Global Electric Vehicles Industry

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Global Electric Vehicles Industry
Published on September 2010

Report Summary

This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Electric Vehicles in Thousands of Units by the following product segments: Battery
Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). The report provides
separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World. Annual estimates and
forecasts are provided for each region for the period 2007 through 2015. A seven-year historic analysis is also provided for these
markets. The report profiles 86 companies including many key and niche players such as AB Volvo Group, Bayerische Motoren
Werke AG, Daimler AG, Fiat SpA, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, Honda Motor Co, Ltd.., Hyundai Motor
Company, Isuzu Motors Ltd, Mazda Motor Corporation, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., PSA Peugeot Citroën
S.A, Renault SA, Suzuki Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Corporation, Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd, and Volkswagen AG. Market data
and analytics are derived from primary and secondary research. Company profiles are mostly extracted from URL research and
reported select online sources.

Table of Content

ELECTRIC VEHICLESMCP-1045
A GLOBAL STRATEGIC BUSINESS REPORT

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & PRODUCT DEFINITIONS 1
Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations 1
Disclaimers 2
Data Interpretation & Reporting Level 3
Quantitative Techniques & Analytics 3
Product Definitions and Scope of Study 3
Battery Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs) 3
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) 4
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) 4

2. MARKET SNAPSHOTS 5

3. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 6
HEVs Drive the Overall Market 6
Which EV Type Would be Ultimately Accepted in the Market' 6
Automakers' Dilemma 7
Battery-Powered EVs: The Only Zero Emission Vehicle 7

Global Electric Vehicles Industry (From Slideshare) Page 1/20


Dependence of BEVs on Battery Technology 8
Hybrid EVs: An Interim Solution to Air Pollution 8
Fuel Cell EVs: The Promise of Low Emission Levels 8
Not Enough Electric Cars to Dent CO2 Emissions by 2020 8
Electric Vehicles: A Historical Overview 9

4. GLOBAL MARKET SCENARIO 11
Market Scenario and Outlook 11
Table 1: Leading Players in the Global EV/HEV Market (2008):
Percentage Breakdown of Volume Sales for Toyota, Ford,
General Motors and Others (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) 11

Table 2: Worldwide Electric Vehicles Market: Percentage Share
of Unit Sales by Vehicle Class - Light Duty and Heavy Duty
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 11
US, Japan and Western Europe: Leading EV Demand 12
Europe and Asia: Principal Potential Markets 12
Asia to Emerge as the Largest Market 12
Fuel Efficiency Upholds Alternative Fuel Technologies 12
Market Trends - Over the Years 13
Testing Times for EV Market 13
Hybrid Car Market to Revive Post-Recession 13
Global Crisis to Spur Electric Car Development 14
Fleet Managers Increasingly Choose Hybrid Vehicles 15
Future Contours of Hybrid Car Industry 15
Gearing Up for The Change in Transportation 16
New Initiatives Come to the Fore 16
Nanotechnology-Based Battery Technology Poised to Make an Impact 16
Car Markers Embrace Lithium-Ion Battery Technology for Hybrid
Vehicles 17
Vehicle Cost to Remain a Major Impediment to Penetration 18
Commercial Recharging Stations Likely to be a Lackluster Affair 18
Growing Acceptance of Hybrid EVs among Consumers 18
Hybrids Receive Varied Responses 19
Battery Powered Electric Vehicles: A Slowly Developing Segment 19
Growing Trend Towards Small and Low-Speed Electric Vehicles 19
Major Factors Influencing the Market 20
Growing Environmental Concerns 20
Oil Price Uncertainty 20
Increasing Regulations 20
Developments in Battery Technology 21
Market Restraints 21
Safety Concerns: A Major Impediment 21
Performance Predicaments 21
Maintenance Constraints 22
High Manufacturing Costs 22
Under Developed Recharging and New Fuel Infrastructure 22
Rapid Developments in Conventional Vehicles and Other AFVs 22
Impact of EV R&D on Other Sectors 23



High Costs in EV R&D to Affect Research Efforts in
Conventional Vehicles 23
Impact of EV R&D on Non-Vehicular Applications 23

5. PRODUCT OVERVIEW 24
EV Types: By Vehicular Class 24
EV Types: By Vehicular Technology 24
Battery Powered Electric Vehicles 24
Operating Characteristics 24
Environmental Benefits 24
Advantages and Disadvantages 24
Advantages 24
Disadvantages 24
Current and Evolving EV Battery Technologies 25
Lead-Acid Batteries 25
Lithium/Polymer Batteries 25
Zinc-Bromine Batteries 25
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 26
Nickel-Zinc Batteries 26
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 26
Nickel-Iron Batteries 26
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries 26
Redox Batteries 26
Metal-Air Batteries 27
Zinc-Air Batteries 27
Aluminum-Air Batteries 27
High Temperature Lithium Batteries 27
Sodium-Metal Chloride Batteries 27
Lithium Metal Sulfide Batteries 28
Others 28
Hybrid Electric Vehicles 28
Propulsion Types 28
Series Hybrid Configuration 28
Parallel Hybrid Configuration 29
Combined Hybrid Configuration 30
Mechanical Hybrid Configuration 30
Segments 30
Charge-Sustaining HEVs 30
Advantages of Charge-Sustaining Configuration vis-à-vis
Charge-Depleting Configuration 31
Charge-Depleting HEVs 31
Advantages of Charge-Depleting Configuration vis-à-vis
Charge-Sustaining Configuration 31
Full Hybrid Vehicles 32
Mini Hybrid Vehicles 32
Advantages 32
Disadvantages 32



