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Presentation at Munich history of science conference 2014. About the imperial history of Dutch botany and the national networks in the Netherlands and the Indies around 1900
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- 1. Between symbiosis and competition The Verflechtungsgeschichte of tropical botany and agriculture in the Dutch Indies and German East Africa, 1890-1914 Annual meeting DGGMNT 2014, München Robert-Jan Wille Radboud University Nijmegen
- 2. Botany in the late nineteenth century: Manchester 1887 1. Changing patterns in academic botany in the nineteenth century 2. Dutch networks in botany and zoology, 1870-1900 3. Evolutionary morphology moves to the Dutch Indies: Buitenzorg Botanical Garden 4. The emergence of an imperial laboratory complex and the relationship between science, state and society in the tropics
- 3. Botany in the late nineteenth century: Manchester 1887 1. The global emergence of laboratory biology and allied sciences 2. A generational shift: ‘new botany’ as self- perception, academic movement 3. Evolutionary botany: the neglected history of plant embryology 4. The role of Germany, zoology and ‘stationism’ 5. (Tropical) agriculture
- 4. Botany in the late nineteenth century: Manchester 1887 Melchior Treub Anton de Bary
- 5. Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831-1888) and die Erscheinung der Symbiose 1848 Study in Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Marburg and Berlin 1855 Professor at Freiburg, establishment of new botanical laboratory 1861 Publishes first work on fungi, not just in the light of evolution but also with a focus on agriculture and parasitism: potato delight caused by Phytophthora infestans 1872 Professor at the new German university of Strasbourg; works on lichens (alliances of algae and fungi) 1879 Die Erscheinung der Symbiose (Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, Kassel) ‘Parasitismus, Mutualismus, Lichenismus v. s.v. sind eben jeweils bestimmte Specialfälle jener algemeinen Associationseinrichting, für welche der vorangestellte Ausdruck Symbiose als Collectivbezeichnung dienen mag. Will man unter dieser hauptkategorien unterscheiden, so dürften sich deren zwei herausstellen, die antagonistische mit gegenseitiger Bekämpfung und die in weiterem Sinne mutualistische mit gegenseitiger Förderung der Symbionten. Eine scharfe Abgrenzung kann aber auch hier bei näherem Eingehen niet beansprucht werden.’ -> Sees studying symbiosis as a way of studying Darwinian processes in the laboratory. Pays a lot of attention to the tropical plant world
- 6. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg 1873 Lab assistant Leiden 1880 Director Botanical Garden Buitenzorg at Java; reforming & building laboratories 1885 Visitors laboratory modeled on Naples 1887 Visits NL; organizes Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences fund for Dutch students to Buitenzorg; Also founds Society for advancement of colonial science -> Buitenzorg starts to expand 1890s Alliance with planters; builds experiment stations 1904 Director of new Indies department of agriculture modeled on USDA
- 7. Ambrosius Hubrecht 1853-1915 Melchior Treub 1851-1910 Pieter Harting 1812-1885 Paulus Hoek 1851-1914 Manchester zoologists with model embryos and microscope, 1900 SiteofTatijanaBuklijas&NickHopwood,HPSCambridge http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/visibleembryos/s3.html Comparative plates of embryos & tree of life, both by Ernst Haeckel and three imperial biologists one national microscopist
- 8. Academic biology in the Netherlands: 1870-1900
- 9. Academic biology in the Netherlands: 1870-1900
- 10. Academic biology in the Netherlands: 1870-1900
- 11. Academic biology in the Netherlands: 1870-1900
- 12. Academic biology in the Netherlands: 1870-1900
- 13. Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?
- 14. Naples Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?
- 15. Den Helder Naples Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?
- 16. Dutch Indies Den Helder Naples Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?
