1. International tourism to reach one
billion in 2012
• PR No.:
• PR12002
• Madrid
• 16 Jan 12
International tourist arrivals grew by over 4% in 2011 to 980 million
Europe surpasses the half billion mark in 2011
Despite persistent economic uncertainty, tourist arrivals to Europe reached
503 million in 2011, accounting for 28 million of the 41 million additional
international arrivals recorded worldwide. Central and Eastern Europe and
Southern Mediterranean destinations (+8% each) experienced the best
results.
By region, Europe (+6%) was the best performer.
Tourism is a sector directly responsible for 5% of the world’s GDP, 6% of total
exports and employing one out of every 12 people in advanced and
emerging economies.

2. International tourism to reach one
•
•
PR No.:
PR12002
billion in 2012
• Madrid
• 16 Jan 12
Receipts confirm positive trend in arrivals
Among the top ten tourist destinations, receipts were up
significantly in Spain (+9%).
The top spenders were led by emerging source markets –
China (+38%),
Russia (+21%),
Brazil (+32%)
India (+32%)
followed by traditional markets -
Germany (+4%)
USA (+5%)

3. Governments urged to facilitate travel
UNWTO is urging governments to consider advancing travel
facilitation, and make the most of information and
communication technologies in improving visa application
and processing formalities, as well as the timings of visa
issuance, and to analyze the possible impact of travel
facilitation in increasing their tourism economies.
“Travel facilitation is closely interlinked with tourism
development and can be key in boosting demand. This area
is of particular relevance in a moment in which
governments are looking to stimulate economic growth but
cannot make major use of fiscal incentives or public
investment,”

4. Definition : Tourism Policy
• Tourism policy represents a means by which
local, regional, national and supranational
institutions and organisations accomplish the
adopted goals of tourism development.
(Vucetic A., 2009)

5. History of Policy development

6. History of Policy development
• Trend in (developed) countries (1950-1980):
organizations/institution in governments were
established for the purpose of tourism development.
Example: Singapore Tourist Promotion Board (STPB)
was established in 1964.
• In the mid ’70 ‘s Montenegro formulated a tourism
policy which was part of the overall state economic
policy. The policy was in general terms and not clearly
defined. It represented a small part Economic overall
National of the
National Economic Policy
economic policy. Policy
Tourism
• Since 1992 there is The Ministry of Tourism of
Tourism
Montenegro

7. Stiff competition now in the global
tourism/leisure market
• Public tourism/leisure policy – growing
importance
• Countries have to differentiate
• Public tourism/leisure policy cannot be
created nor implemented without a team
from various fields of expertise

8. Balance of Payments of a country
• All monetary transactions of a year between the country and the rest of the world
• Balance of payments points to a surplus or deficit
(Foreign) Money out
Money in
Spain

9. Balance of payments
Current Account (-,+) = - Capital Account (+)
money in money out money in money out
payments for the country's
exports and imports of the purchase or construction of
goods, services, financial machinery, buildings or even whole
capital, and financial manufacturing plants
transfers
- Merchandise
- Travel
- Insurance
- Investment income
- Govt. Transactions
- Donations and gifts
Deficit or Surplus Deficit or Surplus

10. Tourism as a long run economic growth factor: the
Spanish case of this tourism led growth hypothesis

11. Current Account (Spain)
• Most important items:
• Merchandise (costly inputs)
• Travel (endowed with natural resources: sandy
beaches, pictoresque sites, forests and
mountains, sunny climate, cultures and
civilisations)

12. Economic development : Spain
The development of the tourism sector (service) in Spain
has 5 comparative advantages over other sectors
(agriculture, manufacturing):
• Abundance of resources : Naturals/cultural attractions (supply is endless)
• Lower import content : services
• Higher growth rate
• Exports in tourism are stable
• Labour intensive nature of the sector
Given all this it can be said that tourism is the preferred sector for economic
development of a country or as a tool for economic development.