R&D Trends in HEV Market 32
Hybrid Car Market Outlook 33
Other HEV Development Trends 33
Vehicle Manufacturers Favor Charge- Sustaining Hybrids 33
Utilities Favor Charge-Depleting Hybrids 34
Automakers Prefer Diesel/Petrol Technologies Over Hybrids 34
Regional Trends 34
US: Charge-Sustaining Hybrids Dominate Major Developments 34
Japan: Developments Reflect Trends in the US 35
Europe: An Exception 35
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 35
Table 3: Worldwide FCEV Market: Projected Market Shares of
Vehicle Manufacturers by 2020 for GM, Toyota, Honda, Ford,
DCX, Renault/Nissan, Hyundai/Kia, VW, PSA, ROW, Fiat, and
BMW (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 35
Advantages 36
Major Disadvantage 36
Technologies 37
Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells 37
Methanol Fuel Cells 37
Hydrogen Fuel Cells 37
Evolving EV Technologies 38
Flywheels 38
Ultracapacitors 38
Microturbines 39
Pulse Power Batteries 39

6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY SCENARIO 40
Environmental Issues 40
Environmental Impact of ICEVs 40
The Ensuing Health Problems 40
Electric Vehicles and Environmental Issues 40
Regulatory and Other Factors 41
Introduction 41
Regulatory Requirements 41

7. MAJOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE EVS MARKET 43
EV Battery Market 43
Electric Vehicles: A Major Potential Market for Batteries 43
Table 4: Worldwide Rechargeable Battery Market (2008):
Percentage Breakdown by Chemistry for Lead Acid, Nickel
Based, Lithium Based and Others (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) 43
Battery Market to Excel 44
Replacement Sales: The Major Driving Force 44
EV Battery Power Density and Range: Major Impediments to Growth 44
EV Battery Charging Market 44



Battery Charging: An Evolving Service Sector 44
Under Developed Charging Infrastructure: The Major Constraint 45
EV Components Market 45
EV Component Availability: A Major Concern 45
EV Market Uncertainties Restrain the EV Components Sector 45

8. OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUELS 46
Natural Gas 46
Propane/LPG 46
Methanol 47
Ethanol 47
Biodiesel 48
Introduction 48
Sources and Types of Biodiesel 48
Vehicular Emissions 48
Table 5: Approximate Emission Variations of B20 Relative to
Conventional Diesel 49

Table 6: Approximate Emission Variations of B100 Relative to
Conventional Diesel 49
Performance Characteristics 49
Dimethyl-Ether (DME) 50
Properties of DME 50
Production of DME 51
Applications of Dimethyl-Ether 51
DME in Transportation 51
DME in Fuel Cells 51

9. PRODUCT INTRODUCTIONS/INNOVATIONS 52
Envision Motor Company to Unveil New Electric Vehicles 52
Geely Automobile Holdings to Introduce Electric Vehicles 52
Hyundai Introduces Tucson/ ix35 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Electric
Vehicle 52
Ford to Unveil Electric Vehicles 52
Ford Motor and Azure Dynamics to Launch Transit Connect Electric 53
Jaguar to Launch Electric Jaguar XJ 53
Toyota Introduces Petrol-Electric Hybrid Camry 53
Reva, M & M, and Tata Motors to Launch Electric Passenger
Carriers and Trucks 53
Balqon to Launch Nautilus XE20 54
Volvo Develops C30 Electric Vehicle 54
Tesla to Release Right-Hand-Drive Roadster Electric Car 54
Volkswagen to Launch Electric Vehicles in Japan 54
General Motors Develops Lithium-ion Battery 55
Ricardo and PEP Stations Unveil New Electric Vehicle Charging
Concept 55
Hyundai to Unveil Hyundai i10 Electric 55
Opel to Roll Out a Range of Electric Vehicles 56
Chery Automobile to Introduce Electric Vehicle 56
Fuji to Roll out Gas-Electric Hybrid Vehicle 56