- 17. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?Dutch Indies
- 18. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’? De Vries? Dutch Indies
- 19. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?Dutch Indies
- 20. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?Dutch Indies
- 21. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?Dutch Indies De Vries? Van Ankum De Boer Harting Hoffmann Salverda SuringarRauwenhoffOudemans Selenka
- 22. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’?Dutch Indies
- 23. Den Helder Napels Cattie Vosmaer Sluiter Hoek Van Rees Hubrecht Vernhout Van Bemmelen Vigelius Van Wijhe Horst Lidth de Jeude Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Moll Weber A network of laboratory biologists Between the stations of Den Helder, Napels and Buitenzorg The emergence of the ‘stationists’? Pieter Harting 1812-1885 Ambrosius Hubrecht 1853-1915 Melchior Treub 1851-1910 Paulus Hoek 1851-1914 Dutch Indies
- 24. Van Bemmelen Wakker Went Janse Boerlage Treub Burck Melchior Treub 1851-1910 Dutch Indies
- 25. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg
- 26. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg
- 27. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg
- 28. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg
- 29. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg
- 30. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg Melchior Treub’s Botanical Garden in Buitenzorg as an epiphenomenon of: Ethical idealism: colonial ‘ethical policy’ and the development of developmental theories - Moon Agricultural experimentalism: Agricultural science practice in the Netherlands and the Indies – Maat Floracracy: state-sponsored botany in the Dutch Indies/Indonesia - Goss Scientific botany and colonial enterprise: Dutch academic botany and private experiment stations in the Indies – Van der Schoor German laboratory ecology: Treub as host to a generation of German plant morphologists – Cittadino
- 31. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg Melchior Treub’s Botanical Garden in Buitenzorg as an epiphenomenon of: Ethical idealism: colonial ‘ethical policy’ and the development of developmental theories - Moon Agricultural experimentalism: Agricultural science practice in the Netherlands and the Indies – Maat Floracracy: state-sponsored botany in the Dutch Indies/Indonesia - Goss Scientific botany and colonial enterprise: Dutch academic botany and private experiment stations in the Indies – Van der Schoor Academic imperialism: Naples-style botany and zoology in the Dutch empire as a whole – Wille German laboratory ecology: Treub as host to a generation of German plant morphologists – Cittadino
- 32. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg 199,335.00 256,121.00 740,658.00 705,330.39 623,068.00 724,330.00 741,171.00 839,788.00 908,630.00 1,219,815.00 1,230,828.00 85,285.50 122,992.00 231,760.00 360,156.25 356,400.00 445,015.00 437,594.00 481,119.00 858,666.00 1,011,048.00 1,108,095.50 76,854.60 85,013.40 115,348.40 313,102.98 269,710.00 319,575.00 356,580.66 417,522.00 529,220.00 834,941.00 837,130.00 70,708.00 83,385.00 92,800.00 92,420.00 52,600.00 111,575.00 123,025.00 131,400.00 327,300.00 242,800.00 305,465.00 133,703.00 154,213.00 135,208.00 131,667.00 168,607.00 163,322.00 205,632.00 231,198.00 788,647.00 1,471,353.00 1860 1873 1877 1883 1887 1891 1895 1900 1904 1909 1914 State science patronage: Dutch universities & academic societies compared to Buitenzorg Rijksuniversiteit Leiden Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Kunsten/Wetenschappen NL (musea, KNAW) Wetenschap aangestuurd vanuit Buitenzorg / Kunsten NI
- 33. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) and Buitenzorg 199,335.00 256,121.00 740,658.00 705,330.39 623,068.00 724,330.00 741,171.00 839,788.00 908,630.00 1,219,815.00 1,230,828.00 85,285.50 122,992.00 231,760.00 360,156.25 356,400.00 445,015.00 437,594.00 481,119.00 858,666.00 1,011,048.00 1,108,095.50 76,854.60 85,013.40 115,348.40 313,102.98 269,710.00 319,575.00 356,580.66 417,522.00 529,220.00 834,941.00 837,130.00 70,708.00 83,385.00 92,800.00 92,420.00 52,600.00 111,575.00 123,025.00 131,400.00 327,300.00 242,800.00 305,465.00 133,703.00 154,213.00 135,208.00 131,667.00 168,607.00 163,322.00 205,632.00 231,198.00 788,647.00 1,471,353.00 1860 1873 1877 1883 1887 1891 1895 1900 1904 1909 1914 State science patronage: Dutch universities & academic societies compared to Buitenzorg Rijksuniversiteit Leiden Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Kunsten/Wetenschappen NL (musea, KNAW) Wetenschap aangestuurd vanuit Buitenzorg / Kunsten NI
- 34. Melchior Treub (1851-1910) 1879 1897 The growth of private investment in colonial state botany, 1879-1897
- 35. Academic imperialism: colonial lobbyists and gate-keepers Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature
- 36. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1. Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network
- 37. Phase 1: Buitenzorg becomes a node for academical lab biology: no. of months that visitors stayed in the laboratory, per country, between 1883 and 1914 German Empire 244 Dutch Empire 126 Russia 75 Austria-Hungary 63 United States (and Philippines) 37 Belgian Empire 32 Sweden 24 Switzerland 22 British Empire 16 French Empire 13 Japan 11 Norway 11 Italy 8 Denmark 3 ‘Le gouvernement des Indes Néerlandaises venant de céder à la direction du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg un assez grand local, j’ai demandé et obtenu l’autorisation de le tenir à la disposition des botanistes d’outre-mer, qui voudront venir faire des études et des recherches dans le jardin de Buitenzorg.’ Melchior Treub, open letter to European botanists, published in Botanisches Zentralblatt, 1885.
