earth has had highs
  and lows, droughts and
  floods, but nothing has
  been like the past 150
  years.


                            http://www.worldviewofglobalwar
                            ming.org/
What’s Happening to the Animals
• “Penguin population
  decline. ”

  Reference: Fraser, W.
  1998. Antarctic biology
  and medicine program,
  University of Montana,
  personal communication.
  http://www.climatehotma
  p.org/antarctica.html
What’s Happening to the Animals
“Coral reef bleaching,,
results from the loss of
symbiotic zooxantheallae
and/or a reduction in
photosynthetic pigment
concentrations in
zooxanthellae residing
within corals..
http://www.marinebiolog
y.org/coralbleaching.htm
Regions where major coral reef bleaching
events have taken place during the past 15
years low spots indicate major bleaching events.
http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm
Carbon neutral
• The “world of the year” in the new Oxford
  Dictionary
• adj.: “emitting no net carbon dioxide into
  the atmosphere”


• Carbon Footprint ?
• an environmental regulator establishes a “cap”
  that limits emissions from a designated group,
  such as power plants, to a level lower than their
  current emissions
• The emissions allowed under the cap are then
  divided up into individual permits that represent
  the right to emit that amount
• Companies are free to buy and sell permits in
  order to continue operating in the most
  profitable manner available to them
What can you do?
• Calculate and understand your “carbon
  footprint”
• Reduce your use of energy
• Look for ways to use renewable energy
• Support efforts by all who encourage
  – Energy efficiency
  – Renewables
  – Carbon neutrality
Green House Gases (Counted in a
                   Carbon Footprint)

 • Carbon dioxide, CO2
 • Methane, CH4
 • Nitrous Oxide, N2O
 • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofuorocarbons
   (CFCs) (covers 13 chemicals)
 • Perfluorocarbons, PFCs (covers 7 chemicals)
 • Sulfur Hexafluoride, SF6


             Not all GHGs contain carbon
ANSI/ISO/NSF 14064-1 Greenhouse Gases- Part 1: Specification with Guidance at the Organizational Level for
Quantification and Reporting of GHG Emissions and Removals

  June 2, 2009                                                                                     31
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
Policy Framework
• Inter-governmental response:
  – UN-FCCC (global climate treaty), SL ratified
    1993
  – Kyoto Protocol, SL acceded 2002
• National focal point: Ministry of
  Environment & Natural Resources (MENR)
• Leading action: Climate Change Secretariat
• National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka:
  – Mission 3: Meeting the challenges of climate
    change
MENR/CCS Mission
"To lead the country to take
comprehensive action to contribute
towards local, regional and global
efforts in combating Climate
Change, and to integrate
unavoidable climate change
scenarios into national sustainable
development plans.“
Source:
http://www.climatechange.lk
Impact on Sri Lanka?
“A major part of Jaffna and
other northern areas of Sri
Lanka will be submerged when
sea levels rise. So people are
fighting and dying over areas
that may soon not be there.”
Prof Mohan Munasinghe, former
vice chair, UN-IPCC, in 2007 media
interview
http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37463
The Nation newspaper, 23 Oct 2007
Montage news magazine
cover, April 2007
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
• More to come here
ENSO
Changes in water
temperature in this
red-shaded area of the
Pacific Ocean on the
equator near South
America are monitored
to track El Niño or La
Niña phase
• Strong conditions influence global weather, e.g.
ENSO events S
  1982-1983 El Niño
• Flooding, drought, erosion, fires, tropical storms,
  harmful effects on marine life




       Fig. 7.21
El Niño and La Niña: What are they?

