1. Community Based Adaptation in Africa
(CBAA), the Case of Sudan
By:
Sumaya Ahmed Zakieldeen

2.  Community Based Adaptation in Africa (CBAA) is a
regional non-government project involving eight African
countries (Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, South
Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe).
 CBAA objective is to help vulnerable communities to
adapt to climate change and share lessons learned from
project activities with key stakeholders at local, national,
regional and international levels to elicit their support for
climate change adaptation.
 The CBAA is implemented by the Sudanese Environment
Conservation Society in partnership with other NGOs
(Practical Action/Aydy Al-Nil
)

3. Methodology
 The CBAA is using a methodology that combine both Top-
down and bottom-up approaches.
 Vulnerability assessment is an integral part of the
methodology, to help select priority communities for the
implementation of CBAA projects.
 The assessment takes into account a number of elements,
including poverty, climatic factors, hazards and extreme events.
 The CBAA is working towards development of methodology
for community based adaptation

4. Vulnerable States in the country
 The vulnerability assessment (top-down approach)
identified number of states as highly vulnerable to climate
change these were:
 Northern Kordofan
 Khartoum
 Kassala
 Gedaref and
 Red Sea

5. Project Site

6. Climatic factors
Over the past decades, livelihoods have been
affected by:
 frequent drought cycles
 extreme fluctuations in rainfall
 Floods (torrential rains, seasonal streams)

7. SUDAN NORMAL RAINFALL IN MM FOR THE PERIOD 1941-1970 COMPARED
TO 1971-2000
HAL
WHF
22.00
200
mm
20.00 ABH
ARB
PSD
DNG
KRM TKR
AQQ
18.00 ATB
HDB
SHN
ARM
16.00 SHM
KHA
HLG
KSL
HAS
WMD SHW
DUM GDF
14.00 GEN
FSH BAR
SNR
KHW OBD KST UMB
NHD ABN
NYL
RSH
12.00 DMZ
500
RNK
BNS
KDG
mm
KUR
10.00 MLK
NSR
RAG
8.00 WAU
PIB
6.00 Meteorological
YAM
MAR YEI JUB
TOR
KAP
NAG
Authority 2008
4.00
22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00

8. SUDAN RAINFALL COEFFICIENT OF VARIABILITY
IN PERCENTAGE FOR THE PERIOD (1971-2000)
HAL
22.00 WHF
20.00 ABH
ARB
PSD
DNG
KRM TKR
AQQ
18.00 ATB
HDB
SHN
ARM
16.00 SHM
KHA
HLG KSL
HAS
WMD SHW
DUM GDF
14.00 GEN FSH BAR SNR
KHW OBD KST UMB
NHD ABN
NYL
RSH
12.00 BNS
RNK DMZ
KDG
KUR
10.00 MLK
RAG NSR
8.00 WAU
PIB
6.00
MAR JUB KAP Source:
TOR
YAM
8.00
NAG
NAPA 2007
4.00
22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00

9. None-climatic Factors
 Poverty
 High illiteracy rate (70%)
 Mismanagement of natural resources (Over cultivation, over-
grazing, deforestation etc.)
 Lack of income diversity
 Lack of agricultural inputs (Seeds, machinery, finance etc)
 Certain policies/regulations act as impediment to AC
 Conflict over resources (particularly between farmers and
herders)
 Fires
 Others

10. Makahaya Village
 The community practise traditional rain-fed
agriculture, they cultivate the following:
 Different varieties of sorghum
 Ground nuts
 Sesame
 Hibiscus sp. (Karkadey)
 Vegetables (Tomatoes, melons, cucumber, okra etc.)
- They keep few animals (mainly goats and donkeys
(very important for carrying water).

11. The analysis at village level involved:
 Socio-economic analysis
 Existing institutions and services
 Indigenous knowledge for coping with climate change
 Power Linkages (policy relationships from village to state
governor)

12. Stakeholder and Community participation
 Individual Interviews
 Visits and Surveys
 Focus Group discussion
 Participatory Rural Appraisal
 Interaction with local institutions

13. Participatory Rural Appraisal (bottom-up)
 Participatory Rural Appraisal
Combination of methods
were used to enable the
village community to share,
enhance and analyse their
knowledge of their life and
conditions as well as to plan
and act.

14. Con..
 The stakeholders were
able to identify climate
change vulnerabilities
 They were able
together to identify and
plan for suitable
adaptation options
 Community became the
analysers and we
became the facilitators

15. Con..
PRA Analysis of:
 water resources,
 vegetation cover
 and agricultural for the
period between 1940
and 2010

16. Vulnerability
Sectors that are extremely vulnerable:
 Water sector
 Agriculture
 Energy

17. Water Sector
Decrease of amount of rainfall
and high variability of its
distribution caused:
 Severe Shortage and lack of
drinking water particularly
during dry season
 High cost (time and money)
 Water-born diseases

18. Con..

19. Agriculture
 Fluctuation/reduction of production
 Deterioration of rangelands/loss of
animals
 Lack of food security
 Cut of trees for charcoal production
(however for subsistence)
 Migration to nearby towns and to
agricultural schemes
 People were forced to adopt
unfavourable seasonal activities

20. Energy
 Vegetation cover
deteriorated very much due
to both climatic and none-
climatic factors
 Women spend 3-4 hrs daily
in collection of firewood
from remote places
 Situation is getting worse
and worse worries about
near future

21. Identified Adaptation Options;
Water harvesting for drinking (additional Hafier and
rehabilitation of existing ones)
Agriculture
 Water harvesting (terraces)
 Improvement of local indigenous knowledge of early
seeding (locally know as Remeel)
 Introduction of drought resistant /early maturing
varieties (okra, millet, sorghum etc.)

22. Con..
 Production of winter crops such as vegetables (Egg plants,
water melon, tomatoes, cucumber), at the end of the
rainy season in the course of one of Abu -Habel
tributaries
Energy
 Introduction of petroleum liquid gas and improved stoves

23. Income increasing options
 Expansion of Karkady production (cash crop)
 Introduction sheep fattening for women for
increasing family income/production of , meat,
milk and butter
 Improvement of marketing
 other

24. Capacity Building
 Certain areas that require specific capacity building were
identified
- Water harvesting
- winter cropping
- improved stoves building
- financial training for rotating small grants
- other
- Establishment of a new committee in the community
- Fund raising for implementation of identified adaptation
activities

25. Consultations with relevant institutions, NGOs
and Programmes
 Eco-peace project
 Forest National Cooperation
 Administration of agriculture, natural resources and
animal wealth
 Practical Action/Aydy Al-Nil
 Sudanese Meteorological Society
 Others