- 38. Phase 1: Buitenzorg becomes a node for academical lab biology: no. of months that visitors stayed in the laboratory, per country, between 1883 and 1914 German Empire 244 Dutch Empire 126 Russia 75 Austria-Hungary 63 United States (and Philippines) 37 Belgian Empire 32 Sweden 24 Switzerland 22 British Empire 16 French Empire 13 Japan 11 Norway 11 Italy 8 Denmark 3 […] it is [Buitenzorg’s] duty to constantly urge their brethren beyond the sea to come and profit by the opportunity of studying a great number of questions it would be impossible to attack in Europe. A generous scientific hospitality offered to all, profitable to science and worthy of the colony that has the advantage of being able to offer it, is the only line of conduct proper to follow. For the purpose of carrying out a plan like this the government of the Dutch East Indies founded at Buitenzorg four years ago the laboratory of research which is at the disposal of foreign naturalists.’ Treub, ‘A tropical botanical garden’, Smithsonian Annual Report (1890)
- 39. Phase 1: Buitenzorg becomes a node for academical lab biology: no. of months that visitors stayed in the laboratory, per country, between 1883 and 1914 German Empire 244 Dutch Empire 126 Russia 75 Austria-Hungary 63 United States (and Philippines) 37 Belgian Empire 32 Sweden 24 Switzerland 22 British Empire 16 French Empire 13 Japan 11 Norway 11 Italy 8 Denmark 3 ‘At length we have reached the important question, what reason is there to think that botanic gardens in the tropics have entered upon a new phase in which they will exercise great influence upon the study of botany? The answer is as simple as it is short: because they have become botanical stations similar to the zoological stations on the coasts of Europe. Any one interested in natural sciences must know that zoology owes a great part of its recent rapid advancement to these littoral stations. However unlikely it may appear we may predict that botanical gardens of the tropics will have in future a still greater importance in the advancement of botany.’ Treub, ‘A tropical botanical garden’, Smithsonian Annual Report (1890)
- 40. Phase 1: Buitenzorg becomes a node for academical lab biology: no. of months that visitors stayed in the laboratory, per country, between 1883 and 1914 German Empire 244 Dutch Empire 126 Russia 75 Austria-Hungary 63 United States (and Philippines) 37 Belgian Empire 32 Sweden 24 Switzerland 22 British Empire 16 French Empire 13 Japan 11 Norway 11 Italy 8 Denmark 3 ‘Rocks, hurricanes, and shipwrecks on one side, fatal diseases, wild beasts, serpents, and venomous crea- tures of all kinds on the other, are so many phantoms which haunt timid imaginations and prejudiced minds. Whoever is acquainted with the great steamers that make the voyage to the Indian Ocean knows that the perils and inconveniences which it was imagined must be endured on board these well- equipped and comfortably fitted vessels have very little basis of fact. Three or four weeks of dolce far niente passed on board a great mail steamer, during which one enjoys the excellent fresh sea air, are advantageous to the health.’ Treub, ‘A tropical botanical garden’, Smithsonian Annual Report (1890)
- 41. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1. Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network
- 42. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1. Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network 2. In order to keep up with other Europeans, the Dutch have to invest in laboratory biology Buitenzorg as a national / imperial complex of laboratories
- 43. Phase 2: Buitenzorg becomes a state-sponsored lab complex: ‘It is […] for the immediate interest of tropical colonies to possess scientific establishments for the study of life in its forms and in its functions. As institutions of this kind depending upon universities or faculties do not exist, it is evident that botanic gardens established by the state are indispensable. These gardens serve a double purpose, scientific and practical, but it should not be forgotten that it is in science only that they must have their root.’ ‘The offices, formerly badly arranged in two small rooms of the museum, have just been transferred to a special building, given up for that use by the Government, a new proof of the solicitude the government of the Dutch East Indies and of the mother country always feels for the Garden of Buitenzorg.’ Treub, ‘A tropical botanical garden’, Smithsonian Annual Report (1890) Treub lobbies with different departments in NL and Indies: Recurring argument found in government correspondence: ‘Foreigners visit the Indies; the Dutch in the metropolis need to catch up.’ -1887: Buitenzorg fund KNAW -1888: Society for the Advancement of Scientific Research in the Dutch Colonies -1888: Military apothecary & pharmacology lab -1890: Two new labs and staff members in botany and chemistry
- 44. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1 Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network 2. In order to keep up with other Europeans, the Dutch have to invest in laboratory biology Buitenzorg as a national / imperial complex of laboratories