Renault to Unveil New Electric Vehicle in Romania 56
Honda to Roll Out EV-N Retro Electric and CR-Z Hybrid Sports Car 56
REVA to Unveil New Electric Car Models 56
Peugeot to Unveil i0n Electric Vehicle 57
Global Green Cars and Green Star Products Launch EV Raceway
Pace Car 57
BYD to Unveil e6 crossover 57
Honda to Launch Electric Vehicle in US 57
Toyota to Roll Out IQ Electric Vehicle 58
Kia Introduces Forte Liquid Petroleum Injection Hybrid 58
Tomberlin Group Unveils Anvil Electric Vehicle 58
Volvo to Introduce Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 58
BYD Introduces e6 All-Electric Crossover Vehicle 58
Subaru Commences Testing of 'Stella' in Japan 59
Adura Unveils New MESA' Powertrain 59
Dodge to Launch Hybrid Ram in 2010 59
Holden to Unveil EcoLine Range of Environment- Friendly Vehicles 59
Lexus Unveils Small and Economical Luxury Car, Lexus HS 250h 60
Chrysler Plans to Roll Out First All-Electric Sports Car 60
FEV Plans to Introduce Dodge Caliber-Based ReEV Concept 61
Maruti Plans to Unveil Electric Vehicles 61
Jaguar to Roll Out XJ Hybrid Electric Car 61
Chrysler Launches Peapod - Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 62
Mitsubishi Motors Plans Production of i MiEV for Global Markets 62
Segway and GM to Unveils Innovative Vehicle Class 62
Hyundai Debuts Sophisticated Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus 63
Kia Launches 2010 Forte Koup Vehicle Worldwide 63
EV Innovations Unveiled New EV 'WAVE' and Sports Car 'INIZIO EVS' 64
Hyundai Introduces First LPI Powered Hybrid Vehicle, Elantra
LPI HEV 64
Brilliance Auto to Introduce Electric Car 65
Tesla Motors Launches a Working Model of S Sedan 65
Ikea Singapore and ZECO Scooters are First to Introduce '
Greenlots' in Singapore 66
GoinGreen Introduces G-Wiz L-ion with Extended Range 66
Ford to Sell Electric Car 66
ATCO Electric Introduces First Hybrid Utility Vehicle in Alberta 67
Toyota Motor to Introduce Hybrid Cars 67
Honda to Unveil New Honda Insight 2010 Vehicles 67
Toyota to Introduce Prius in The Phillipines 68
Ford to Showcase New Tourneo Connect at Geneva Motor Show 68
EDAG Introduces Light Car 69
Zipcar Unveils Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles Pilot Program 69
GT Legend Automotive Holdings to Launch Electric Driveshaft 70
M&M to Unveil Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 70
Volkswagen to Exhibit Diesel-Electric Hybrid Golf 70
Chery Automobile to Launch BEV 71
GM to Unveil Volt, A New Plug-In Electric Car 71
ZAP Plans to Unveil Electric Van 71
Chery Motors Unveils S18 71



Ford to Launch All-Electric Vehicle in North America 72
BYD to Unveil Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in North American
Market 72
Toyota Plans to Unveil Fully-Electric Car in US 72
Tesla Launches Roadster Sport 72
Chrysler Plans to Roll Out Electric Car in Asia and Europe 73
BMW Expands Hybrid Gas-Electric Vehicle Range with X6
Crossover and 7 Series 73
Aptera to Launch Electric Cars 73
REVA Announces First Lithium-ion-Powered Electric Car 73
Toyota to Launch Battery Electric Vehicle Concept 74
Mercedes Introduces Concept BlueZERO 74
BYD Introduces F3DM Model 75
Fedex Express and Modec Launches Electric Commercial Vehicle 75
Tatra to Introduce Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 75
Enel and Smart Introduces E-Mobility Project in Italy 76
KMC Exhibits Kia Borrego FCEV 76
BMW Releases Electric Model of Mini 77
NAP Launches NAPcar-3000 77
Mini to Release Mini E 77
UQM Unveils eRUF 78
Ajanta to Roll out Oreva Super Electric Car 78
Mitsubishi Motors to Unveil iMiEV Electric Vehicles in New
Zealand 78
Volvo Launches Commercially Viable Volvo 7700 Hybrid Bus 78
Chrysler to Release Battery-Driven Jeep Wrangler and Minivan 79
GM Introduces Production Model of Chevrolet Volt 80
Bricklin to Engineer EVX/LS Hybrid Sedan 80
Lightning Car Unveils Lightning 80
Toyota Rolls out Hi-CT Plug-in Hybrid 81
Volvo Develops Hybrid Car 81
Hyundai Announces Plans to Launch Eco-friendly Small Hybrid Cars 81
Mercedes Benz Plans Launch of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 82
Toyota to Introduce Compact All-Electric Car 82
Detroit Electric to Release Electric Car Technology 82
Tata Motors to Unveil Indica's Electric Version in India 83
Tata Plans to Launch Electric Version of Nano 83
Sunmotor Plans to Unveil Solar Car 83
Nissan Unveils New All-electric Hybrid Prototypes 84
Coulomb Develops New ChargePoint Network for Plug-in Hybrids 84
NICE Plans to Roll Out Two New Electric Vehicles 85
Pihsiang Develops Electric Vehicles 85
Mercedes-Benz Forays into Fuel Cells with F600 HyGenius 86

10. PRODUCT INNOVATIONS/LAUNCHES IN RECENT PAST - A PERSPECTIVE
BUILDER 87
Topia Unveils 'Huvo' Single Seat Light Weight Car 87
Aptera Typ-1 Electric Car Provides Fuel Efficiency of 300
Miles a Gallon 87
Chevrolet Unveils 2009 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 87



