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Arrangement of tissues in plant organs (stems, leaves, roots)
- arrangement of tissues is related to organ function
Stems:
functions
a) support and positioning of leaves
to maximize photosynthesis
b) transport
- from roots to leaves, leaves to roots, etc.
shoot apical meristem multiple functions
a) increase stem length
b) form leaf primordia
c) form bud primordia
nodes
internodes
bud primordia develop into axillary buds
primary meristems:
protoderm
procambium
ground meristem
-primary tissues:
epidermis at the surface
xylem and phloem in strands,
usually arranged in a circle
ground tissue
pith
cortex
pith rays
- in monocots:
- vascular bundles “scattered”
- ground tissue = ground parenchyma
no pith and cortex
secondary growth in stems:
- occurs in some dicots
- requires lateral meristems
vascular cambium
cork cambium
- process begins when lateral meristems develop
- vascular cambium develops as a single layer of
cells;
- in ring passing through and between vascular
bundles
- vascular cambium cells divide, producing new cells
- secondary xylem cells
- secondary phloem cells
cork cambium develops as a ring within the cortex
- cells divide, producing cork cells
at stem surface
resulting stem structure:
- periderm at surface
- cortex
- continuous layer of secondary phloem
- vascular cambium
- continuous layer of secondary xylem
- pith
lateral meristems continue to function;
new layers of periderm, secondary phloem, and secondary xylem
are formed
– adds to stem width
wood
bark
hardwood
softwood
growth rings
early wood
late wood
transition makes growth rings visible
sapwood
heartwood
Leaves:
major function = photosynthesis
- structure designed to optimize photosynthesis
attached to stems at nodes
generally consist of
1) blade
2) petiole
sessile leaves
have no petiole
- may also have leaf sheath
leaf blade may be undivided (simple leaf)
or
the leaf blade may be divided into leaf segments (compound leaf)
palmately compound leaf
pinnately compound leaf
leaf phyllotaxy = arrangement of leaves on the stem
- can influence the ability of leaves to absorb light
spiral phyllotaxy –
opposite phyllotaxy –
whorled phyllotaxy -
Leaf Anatomy:
each leaf consists of:
epidermis
mesophyll
veins
epidermis - upper epidermis and a lower epidermis, covered with cuticle
- single layer of epidermal cells,
some guard cells,
possibly some trichomes
the mesophyll is photosynthetic ground tissue
- must absorb light energy and CO2
- light energy absorbed as it passes through leaf
- CO2 enters at stomate, diffuses to mesophyll cells
in dicots, leaf mesophyll in two layers:
palisade mesophyll
- specialized for light absorption
spongy mesophyll
- allows gas diffusion within leaf
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
monocots,
often have no distinct palisade mesophyll
vascular tissue - in veins
- each vein contains some xylem and some phloem
veins – a few large veins and many smaller veins
large veins create “venation pattern”
e.g., netted venation
- typical of dicots
parallel venation
- typical of monocots
in each vein,
xylem on upper side;
phloem on lower side
each vein surrounded by a bundle sheath
veins required to
1) bring in water and minerals
2) collect metabolites for transport in phloem
Roots:
usually underground
functions:
- anchorage
- absorption of water and minerals from the soil
- food storage
- other
two common root systems:
1) a taproot system
- one major root (= the taproot) with many lateral roots
(root branches)
- the taproot originates from the radicle (in the embryo)
- seen in most dicots
- advantages
2) fibrous root system
- many adventitious roots
, plus many lateral roots
- often spreads horizontally; does not grow deeply into soil
- common in monocots
advantages:
for either type of root system,
continued new growth is essential to function
1) to reach new sources of water & minerals
2) to balance increases in shoot size
3) compensates for the loss of absorptive ability in older
roots
- most absorption occurs at root tips
(where root hairs are)
Root growth:
- occurs at root tip
- every root tip has a
1) root cap
2) region of cell division
3) a region of elongation
4) a region of maturation
in dicots, the mature root includes:
epidermis
cortex
vascular tissue, in central cylinder
in monocots,
- pith is present in the center of the
vascular tissue
pericycle
- located between the endodermis and the phloem
- responsible for lateral root formation
in some dicots, the roots may undergo secondary growth
(form 2° xylem, 2° phloem, periderm)
Anatomy 2   notes

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Anatomy 2 notes

  • 1. Arrangement of tissues in plant organs (stems, leaves, roots) - arrangement of tissues is related to organ function Stems: functions a) support and positioning of leaves to maximize photosynthesis b) transport - from roots to leaves, leaves to roots, etc.