- 45. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1. Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network 2. In order to keep up with other Europeans, the Dutch have to invest in laboratory biology Buitenzorg as a national / imperial complex of laboratories 3. The state needs to rationalize agriculture and planter society with the help of academic biology Buitenzorg as government center / dept. of pure science, managing experiment stations as places of applied science
- 46. Phase 3: Buitenzorg becomes a scientific arm of the government: ‘To insure solid results, tropical agriculture— no less than that of temperate countries— demands judgment and special knowledge, and the need is felt of establishing it also on a firm scientific basis.’ Treub, ‘A tropical botanical garden’, Smithsonian Annual Report (1890) 1) Studies on parasitism and plant diseases benefit agricultural practice but should be studied as part of larger academic problem. -> Erscheinung der Symbiose 2) Plants like lichens can be understood as firms. Treub, Parasitisme en infectie in het plantenrijk. Voordracht den 5en Juni gehouden in de Vergadering der Maatschappij van Nijverheid en Landbouw in Nederlandsch Indië, 1889
- 47. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1. Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network 2. In order to keep up with other Europeans, the Dutch have to invest in laboratory biology Buitenzorg as a national / imperial complex of laboratories 3. The state needs to rationalize agriculture and planter society with the help of academic biology Buitenzorg as government center / dept. of pure science, managing experiment stations as places of applied science
- 48. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Academic community Imperial state Planters and society Darwinian nature 1. Buitenzorg plays important role in study of nature, development and evolutionary laws Buitenzorg as central node in trans-European network 2. In order to keep up with other Europeans, the Dutch have to invest in laboratory biology Buitenzorg as a national / imperial complex of laboratories 3. The state needs to rationalize agriculture and planter society with the help of academic biology Buitenzorg as government center / dept. of pure science, managing experiment stations as places of applied science Mutualism
- 49. From Buitenzorg to Amani in East Africa Germany German East Africa The Dutch Indies The Netherlands Otto Warburg (1858-1938) Visits Buitenzorg in 1885, founds Der Tropenpflanzer in 1889, pleads in this planters’ journal for a German research station in Tanzania Franz Stuhlmann (1863-1928) Marine zoologist and African explorer with the army, visited Buitenzorg and became director of the Kais. Biol. Landwirtsch. Inst. in Amani between 1903-1908 Albrecht Zimmermann (1860-1931) Worked at Buitenzorg between 1896 and 1901. Started working as chief botanist at the Kais. Biol. Landwirtsch. Inst. in Amani; became ….director between 1911-1920 Georg Volkens (1855-1917) and Walter Busse (1865-1933) Buitenzorg visitors working at Bot. Zentralstelle & Reichskolonialamt respectively, helped organizing the Amani Institute
- 50. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Conclusions 1. The expansion of Buitenzorg was the result of three intensive lobby campaigns: with the academic community, with the state and with private planters 2. At the core was the ideal of biology as a lab science, in the tropics as much as in Europe 3. These campaigns were shaped by biological ideas about evolutionary development, national unity, international competition and cooperation and ideas of Realpolitik 4. A Verflechtungsgeschichte: Treub formed part of an empire-wide network that included botanists and zoologists, not just in the Netherlands. This network contributed to (an) inter-national science community/ies 5. We may want to call this ‘academic imperialism’, or ‘academic empire- building’ (comparable with Tamson Pietsch’s Empire of Scholars).
- 51. A cycle of lobbying: science – state – planter society – nature Epilogue For the development (!) of Buitenzorg’s laboratory botany from fylogenetic biology to the study of symbiosis (both parasitism and mutualism) in evolution and ‘applied’ on agriculture, see: Robert-Jan Wille, ‘The Co-production of Station Morphology and Agricultural Management in the Tropics: Transformations in Botany at the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java 1880-1904’, in: Denise Phillips and Sharon Kingsland, New Perspectives on the History of Life Sciences and Agriculture. Archimedes New History in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (Dordrecht 2015, forthcoming) 256-281.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Story of lobbyists for laboratories in nature; comparison, parallel lifes, viewpoints, angles, they all are a certain type of biologists. they are evolutionary biologists, morfologists, part time embryologists, looking at forms both microscopical and macroscopical, they have an interest in developmental processes or are looking for evolution-in-action. as Raf de Bont quoted Wilsons famous typology of zoologists in the beginning of the twentieth century, he he discerned eggshakers, wormslicers and bughunters. Raf is looking for bug hunters, I am looking for the wormslicers. well, since they were embryological but still non experimental let’s say they were eggslicers. and treegrowers, both contributing to the darwinian tree of life and because Treub was a botanist. for this group the identity of biology was more important than the identities of zoology and botany. we should not forget, plants have embryo’s too!