My presentation

1. Dr. Rajesh Karyakarte MD
Professor and Head,
Department of Microbiology,
Government Medical College,
Akola

2.  Nanotechnology is the
understanding and control of
matter at dimensions between
approximately 1 and 100
nanometers, where unique
phenomena enable novel
applications. Encompassing
nanoscale science, engineering,
and technology, nanotechnology Atomically precise
involves imaging, measuring, positioning of carbon
modeling, and manipulating monoxide molecules
matter at this length scale. on a copper surface
enables data storage
The National Nanotechnology Initiative, US. with bits smaller than
atoms

3. The physicist Richard Feynman first developed the concept
'nanotechnology' (but he did not specifically use this term) in a talk
“There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” given at an American Physical
Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.

4. Professor Norio Taniguchi of
the Tokyo Science University,
introduced the term
“nanotechnology”, in a 1974
paper. He described
nanotechnology as the
processing of, separation,
consolidation, and deformation
of materials by one atom or by
one molecule."

5. In the 1980s, Dr. K. Eric Drexler, promoted nanoscale
phenomena through books:
• Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
• Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and
Computation
He was ultimately responsible for the term nanotechnology to
acquire its current sense.

6. Feynman Taniguchi Drexler

7.  Nanotechnology developed in early
1980s with two major developments;
the birth of cluster science and the
invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope (STM).

8.  Cluster science: purpose of this research
was to study the gradual development of
collective phenomena which characterize
a bulk solid.
 Collective phenomena (color, electrical
conductivity, and magnetic properties)
break down for very small cluster sizes.

9.  Scanning tunneling microscope (STM): is an
instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic
level.
 Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986

10.  The field of nanotechnology matured with the
discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon
nanotubes a few years later.
Buckminsterfullerene C60 Carbon Nanotube

11.  The Atomic Force Microscope was invented in
1986. It allowed for unprecedented control over
nanomaterial design and characterization

12.  A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.
 A single gold atom is about 1/3 of a nanometer in
diameter.
 A DNA double helix has a diameter of about 2 nm.
 Picornavirus is around 20 nm.
 Mycoplasma is around 200 nm in.
 A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.
 Fascinatingly, the beard of a man grows by a
nanometer in the time he takes to bring the razor to
his face for a shave

13.  Tracing Single Molecule
with the help of NT
 Lene Oddershede and
colleagues: the lateral
mobility of the λ-receptor
within the outer
membrane of a living
Escherichia coli bacterium
is restricted. This
restriction is because the
periplasmic domain of λ-
receptor is interacting with
the underlying
peptidoglycan layer.

14.  Pushing and Pulling
Nano-objects to study
forces acting on
individual molecule
 Optical tweezer-studies
by Michael Sheetz and
colleagues show that
type IV pilus is
responsible for
twitching motility.

15.  Steered molecular
dynamics (SMD)
simulations
 Stretching the E. coli
adhesion protein
FimH, which is at the
outer tip of type I
fimbriae causes a
conformational change
in structure that
increases the affinity of
FimH for its target
mannose.

16.  Studying Molecular Cooperation with the help of
NT
 Michele Wang and her collaborators studied isolated
RNA polymerase molecules with optical tweezer
experiments.
 Stephen Halford and others showed that the super-
coiling of DNA actually accelerate the rate at which
regulatory proteins that interact with specific target
DNA sequences.

17.  Use of Nanoscope to
study Living Bacteria
Nanoscope Shows the fluorescent membrane of
Bacillus megaterium.

18.  Bacteria are inspiring nanoscale engineers
 Archaea stabilize their membranes against thermal
agitation by integrating lipids that span across the two
lipid leaflets, acting as molecular “staples.” Useful in
drug delivery.
 The S-layer proteins allow for selected nutrient
transport across Archaea and bacteria membranes.
Uwe Sleytr and colleagues have assembled these proteins
ex vivo into two-dimensional protein arrays to function
as ultra-filtration membranes with defined sieving
properties.