Volkswagen to Commence Manufacturing Electric Cars 88
College Students Collaborate on First of its Kind Plug- in
Hybrid Vehicle 88
Toyota Unveils Zero-Emission Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicle 89
Mitsubishi Motors Plans to Launch Electric Vehicle in India 89
Honda to Launch New Eco-friendly Hybrid Cars 89
SMA to Roll out Novel Cars 90
ZAP to Roll out "Made for iPod" Electric Car 90
Tanfield and Ford Motor Co-Develop a New Electric Car 90
Volvo Buses Plans to Develop Hybrid Vehicles Globally 90
Dong Energy to Launch Eco-friendly Electric Cars Powered by
Windmills 91
ZENN Motor to Introduce CityZENN EV 91
Loremo to Introduce E-Loremo 92
Hybrid Launches LiV' 92
Reva to Introduce a New Variant of Electric Cars 92
HM to Launch Electric Car in India 93
Nissan to Launch Electric Cars for Fleet Customer 93
Volvo Trucks Unveils Hybrid Refuse Trucks 93
Honda to Release Two Green Cars 94
Hyundai Applies Mild Hybrid System in Commercial Vehicles 94
JCS Showcases Power Storage Solutions 94
Fiat Introduces Electric Version of Fiat Fiorino 94
Nissan Motor Introduces Pivo2 95
Mazda Introduces Tribute SUV Hybrid Electric Vehicle 95
Japanese Inventors Roll Out Battery Powered Electric Vehicle 95
GM Reveals New Variant of E-Flex System 95
Ford Introduces Advanced Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle 95
Volvo Introduces I-SAM Hybrid Concept 96
GM Launches Saturn Aura Green Line 96
ZAP Showcases Latest Multi-Function Electric Vehicles 96
ZAP Launches the Xebra Electric Car and Pickup in California 97
Toyota Showcases Advanced Hybrid/Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 97
Tesla Motors to Launch Roadster 97
TRW Introduces New Technology Set 97
Toyota Launches 2007 -Lexus GS 450 Hybrid 97
GEM Launches 6-Seater Electric Car 98
Quantum and US Army Launch Hydrogen Hybrid Vehicle 98
Ford Unleashes Ethanol-Fueled Ford Escape Hybrid E85 Vehicle 98
Spijkstaal and Rotterdam Port Unveil Electric Bus Zeus 99
Smith Electric Launches Two New Battery- Powered Trucks 99
Honda Motor Launches Accord Hybrid Version 2 99
PSA Peugeot Citroën Rolls Out Two Diesel Hybrid Models 99
PSA Peugeot Citroën, and CEA Unveil Fuel Cell Stack GENEPAC 100
PPAO Launches Electric Vehicles in Thailand 100
Miljobil Rolls Out Pollution-Free Electric Vehicle 100
Piaggio's Electric Vehicle Portfolio Hits the UK Market 100
Mitsubishi Unwraps Colt EV 100
Hyundai Releases Tucson FCEV 100
Keio University Develops Electric Vehicles 101



Sporty Electric Car from Prodrive 101
Nissan to Produce Petrol-Electric Cars 101
Reva in Japan 101
SatCon Rolls Out Latest HEV Products Range 101
DaimlerChrysler Signs an Agreement with GM 102
BYD Auto Releases New Electric Cars 102
Electric Fuel Cell Tuscon SUV from Hyundai 102
E-Ride Rolls Out Low-Speed Electric Cars 102
Michelin, PSI Introduce New Electric Fuel Cell Vehicle Prototype 102
Ford Launches Focus Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) 102
Toyota Introduces Lexus RX 400h 103
IXYS Unveils New Class of IGBTs 103
Ford Launches New 2.3-liter Hydrogen Engine 103

11. RECENT INDUSTRY ACTIVITY 104
Smith Electric Vehicles U.S. Corp. to Acquire Smith UK Division 104
T3 Motion Deploys Lithium Battery Systems 104
Flux Power and Wheego Electric Cars Ink Storage Systems Supply
Agreement 104
Remy International Signs Agreement with Advanced Mechanical
Products 105
Nissan Motors and Hertz Enter Partnership 105
Nissan Signs Agreements with Three US States for Charging
Infrastructure 105
UQM Technologies Receives Contract from Quantum Fuel 106
Remy International Unveils Remy Electric Motor Technologies 106
Verdek-EV Inks Agreement with Venta for Electric Vehicle 106
Proton Power Systems Ink MoU with Smith Electric Vehicles 107
Bladon Jets and Jaguar Land Rover Ink Agreement 107
Hubei Electric Power Inks Agreements with Suizhou and Xiangfan
Governments 107
Wheego and EVCARCO Ink Dealership and Territory Rights Agreement 108
GM to Design, Manufacture Electric Motors 108
LG Chem Inks Agreement with Chang'an Automobile Group 108
ZAP Inks Agreement with Zhejiang Jonway Automobile 108
A123 Systems Inks Battery Supply Agreement with Fisker Automotive 109
Universal Power Inks Battery Distribution Agreement with K2
Energy Solutions 109
BYD to Sell e6 in North America 109
Tesla Motors and Panasonic Partner to Develop Battery Cell
Technology 110
ZAP and Zhejiang Jonway to Manufacture Electric Sport Utility
Vehicle in China 110
Eltek Valere to Deliver Chargers to THINK City 110
The Government of Andalusia Inks an Agreement with Renault Spain 110
Peugeot Signs LoI Agreements with Veolia and Greenwheels 111
AeroVironment Collaborates with Nissan North America 111
Hydro-Quebec Inks MoU with Mitsubishi Motor Sales of Canada 111
Toyota Motor to Commence Marketing of Electric Vehicles 111
Think Global to Manufacture Vehicles in US 111



