3. EARLY SIGNALING AND TELEGRAPHY
 Semaphore - a type of signaling, in which visual cues represent letters
or words.
 Morse code - the transmission of a series of short and long pulses (dots
and dashes) that represented characters.
 Duplexing - simultaneously transmitting a signal in both directions along
the same wire.
 Multiplexing - simultaneously transmitting an indeterminate number of
multiple signals over one circuit.

4. EARLY SIGNALING AND TELEGRAPHY
 1856 - Western Union Telegraph Company was founded.
 1861 – Over two thousand telegraph offices operated across the United
States.

5. TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY

6. TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY
 1878- The first telephone exchange opened in New
Haven, Connecticut.
 Connected 21 separate lines.

7. TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY
 In the mid-20th century AT&T integrated
electronics into crossbar switches
 1965 – first electronic switching system was
used
 Handled up to 65,000 two-way voice circuits.
 Until 1970 all telephone switches depended on
a continuous physical connection to complete
and maintain the call.

8. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
 1894- Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi a
method of transmitting electromagnetic signals
through the air.
 His invention relied on an induction coil.

9. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
 Vacuum tube - a sealed container made of glass, metal,
or ceramic, that contains, in a vacuum, a charged plate
that transmits current to a filament.
 Audion - patented in 1907by DeForest, is a type of
vacuum tube that contains an additional electrode in the
middle of the positive and negative electrodes.
 Boosts or amplifies a signal.
 First instants of signal amplification and it formed the basis
for all subsequent radio and television advances.
 1912- Edwin Armstrong improved the Audion. He
discovered that by feeding the signal back the tube the
power of the Audion could be increased.

10. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
 Geosynchronous - means that satellites orbit the earth at
the same rate as the earth turns.
 Uplink - a broadcast from an earth-based transmitter to an
orbiting satellite.
 At the satellite, a transponder receives the uplink, then
transmits the signals to another earth-based location in a
downlink.

11. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

12. THE ONSLAUGHT OF MOBILE BROADBAND:
WIRED EXPECTATIONS IN A WIRELESS WORLD!
1995 2000 2006 2009 What it means!
Voice + Text, Email + Narrowband + Mobile
Internet Broadband  Demand for broadband is
an opportunity & threat
 Dual mode (Wi-Fi,
Access Cellular) is here to stay
 Carriers MUST deliver
“true” broadband
 Broadband = huge
Multiple T1s backhaul demand
Backhaul Metro Ethernet
Fractional T1s T1s  Today’s cellular data
Microwave Wireless Mesh networks won’t scale
 Circuit switched voice
Voice Data infrastructure declines
Traffic
Dominant Dominant  Packet-based IP networks
dominate
 True broadband is an
economic imperative
All About Voice Starts to All About  Mobility premium based
ARPU on data experience
Voice Commoditize Data
 Great companies will
emerge from transition
Source: BelAir Networks 2007

13. WIRELESS BROADBAND EVOLUTION
Network Evolution Mobile Device Evolution Service Evolution
• All-IP Network For Fixed-Mobile • Convergence of Communication, • User Behaviors Trend
Convergence (VoIP & data) Computing & CE Platforms from Wired to Wireless
• Co-existence of Different Access • Same Rich IP Apps and
• Multi-mode Devices Connect
Networks for Various Needs Services in all Environments
to Various Access Networks
–Coverage, Mobility, Capacity, –Ubiquitous & Consistent
QoS, Data Rates … –Service Requirements, Experience Desired
Availability, Cost …

14. Trend of Telecom Convergence
14
- Mobile evolution
Mobile technologies are rolling out 3G and HSDPA to provide a access
network with higher speeds.
Speed (bit/s)
10M
HSDPA High
quality video
3G/ 1M
WCDMA Medium
quality video
384 k
Mobile office
EDGE
Internet Graphics 115 k
GPRS
Internet Text
56 k
Voice
GSM 10 k
Messaging
SMS 1k

15. NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY
 Divided into 22 Jammu &
Kashmir
circles Punjab
Himachal
Pradesh
Uttar North Eastern
 4 metros Haryana Pradesh
W
States
DELHI
 19 circles Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh E
Bihar
 Further divided into Gujarat Madhya
Pradesh
West
Bengal
A, B and C category Maharashtra
Orissa KOLKATA
based on economic MUMBAI
Andhra
parameters and Karnataka
Pradesh
METRO Circles
revenue potential
CHENNAI
A Circles
 Each circle has a licenses Kerala
Tamil Nadu
B Circles
 Four operators per circle C Circles
are allowed
Source :COAI
15
 Licenses are saleable

16. 9/11/2012
Various important regulations and laws have been passed in the
Indian telecom industry post-liberalisation era
Department of Telecommunication (DoT) is the main body formulating
laws and various regulations for the Indian telecom industry.
BSNL was Intra-circle
establishe merger
Independent ILD services
Private d by DoT guidelines Number
regulator, was opened to Attempted
players were to boost portability was
TRAI, was competition Calling Party established Rural
were proposed
established Go-ahead to
Pays (CPP) was
allowed in telephony (pending)
the CDMA implemented
Value technology
Added 1994 1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007
Services
1992 2000 Internet Unified 2006
1997
INDIA
telephony Access
initiated Licensing Broadband
(UASL) policy 2004 Decision on 3G
National
Telecom
NTP-99 led to Reduction regime was was services
migration from of licence Reference
introduced formulated—
Policy (NTP) Interconne (awaited)
high-cost fixed fees targeting 20
was ct order
license fee to million
formulated was issued
low-cost subscribers
by 2010 FDI limit
revenue
was
sharing regime
increased
from 49 to
74 percent
ILD – International Long Distance
16

18. BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
 Digitalization
 Computerization
 Packet-based Switching
18

19. BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
1.1 Digitalization
• The development from analogue to digital is by far the most fundamental precondition
for any other technological changes we have witnessed in recent years.
• Digitalization enables the integration of different services in the same network and
enables synergy to be reaped in the whole value chain of service- production,
distribution and consumption.
• Furthermore, digitalization enables expansion of resources in the access and core
networks in a technical and cost efficient way.
Three main technologies that have been important to realise digitalization of
communication technologies and infrastructures:
1. Compression
2. Modulation
3. Forward Error Correction (FEC)
19

20. BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
1.2 Computerization
• Another vital fundamental development has been the deployment of computers in
the production and consumption parts as well as within the network infrastructures.
• The role of computers in production and consumption parts is quite obvious, but
seen in the light of the objective of this Toolkit, it is important to emphasize the role
of computers in the development of network infrastructures, including the
deployment of computers in the network nodes as a replacement for switches and
as devices adding intelligence to the network nodes.
• Furthermore, the processing power affects the spectrum use and management.
20

21. BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
1.3 Packet-based Switching
• Packet switched technologies have had an important role in the more efficient
utilization of the available resources in different network infrastructures and the
creation of platforms enabling multi-service delivery in the same network, enabling
real convergence.
• Different packet technologies have been developed with different
advantages/disadvantages. Internet Protocol (IP) is the most successful packet-
based technology and the dominant paradigm of today’s ICT infrastructures.
21

22. INDUSTRY TRENDS

23. INDUSTRY TRENDS

24. CUSTOMER NEEDS
Simultaneous Phone +
Internet Use Enhanced Graphics
& Email
Faster Access to Maps,
Directions, Directory
Services
Audio and Video
Streaming
Telecommuting
Distance Learning
Secure Transactions
Telewebbing

25. Telephony services (mobile and basic) and Internet services
dominate the Indian telecom services
The Indian telecom market generated revenues of approximately USD 20 billion in 2006–07. It registered a CAGR of
approximately 22 percent from 2002–03 to 2006–07. The CAGR from 2006–07 to 2009–10 is expected to stabilise at 21
percent. Apart from mobile telephony services, other value-added services are also gaining importance.
Revenues of Indian Telecom Industry: 2002–07 (USD billion)
50
Revenues (USD billion)
43
Registered an
40 annual growth of 33
percent in 2006–07
30
Telecom Services – India 20
20 15
9 10 11
10
0
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 ….. …. 2009-10
The Indian telecom services can be divided predominantly into basic, mobile and Internet services. It also comprises smaller segments,
such as radio paging services, Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs), Public Mobile Radio Trunked Services (PMRTS) and Global
Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite (GMPCS).
The growth witnessed in the mobile services and Internet services segments was higher as compared to other services, such as basic
services and radio paging services.
25