19.  Hiroyuki Noji and colleagues , using single molecule
spectroscopy, demonstrated that the central shaft of
F1-ATPase rotates with respect to the surrounding
barrel when ATP is present.
 Subsequently, these F1-ATPases were assembled on
micro-fabricated posts to function as a nanoscale
motor.

20.  Nanoscience and nanotechnology are
now well established scientific and
engineering disciplines.
 Nanomedicine is emerging as one of
the most important sub-disciplines
under the nanotechnology umbrella.

21.  European Science Foundation (ESF) has
defined nanomedicine as ‘the science and
technology of diagnosing, treating and
preventing disease and trumatic injuries, of
relieving pain, and improving human
health, using molecular tools and molecular
knowledge of human body

22.  US NIH has a similar definition
‘Nanomedicine … refers to highly specific
medical intervention at the molecular scale
for curing diseases or repairing damaged
tissues, such as bone, muscle, or nerve.

23.  The ESF nanomedicine report identified 5
main sub-disciplines in nanomedicine:
 Analytical tools
 Nanoimaging
 Nanomaterials and nanodevices
 Novel therapeutics and drug delivery systems
 Clinical, regulatory and toxicological issues

24.  This ‘sandwich assay’ uses 2 different
particles that bind Prostate-specific antigen
(PSA) :
 A gold nanoparticle probe (30 nm diameter)
 A magnetic microparticle
The test is 300-times more sensitive than
traditional tests.
The test detects PSA in concentrations
below 0.1 ng/ml in blood. i.e., below the
detection limit of traditional assays

25.  The intracellular target in this study was ATP.

26.  Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-doped calcium
phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging .

27.  SWCNTs: Single-walled
carbon nanotubes can
kill bacteria, such as E.
coli, by severely
damaging their cell walls.
SWCNTs can be used to
create antimicrobial
materials and surface
coating to improve
hygiene. (This will be
after toxicity studies).

28.  DermaVir (Genetic Immunity) is the first
topically administered nanomedicine
therapeutic vaccine for HIV/AIDS
 It contains a plasmid DNA complexed with a
polyethyleneimine that is mannobiosylated
to enable the nanomedicine to target
antigen-presenting cells
 DermaVir entered the Phase II/III human
trial

29.  Noninvasive technology developed by
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
Professor Jin Zhang at the university of
Western Ontario.
 Nanoparticles are embedded into hydrogel
lenses.
 The nanoparticles react with glucose in
tears, causing a chemical reaction that
changes their color.

30.  The study in hamsters with acute hemorrhage with
nanoparticle-based nitric oxide therapy demonstrated
preservation of cardiac function and improve survival.

31.  Gold nanoshells are
utilized to deliver a small
amount of heat to breast
cancer cells that have
been previously treated
with radiation. Gold
nanoshells are heated
with near-infrared laser.

32.  The first proof in humans that a targeted
nanoparticles can traffic into human tumors and turn
off a vital cancer gene via RNA interference has been
provided by researchers and clinicians at the
California Institute of Technology.

34. Nanotechnology- based products incorporate nanoscale:
 Liposomes: Caelyx®, Doxil® and Myocet™
 Lipid micelles: Estrasorb®
 Virosomes: Epaxal Berna®
 Pegylated proteins: Neulasta®, Pegesys®, PegIntron®,
Macugen® and Somavert®
 CALAA-01 with proprietary siRNA-polymer delivery system
 Synthetic amino acid polymer in Copaxone®
 Protein conjugates: Abraxane®
 Microemulsions of cyclosporine
 Nanocrystalline suspensions: Rapamune®, Emend® and
Megace ES

35.  SAFENANO is a website that provides information
relating to nanotechnology health and safety.
 It is managed by Institute of Occupational Medicine
(IOM) (Edinburgh, UK).
 http://www.safenano.org

36.  Tata Swach uses nanotechnology
 The Swach filter system, consisting of
nanoparticle-sized silver particles
bonded on to the fibrous rice husk ash
support, is designed to destroy bacteria
in drinking water with a high kill rate.