13. Balance of Payments Spain

14. Current accounts Spain

15. Policy and planning in Spain
(tourspain.es)
• The Instituto de Turismo de España (TURESPAÑA) has among its functions
that of planning, developing and taking the steps necessary for the
promotion of Spanish tourism on the international markets, supporting
the marketing of the Spanish tourism products abroad and collaborating
with the Regional and local authorities and the private sector in
programmes related to the promotion and marketing of their products
abroad.
• Turespaña is a major tool for Spain's tourism policy
» Promotion of Tourism Supply
» Improve negative effects of competition and
sustainability
» Development of new tourism products

16. Tourism and Regional policies in Spain:
an evolution synthesis
Community Support Framework
Regional Development Plans
Regional Restructuring Plans

17. Playa de Lloret de Mar

18. The policy process
Agenda Setting -
Public attention focusses on a
1. Agenda
public problem or issue.
Setting
Policy Formulation - words and actions Evaluation -
Officials’ Policy
Policy makers in the help focus attention.
legislature Policy analysts inside and outside
2. Policy take up the
and bureaucracy government determine whether the
Formulationlegislative
issue. They create policy is addressing the issue and whether
5. Policy
, regulatory or programmaticimplementation is proceeding well. They
Evaluation
strategies to address the may recommend revisions in the
problem. agenda, in the formulation of policy, or in
Policy Adoption - its implementation.
3. Policy
Policy makers formally
Adoption Policy Implementation -
adopt a policy
4. Policy
Government agents begin the job
solution, usually in the
of Implementation work by
making the policy
form of legislation or rules.
establishing procedures, writing
guidance documents.

19. Evolution of a tourist area
1. The place gets so
1. More people find
1. New money starts to
popular that some
1. 1.Everyone nowgets very
The place knows
1. The place starts to
about the resort. comeabout the
out into the resort.
people stop going
few tourists.
2. 2.getSomeone to the
run down.
People move discovers place.They will say
2. Some of the older hotels
there.
2. Shops shut down,
resort in search a few
it, and tells of work. 2. arestartsbusy” or “it’s
“it’s too to get
It regenerated and
3. During the touristhow
and charity shops
other friends attract new shopsto be
not what it used to the
mentioned in
season, the is.
good it place is full area.
like…”
move in. to go toare
3.of people, and hotels
They start articles, brochures
3. Cafes reopen on the
2. Local people will
3. Out ofplace as well.
full.the season, and tourist
4. 4.Local people are now High Streetthat they are
complain
many hotels start
Services: guides. to and that
4. People ignored return to
being start
mostly employedhotels
shops, cafes, in
to be usedtothan the
tourism start to house
etc. rather open 3. the resort out of season.
This means that
tourists get priority.
homeless people
jobsup becauseto have.
they used people 3. even more people
5. There is start going to
People a new ‘buzz’
5. Some people there in
and local people will
are staying on about the place.
other places.
visit.
begin to feelnumbers
enough that the
benefits as a way of 6. Jobs start thebeand and
4. Some of to shops
4. More shops created.
touristslocalstarting to
for are people to
making a bit of 7. A whole new down. of
hotels close crowd
be in ‘control’.
earn money. hotels open.
6. 5.Traffic problems start to 5. visitorspeopleto come
Some starts stay away
money. local people
Some 5. regularly to isto the
The roadsthe resort.
occur on what days, with
stop busy they because it so busy,
4. The place begins to
car parks filling up early
were doing before. 8. Newspapers busier.
resort get start to
and look for
get a ‘reputation’….
in the day. write articles ‘quieter’ or
somewhere about the
5. People stay away place again. ‘more like
‘prettier’ or
the real….’

20. Example of tourism gone wrong
• Benidorm:
• 4 million visit Benidorm per year (1 million of
these are British)
• Over the past 50 years Benidorm has
undergone major changes