DTE Energy Installs ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations 112
General Motors to Build Pure-Electric Vehicle 112
LS Industrial Systems Inks MoU with CT&T 112
China Bak Battery to Execute Jilin Hi-Tech Electric Vehicle Order 112
ZAP Enters JV with Holley Group to Tap China's EV market 112
Zotye Holding Group to Manufacture EVs 113
Electric Car Company and EVPC Enter Agreement 113
Navistar International Enters JV with Modec 113
Johnson Controls-Saft to Supply Lithium-ion Battery for Ford
Motor 113
Nissan Motor to Establish Electric Vehicle Plant in Guangzhou 113
Nissan Motor and Renault SA to Establish EV Battery Facility
in France 114
Sanyo Electric and PSA Peugeot Citroen Sign Agreement 114
BMW Forms a Joint Venture with SGL 114
KEPCO and Hyundai Motor Group Ink Deal 114
General Motors India to Collaborate with Reva Electric for EV
Venture 114
BorgWarner Partners with UQM for Powertrain Products 115
Hydrogenics Bags Contract from Vision Industries Corporation
for HyPM 16 115
Hyundai Mobis & LG Chemicals to Set Up JV for EV Batteries 115
Keio University, Benesse Corporation Set UP Joint Venture for
E-cars 115
UQM Technologies Enters into Agreement to Provide Electric
Propulsion Systems 115
Advanced Battery Technologies Signs Distribution Agreement
with ZAP 116
Mitsubishi Motors and GS Yuasa to Establish a Plant for
Electric Vehicles Batteries 116
Dongfeng Motor Enters Into Agreement with Detroit Electric 116
Smith Electric Collaborates with Altec Industries 116
Daimler AG Purchases Stake in Tesla 117
BYD Auto and Volkswagen to Co-Develop EVs 117
Nissan Motor Partners with Europcar Groupe for Promoting EVs 117
AG Holdings Acquires Assets of Axeon 117
evstores Announces Intentions to Build Battery-powered Low
Speed MyCars 118
Renault-Nissan Alliance Signs an EV Deal with the Chinese MIIT 118
UAW and Fiat to Acquire Stake in Bailed-Out Chrysler 118
ECOtality Extends Nissan Partnership for EV Charge Stations in
Maricopa County 119
Renault-Nissan Ties-up with LeasePlan for Promoting EV Market
in Europe 119
BC Hydro and Vancouver Sign a Deal to Test Mitsubishi's
Electric Car 120
Nissan to Tie-up with China for Promoting Electric Cars 120
A123 Signs Agreement with Chrysler for Offering Electric
Vehicular Batteries 121
Renault-Nissan Ties up with Ireland Utility to Develop



Electric Motor Car Network 121
Mitsubishi to Increase EV Production 121
Green Star to Develop Electric Vehicles, Announces Strategic
Plans 122
EV Innovations Plans Merger with General Motors and Chrysler 123
Peugeot Collaborates with Mitsubishi to Develop EV for Europe 123
Detroit Electric, Proton Ink Partnership for Pure Electric
Vehicles 123
Smith Electric Vehicles To Start Assembly of Electric Delivery
Vans 124
Mitsubishi and Principality of Monaco Sign MoU over i MiEV On
-Road Testing 124
Renault-Nissan to Implement Zero Emission Mobility in Monaco 125
Jinzhou Wonder and CT&T Form Joint Venture to Launch Electric Car 126
GS Yuasa Signs a Joint Venture Deal with Honda 126
Think to Open New Manufacturing Plant in the US 126
Nissan Inks Deal with San Diego Gas & Electric 127
Nissan Collaborates with One North East for Promoting EV Use 127
Think Teams Up with ElmoNet 128
Renault Nissan Alliance Joins Hands with ewz 128
AT&T to Replace Corporate Fleet with Alternative Fuel Vehicles 128
Mitsubishi and Peugeot Collaborate to Develop EVs for European
Market 129
Kraft Foods and Honda Motors Become First Users of Hybrid Trucks 129
ECOtality Partners with Nissan to Unveil Electric Vehicles in
Arizona 129
Magna Plans to Collaborate with BRUSA over Electric and Hybrid
Cars 130
Renault-Nissan Collaboration and Elektromotive Sign MoU 130
Portuguese government Signs Letter of Intent with Nissan 131
IBM Participates in EDISON Research Project 131
Hybrid Technologies Changes Name to EV Innovations 132
Michelin and Valeo Collaborate to Develop EV and Hybrid Vehicles 132
Volkswagen and Toshiba Collaborate 132
Smith Electric Vehicles Inks Agreement with Ford Motor 133
Efficient Drivetrains Establishes Research Center in Dixon 133
Meridian Inks Joint Venture Agreement with Mitsubishi 133
Tanfield Establishes Smith Electric Vehicles US 133
Magna Electronics Takes Over BluWav Systems 134
Johnson Controls-Saft's Lithium-Ion Battery Systems to be used
in Ford's PHEVs 134
Reliance Digital Collaborates With REVA 134
SymPowerco to Develop HEV Prototype 134
Aixam Mega Takes over NICE Car Company 135
Tesla Motors to Supply Electric Batteries to Daimler's New
Smart Car 135
Fiat to Take Over Stake in Chrysler 136
Johnson Controls-Saft Enters into a Supply Agreement with
Azure Dynamics 136
LG Chem Partners with General Motors for Supplying EV Batteries 136