 • Caused by changes in sea surface temperature
   (SST) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
 • Strongly influence climate around the world
 • Return every 2 to 7 years but do not always
   follow each other
 • Affect production of winter vegetables and
   other crops in the southeast U.S.
El Niño and La Niña Phases
• El Niño Phase – Warmer than normal sea surface
  temperature in the Pacific Ocean near the equator
     Example: Strong El Niño phases in 1982-83 and
     1997-98 caused excessive rainfall on the West
     Coast and the Gulf coast
• La Niña Phase – Cooler than normal sea surface
  temperature in the Pacific Ocean near the equator
     Example: 1998-99 and 1999-2000 La Niña phases
     caused drier and warmer winters in Florida.
     Result: increase forest fires; drier and warmer than
     usual temperatures in other parts of the U.S.
P

    Normal conditions




    Fig. 7.18 a
P
    El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Warm
    phase (El Niño)




    Fig. 7.18 b
P
P
P
     ENSO events
• El Niño warm phase about every 2 to 10 years
• Highly irregular
• Phases usually last 12 to 18 months




    Fig. 7.20
La Niña conditions
Sri lanka -  Why should we be worried
We are responsible for the
      solutions…

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Sri lanka - Why should we be worried

  • 1. Climate Change / Global Warming Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?
  • 2. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. NY Times
  • 3. Climate and Weather What is the difference? • Climate – Pattern of weather for a month or longer -- Includes changes in average weather patterns due to global conditions such as ocean temperature • Weather – Day-to-day changes in temperature and rain -- Changes tied to weather systems such as cold and warm fronts and hurricanes
  • 4. “Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?” Many people consider that Global Warming is the greatest environmental threat of the 21st Century. However, during the 80s and early 90s scientists argued about the causes and effects of global warming. In the late 1990s scientists reached a consensus that global warming was a cause for concern. So, why should you be concerned about global warming?
  • 5. Climate Change… • No longer speculation or theory • Changes already felt, set to get worse • Science trying to assess how much, how fast • Needed: taking action even before full knowledge & understanding • Two types of response: – Mitigation: preventing problem getting worse – Adaptation: Learning to live with inevitable effects
  • 6. • “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, melting of snow and ice, and rising sea level.” – IPCC 4th Assessment Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers, 2007
  • 7. What Is Global Warming? Global warming is the warming of the earth through carbon dioxide (CO2)and other GHGs. Then the gases trap heat like the glass in a greenhouse. This is where the term the “greenhouse effect” came from. http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/
  • 8. What constitutes a green house gas (GHG) June 2, 2009 8
  • 9. Green House Gases • Carbon dioxide, CO2 • Methane, CH4 • Nitrous Oxide, N2O • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs) (covers 13 chemicals) • Perfluorocarbons, PFCs (covers 7 chemicals) • Sulfur Hexafluoride, SF6 • Water vapor Not all GHGs contain carbon June 2, 2009 9
  • 10. Solutions to the problem…
  • 11. Explanation of the causes of global warming
  • 14. What’s Happening Scientists say that the barrier insulating the continental ice caps is melting. “The impacts of warming temperatures in Antarctica are likely to occur first in the northern sections of the continent, where summer temperatures approach the melting point of water, 32 degrees F (0 degrees C).” http://www.climatehotmap.o rg/antarctica.html
  • 18. What’s Happening As the ice melts, big chunks of glaciers will break off and become like ice cubes in a big glass of water. The ice chunks, known as icebergs, create mass in the ocean. The icebergs displace the water causing the ocean level to rise..
  • 19. Evaluation of the different viewpoints held about global warming by MEDCs and LEDCs
  • 20. What Will Happen “Rising global temperatures are expected to change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, http://www.nrdc.org/globalWar animals, and many types ming/default.asp of ecosystems. http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/global warming.nsf/content/impacts.html
  • 21. Explanation of the effects of global warming in both MEDCs and LEDCs
  • 22. Where Has It Been Happening This is where temperatures have risen in the world. http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/war mingmap.html
  • 23. How Long Has It Been Going On “According to NOAA, the global warming rate in the last 25 years has risen to 3.6 degrees F per century, which tends to confirm the predictions of temperature increases made by international panels of climate scientists (IPCC).” /