  • 2. shoot apical meristem multiple functions a) increase stem length b) form leaf primordia c) form bud primordia nodes internodes bud primordia develop into axillary buds
  • 3. primary meristems: protoderm procambium ground meristem -primary tissues: epidermis at the surface xylem and phloem in strands, usually arranged in a circle ground tissue pith cortex pith rays
  • 4. - in monocots: - vascular bundles “scattered” - ground tissue = ground parenchyma no pith and cortex
  • 5. secondary growth in stems: - occurs in some dicots - requires lateral meristems vascular cambium cork cambium - process begins when lateral meristems develop - vascular cambium develops as a single layer of cells; - in ring passing through and between vascular bundles
  • 6. - vascular cambium cells divide, producing new cells - secondary xylem cells - secondary phloem cells
  • 7. cork cambium develops as a ring within the cortex - cells divide, producing cork cells at stem surface
  • 8. resulting stem structure: - periderm at surface - cortex - continuous layer of secondary phloem - vascular cambium - continuous layer of secondary xylem - pith
  • 9. lateral meristems continue to function; new layers of periderm, secondary phloem, and secondary xylem are formed – adds to stem width wood bark hardwood softwood
  • 10. growth rings early wood late wood transition makes growth rings visible
  • 12. Leaves: major function = photosynthesis - structure designed to optimize photosynthesis attached to stems at nodes generally consist of 1) blade 2) petiole sessile leaves have no petiole - may also have leaf sheath
  • 13. leaf blade may be undivided (simple leaf) or the leaf blade may be divided into leaf segments (compound leaf) palmately compound leaf pinnately compound leaf
  • 14. leaf phyllotaxy = arrangement of leaves on the stem - can influence the ability of leaves to absorb light spiral phyllotaxy – opposite phyllotaxy –
  • 16. Leaf Anatomy: each leaf consists of: epidermis mesophyll veins epidermis - upper epidermis and a lower epidermis, covered with cuticle - single layer of epidermal cells, some guard cells, possibly some trichomes
  • 17. the mesophyll is photosynthetic ground tissue - must absorb light energy and CO2 - light energy absorbed as it passes through leaf - CO2 enters at stomate, diffuses to mesophyll cells in dicots, leaf mesophyll in two layers: palisade mesophyll - specialized for light absorption
  • 18. spongy mesophyll - allows gas diffusion within leaf palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll
  • 19. monocots, often have no distinct palisade mesophyll
  • 20. vascular tissue - in veins - each vein contains some xylem and some phloem veins – a few large veins and many smaller veins large veins create “venation pattern” e.g., netted venation - typical of dicots
  • 22. in each vein, xylem on upper side; phloem on lower side each vein surrounded by a bundle sheath veins required to 1) bring in water and minerals 2) collect metabolites for transport in phloem
  • 23. Roots: usually underground functions: - anchorage - absorption of water and minerals from the soil - food storage - other
  • 24. two common root systems: 1) a taproot system - one major root (= the taproot) with many lateral roots (root branches) - the taproot originates from the radicle (in the embryo) - seen in most dicots - advantages
  • 25. 2) fibrous root system - many adventitious roots , plus many lateral roots - often spreads horizontally; does not grow deeply into soil - common in monocots advantages:
  • 26. for either type of root system, continued new growth is essential to function 1) to reach new sources of water & minerals 2) to balance increases in shoot size 3) compensates for the loss of absorptive ability in older roots - most absorption occurs at root tips (where root hairs are)
  • 27. Root growth: - occurs at root tip - every root tip has a 1) root cap 2) region of cell division 3) a region of elongation 4) a region of maturation
  • 28. in dicots, the mature root includes: epidermis cortex vascular tissue, in central cylinder in monocots, - pith is present in the center of the vascular tissue
  • 29. pericycle - located between the endodermis and the phloem - responsible for lateral root formation
  • 30. in some dicots, the roots may undergo secondary growth (form 2° xylem, 2° phloem, periderm)