Ford and Magna Collaborate to Develop New BEV 137
SAIC's Energy Vehicle Joint Venture Starts Operations 137
Renault-Nissan Inks Deal with California's Sonoma County 137
Dongfeng Nissan to Manufacture Electric Cars in China 138
Renault-Nissan Inks Agreement with Energie Ouest Suisse 138
Ener1 Inks Deal with Kyushu Electric Power 138
SAIC to Develop EVs and Hybrid EVs 139
Optimal Energy to Launch Electric Car for Global Market 139
Daimler and KIT Enter Partnership for a Joint Research Initiative 139
Oregon and Nissan Enter Partnership 140
Shuanghuan and RTEV Partner to Market and Manufacture Electric
Cars 140
WATG Subsidiary and Korean CT&T Sign Development Agreement 141
TMETC Secures 50.3 % Ownership Stake in MGI 141
Electrovaya Inks Deal with Three Chinese Companies 141
Chrysler Commences Hybrid Electric Vehicles Production 141
Better Place Teams-Up with Macquarie Capital and AGL 142
Electrovaya to Introduce Electric Cars in Norway 143
BYD Takes Over SinoMOS Semiconductor 143
AC Propulsion to Collaborate with Yulon for New Electric Vehicle 143
EDF and Renault Enter Partnership 144
EDF Enters into Deal with PSA Peugeot Citroen for Developing EVs 144
US DoE Awards US$10 Million to Ford Motor to Develop PHEVs 144
Electric Vehicles Takes Over Lafayette County Car Company 145
MidAmerican Energy Holding Co to Acquire 10% Ownership Stake
in BYD 145
UEEC to Take up Interest in SSC 145
GM Teams up with Ontario Power, Ontario Government 145
Azure Wins Contract from Leading US Baking Company 146
ZAP Breaks Ground to Set-Up Electric Vehicle Factory 146
Daimler and RWE to Launch Environment-Friendly EV in Berlin 146
Proton to Form a Joint Venture for Production of EVs 147
Integrity to Construct Electric Vehicle Facility 147
Delphi SOFC APU Powers Peterbilt Model-386 Truck 148
Detroit Electric Attracts European Technology and Investment
Partners 148
Mahindra & Mahindra to Develop a Larger, Expensive Electric
Car than Reva 149
Argentum Motors Acquires Major Stake in Heuliez 149
Mitsubishi Enters Electric Vehicle Demonstration/Research Deal
with PG&E 149
BYD Automobile to Introduce Electric Vehicles in Israel 150
The Al Yousuf Group Invests in ZAP 150
Electric Vehicles Inc. Announces EV Production Plans 150
Nissan Partners with State of Tennessee for EV Promotion 151
GM Teams Up with EPRI for PEVs 151
Duke Energy Pens EV Partnership with GM 152
Nissan Renault-Bajaj JV to Produce EVs 152
Fisker Selects Vamlet to Produce its Sports Car 152
Nissan-Renault Signs EV Mass-Marketing Deal with Portugal 153