  • 24. How Long Has It Been Going On • The earth has had highs and lows, droughts and floods, but nothing has been like the past 150 years. http://www.worldviewofglobalwar ming.org/
  • 25. What’s Happening to the Animals • “Penguin population decline. ” Reference: Fraser, W. 1998. Antarctic biology and medicine program, University of Montana, personal communication. http://www.climatehotma p.org/antarctica.html
  • 26. What’s Happening to the Animals “Coral reef bleaching,, results from the loss of symbiotic zooxantheallae and/or a reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentrations in zooxanthellae residing within corals.. http://www.marinebiolog y.org/coralbleaching.htm
  • 27. Regions where major coral reef bleaching events have taken place during the past 15 years low spots indicate major bleaching events. http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm
  • 28. Carbon neutral • The “world of the year” in the new Oxford Dictionary • adj.: “emitting no net carbon dioxide into the atmosphere” • Carbon Footprint ?
  • 29. • an environmental regulator establishes a “cap” that limits emissions from a designated group, such as power plants, to a level lower than their current emissions • The emissions allowed under the cap are then divided up into individual permits that represent the right to emit that amount • Companies are free to buy and sell permits in order to continue operating in the most profitable manner available to them
  • 30. What can you do? • Calculate and understand your “carbon footprint” • Reduce your use of energy • Look for ways to use renewable energy • Support efforts by all who encourage – Energy efficiency – Renewables – Carbon neutrality
  • 31. Green House Gases (Counted in a Carbon Footprint) • Carbon dioxide, CO2 • Methane, CH4 • Nitrous Oxide, N2O • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs) (covers 13 chemicals) • Perfluorocarbons, PFCs (covers 7 chemicals) • Sulfur Hexafluoride, SF6 Not all GHGs contain carbon ANSI/ISO/NSF 14064-1 Greenhouse Gases- Part 1: Specification with Guidance at the Organizational Level for Quantification and Reporting of GHG Emissions and Removals June 2, 2009 31
  • 33. Policy Framework • Inter-governmental response: – UN-FCCC (global climate treaty), SL ratified 1993 – Kyoto Protocol, SL acceded 2002 • National focal point: Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources (MENR) • Leading action: Climate Change Secretariat • National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka: – Mission 3: Meeting the challenges of climate change
  • 34. MENR/CCS Mission "To lead the country to take comprehensive action to contribute towards local, regional and global efforts in combating Climate Change, and to integrate unavoidable climate change scenarios into national sustainable development plans.“ Source: http://www.climatechange.lk
  • 35. Impact on Sri Lanka? “A major part of Jaffna and other northern areas of Sri Lanka will be submerged when sea levels rise. So people are fighting and dying over areas that may soon not be there.” Prof Mohan Munasinghe, former vice chair, UN-IPCC, in 2007 media interview http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37463
  • 36. The Nation newspaper, 23 Oct 2007
  • 39. • More to come here
  • 40. ENSO
  • 41. Changes in water temperature in this red-shaded area of the Pacific Ocean on the equator near South America are monitored to track El Niño or La Niña phase
  • 42. • Strong conditions influence global weather, e.g. ENSO events S 1982-1983 El Niño • Flooding, drought, erosion, fires, tropical storms, harmful effects on marine life Fig. 7.21
  • 43. El Niño and La Niña: What are they? • Caused by changes in sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean • Strongly influence climate around the world • Return every 2 to 7 years but do not always follow each other • Affect production of winter vegetables and other crops in the southeast U.S.
  • 44. El Niño and La Niña Phases • El Niño Phase – Warmer than normal sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean near the equator Example: Strong El Niño phases in 1982-83 and 1997-98 caused excessive rainfall on the West Coast and the Gulf coast • La Niña Phase – Cooler than normal sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean near the equator Example: 1998-99 and 1999-2000 La Niña phases caused drier and warmer winters in Florida. Result: increase forest fires; drier and warmer than usual temperatures in other parts of the U.S.
  • 45. P Normal conditions Fig. 7.18 a
  • 46. P El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Warm phase (El Niño) Fig. 7.18 b
  • 47. P
  • 48. P
  • 49. P ENSO events • El Niño warm phase about every 2 to 10 years • Highly irregular • Phases usually last 12 to 18 months Fig. 7.20
  • 52. We are responsible for the solutions…