12. CORPORATE ACTIVITY IN RECENT PAST - A PERSPECTIVE BUILDER 154
Why'rd Setups Why'rd Automotive and Launches Electric-Powered
Cars in Utah 154
Reva Launches Electric Cars in New Delhi, India 154
ECE to Invest in Electric Cars 154
Zenn Motor Plans to Launch Fully Electric Cars in Canada 154
GM Announces Plans to Acquire Cobasys 155
ZAP Acquires Ownership Interest in Auto Company 155
Nissan-NEC JV Commences Operations 155
Liberty Electric Cars to Reengineer Large Luxury Cars into ZEVs 156
RTEV Launches in Georgia Tech 156
Audi to Introduce Electric Cars in the Next 5 -10 Years 157
Think Global Plans to Assemble and Sell Electric Cars in US 157
Manganese Bronze and Tanfield Team Up for Emission-Free
Electric Black Cabs 157
Think Partners with Major Cleantech Investors 157
Project Better Place and DONG Energy Launch Electric Vehicles
in Denmark 158
Renault-Nissan Signs Deal with Project Better Place to Market
EVs in Denmark 158
Farnow to Assemble Battery-Powered Cars and Three-Wheel
Rickshaws in India 158
Tesla Motors Commences 2008 Tesla Roadster Production 159
Jamesstan Acquires Optare 159
Raser Signs MOU with Tecstar to Manufacture PHEVs 159
Enova Enters into Supply Agreement with Smith Electric Vehicles 160
Gruau and Bollore Ink Deal to Develop Electric and Hybrid
Passenger Vehicles 160
Miles Electric Vehicles Opens in Tulsa, Oklahoma 160
Angeleno Group Heads Miles Electric Vehicles Investment 161
TEP and Mitsubishi Commence i MiEV Field Testing 161
PG&E Inks Purchase Agreement with Raser Technologies 162
GM to Establish Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Engineering Unit 162
Youngman Enters into Agreement with ZAP 163
Tata, Global Electric Enter into Contract 163
Miles, AllGreenVehicles Conclude Agreement 163
GM to Set up E-Flex Systems 163
Lockheed Martin Inks Agreement with EEStor 164
Bajaj, KTM Develop Electric Car 164
Italian Joint Venture of Zhongda to Become Operational 164
Electrovaya and Visionary Vehicles to Form Joint Venture 164
EPRI Collaborates with Ford 165
Leo Motors to Form Joint Venture with Global Electric Motors 165
Venturi Automobiles Partners with PSA Peugeot 165
Swedish Energy Agency Partners with Automobile Companies 165
TechAlt Secures EV Parts 165
Hitachi Secures Order from GM 166
Tata Motors Signs Contract with Global Electric Motor 166
Hyundai Plans Mass Production of Hybrid Cars 166



Toyota Plans Commencement of Sales of Lithium-ion Plug-in Hybrids 166
GM Establishes New Vehicle Engineering Organization 166
GM- Allison Secures Orders for 1,700 Hybrid Buses 167
ECOtality Acquires Electric Transportation Engineering Corp. 167
Hybrid Dynamics Pockets Fire Ant Corp. 167
Siemens VDO Acquires Electric Drive Business of Ballard 167
Harbin Electric Acquires of Harbin Taifu Auto 167
GM Partners with A123Systems 168
Phoenix Forms Joint Venture with Pristine 168
Nissan, NEC, and NEC Tokin form Joint Venture 168
ZAP Inks Agreement with Youngman Automotive Group 168
Hero Group Plans Venturing into Electric Cargo Vehicles 168
Toyota to Establish New Facility 169
Hitachi Receives Additional Investment 169
Volvo Commences Project on Hybrid Technology based Refuse
Vehicles 169
Toyota Plug-in Hybrid Certified for Use on Public Roads in Japan 169
GM Commences Production of 2-Mode Hybrid Transmission 169
GM Inks Battery Development Contracts with Two Companies 170
King County to Procure 500 GM Hybrid-Powered Buses 170
Hyundai, Infineon Collaborate to Develop Automotive Electronics 170
DaimlerChrysler & BMW to Develop Hybrid Drive System 170
Nissan Delivers X-TRAIL Fuel Cell Vehicle to Kanagawa Toshi Kotsu 171
Valence Collaborates with EnergyCS to Offer PHEV Technology to
AQMD 171
Tanfield Signs an Agreement with Marks & Spencer Group 171
Tanfield Signs Supply Deal with Enova Systems for Drive Trains 171
ZAP Signs Exclusive Agreement with Eco Tech A/S for Lithium
Battery System 171
ZAP Inks Distribution Agreement with AJ Imports 172
Subaru Develops New Electric Vehicle 172
US Researchers Add Gold Clusters to Stabilize Platinum
Electrocatalyst 172
Mahindra to Develop Scorpio Full Hybrid 172
Tianjin Qingyuan Commences Construction of a New Plant for
Electric Cars 172
Volvo Technology Invests in TranSiC for Semiconductor- based
Hybrid Vehicles 173
South Carolina, Iowa and Wisconsin Researchers Devise Off-road
Hybrid Electric Vehicles 173
Enova to Test Power Management Systems on Smith Electric Vehicles 173
Volkswagen Develops High Temperature Fuel Cell 173
US Researchers Develop Transmission Arrangements for HEVs 173
U.S. Postal Service to Test GM's HydroGen3 Fuel Cell Minivan
in California 174
Electro Energy Joins Plug-In Hybrid Development Consortium 174
Toyota to Continue RAV4 EVs 174
Altairnano Receives Electric Car Battery Order from Phoenix 174
Eaton Develops Hybrid Electric Power System 174
UQM Tech Supplies Auxiliary Motors for HEVs 175



BYD Develops Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 175
Toyota to Focus on Eco-Friendly Vehicles 175
Toyota Develops Camry Hybrid 175
Tesla Receives US$40 Million Funding 175
DaimlerChrysler Starts Delivery of Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus
to San Francisco MTA 175
Smith Electric Enters into Supply Agreement with TNT 176
Mitsubishi Develops Car With In Wheel Electric Motor 176
Feel Good Cars Corp Bags Order for Supply of Zenn Cars 176
GEM Signs Partnership Agreement with Matra 176
Saab BioPower Hybrid Concept 176
Mazda Delivers RX-8 Hydrogen RE Cars to Idemitsu, and Iwatani 177
General Motors Reduces Stake in Suzuki 177
PHEV Consortium Attracts Utility Companies 177
SatCon Bags US Army Contract 178
Johnson and Saft Set Up Joint Venture 178

13. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS 179
AB Volvo Group (Sweden) 179
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (Germany) 179
Daimler AG (Germany) 180
Fiat S.p.A (Italy) 180
Ford Motor Company (USA) 181
General Motors Corporation (USA) 182
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (Japan) 182
Hyundai Motor Company (South Korea) 183
Isuzu Motors Ltd. (Japan) 183
Mazda Motor Corp. (Japan) 184
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (Japan) 184
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (Japan) 184
PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A (France) 185
Renault SA (France) 186
Suzuki Motor Corp. (Japan) 186
Toyota Motor Corp. (Japan) 187
Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd (Japan) 187
Volkswagen AG (Germany) 188

14. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE 189
Table 7: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for
Electric Vehicles by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan,
Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), and Rest of World
Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Units for
Years 2007 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 189

Table 8: World Historic Review for Electric Vehicles by
Geographic Region -US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific
(excluding Japan), and Rest of World Markets Independently
Analyzed by Annual Sales in Units for Years 2000 through 2006
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 190



Table 9: World 10-Year Perspective for Electric Vehicles by
Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for US,
Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), and
Rest of World Markets for Years 2005, 2010 & 2015 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) 191

Battery Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs) by Geographic Region -
US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan),
and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual
Sales in Units for Years 2007 through 2015 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) 192

Table 11: World Historic Review for Battery Powered Electric
Vehicles (BPEVs) by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan,
Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), and Rest of World
Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales for Years 2000
through 2006 in Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 193

Table 12: World 10-Year Perspective for Battery Powered
Electric Vehicles (BPEVs) by Geographic Region - Percentage
Breakdown of Unit Sales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe,
Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), and Rest of World Markets for
Years 2005, 2010 & 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 194

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) by Geographic Region - US,
Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), and
Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales
in Unit for Years 2007 through 2015 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) 195

Table 14: World Historic Review for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEVs) by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe,
Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan), and Rest of World Markets
Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Units for Years 2000
through 2006 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 196

Table 15: World 10-Year Perspective for Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (HEVs) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of
Unit Sales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific
(excluding Japan), and Rest of World Markets for Years 2005,
2010 & 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 197

15. THE UNITED STATES 198
A.Market Analysis 198
Market Scenario and Outlook 198
An Insight into the US Alternative Fuel Vehicles Market 198
Market Trends 199
Neighborhood Electric Vehicles Industry Continues to



Witness Growth 199
EV Batteries Demand Gaining Momentum 199
Mobility Services: An Alternative to Vehicle Ownership 200
Growing Technological Partnerships and Alliances 201
Increasing Trend Towards Neighborhood Electric Vehicles 201
Light Duty Vehicles: The Major Focus of Fuel Cell Developments 201
Increasing R&D Spending Despite Dismal Sales 201
Market Segmentation 202
Battery Powered Electric Vehicle Market 202
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Market 202
Table 16: Leading Hybrid Vehicles in the US (2008):
Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales by Model - Toyota
Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota
Highlander Hybrid, Ford Escape PHEV, Lexus RX 400h, Nissan
Altima Hybrid, and Others (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) 203
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Market 203
Hybrid & Fuel Cell Technologies - Delight of US Army 203
BEVs' Impact on Power Consumption 203
Impact of ZEV Program on a National Basis 203
Major Target Markets 204
Fleets 204
Retail Markets 204
Non-Road Uses 204
B.Market Analytics 205
Table 17: US Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for
Electric Vehicles by Product Type - Battery Powered Electric
Vehicles (BPEVs), and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Units for
Years 2007 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 205

Table 18: US Historic Review for Electric Vehicles by
Product Type - Battery Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs),
and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Markets Independently
Analyzed by Annual Sales in Units for Years 2000 through
2006 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 206

Table 19: US 10-Year Perspective for Electric Vehicles by
Product Type - Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for
Battery Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs), and Hybrid
Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Markets for Years 2005, 2010 & 2015 206

16. CANADA 207
A.Market Analysis 207
New Laws to Extend Market for Electric Pick-Up Trucks 207
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Major Concern 207
Influence of Power Generation on EVs 208
Impact of Cold Weather on EV Performance 208
B.Market Analytics 208
Table 20: Canadian Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis



for Electric Vehicles by Product Type - Battery Powered
Electric Vehicles (BPEVs), and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEVs) Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in
Units for Years 2007 through 2015 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) 208

Table 21: Canadian Historic Review for Electric Vehicles by
Product Type - Battery Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs),
and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Markets Independently
Analyzed by Annual Sales in Units for Years 2000 through
2006 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) 209

Table 22: Canadian 10-Year Perspective for Electric Vehicles
by Product Type - Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for
Battery Powered Electric Vehicles (BPEVs), and Hybrid
Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Markets for Years 2005, 2010 & 2015



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