26. 9/11/2012
MAJOR PLAYERS IN DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF INDIAN
TELECOM INDUSTRY
BASIC SERVICES OPERATORS
MOBILE SERVICES GSM SERVICES
BSNL OPERATORS
Airtel
MTNL
Vodafone
Reliance
Idea
TTSL
Reliance
BSNL
INTERNET SERVICES
OPERATORS
BSNL
CDMA Services Operators
MTNL Reliance
Reliance
TTSL
TTSL
BSNL
Airtel
TTSL – Tata
26
Teleservices Ltd.

27. Names of Companies
A
Aircel Cellular Limited
Aishwarya Telecom Ltd
Aksh Optifibre Ltd.
Anco Communications Ltd.
Astra Microwave Products Ltd.
Avaya Globalconnect Ltd
B
Bhagyanagar India Ltd.
Bharti Airtel
Bharti Teletech
Birla Ericsson Optical Ltd.
C
Cable Corporation of India Ltd.
CMI Ltd.
Cybele Industries Ltd.
D
Delton Cables Ltd.Dhanus Technologies Ltd.

28. E
Eider Infotech Ltd.
Ericsson
Esskay Telecom Ltd.
F
FCI OEN Connectors Ltd.
Finolex Cables Ltd.
G
Gemini Communications Ltd.
Goldstone Infratech Ltd
GR Cables Ltd.
GTL Infrastructure Ltd.
Gujarat Optical Communication Ltd.

29. H
Hartron Communications Ltd.
Hathway Bhawani Cabletel & Datacom Ltd
HFCL Infotel Ltd
Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd.
Hindustan Cables Ltd.
I
Idea Cellular Ltd.
Intergrated Digital Info Services Ltd
ITI Ltd
K
Kaleidoscope Films Ltd
Kavveri Telecom Products Ltd.
Krone Communications Ltd.

30. M
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd
MIC Electronics Ltd.
Mobile Tele Communications Ltd
MotorolaMP Telelinks Ltd.
Munoth Communication Ltd
N
Nelco Ltd.
Nokia India
Nokia Siemens Networks
Nortel
Nu Tek India Ltd
O
Optel Tecommunications Ltd
P
Paramount Communications Ltd.
Precision Electronics Ltd.
Punjab Communications Ltd.

31. Q
Qualcomm India
R
Reliance Communications Ltd.RPG Cables Ltd
S
Shyam Telecom Ltd
Southern Online Bio Technologies Ltd
Spice Communications Ltd.
Spice Mobiles Ltd
Sterlite Technologies Ltd.
Sujana Towers Ltd
Surana Telecom & Power Ltd
Surana Telecom Ltd.
T
Tamilnadu Telecommunications Ltd
Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd.
TataCommunications LtdT
Telephone Cables Ltd.
Telephone Cables Ltd.

32. V
Valiant Communications Ltd.
Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
Vindhya Telelinks Ltd
Vodafone Group Plc
X
XL Telecom & Energy Ltd.

34. EMERGING TREND “IP-TELEPHONY”
•IP telephony has emerged as the dominant
architecture for future voice communications. As the
line between voice and data applications continues to
blur, new innovative features and services will
continue to emerge that will drive measurable
business value. While most IP growth today is
concentrated in smaller, more nimble organizations,
some large deployments are under way.
•IP based voice is universally regarded as the future of
telecommunications.

35. EMERGING TREND “Long Term Evolution (LTE)”
Long Term Evolution (LTE), the emerging cellular
networking approach that is in the midst of a widescale
rollout, is one of highest profile new technologies. It has
taken hold and today is providing users with mobile
connectivity comparable to a cable modem or DSL
connection.
To date, however, LTE only carries data. Next on the
agenda is the far more demanding task of carrying voice
over LTE, or VoLTE. Planning and testing is well under
way, and services are likely by the end of this year or the
beginning of next.

36. EMERGING TREND “NGWs”
Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can
connect customers to a core network based on IP
technology. These access networks include fiber optics or
coaxial cable networks connected to fixed locations or
customers connected through Wi-Fi as well as to 3G
networks connected to mobile users.
As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify
whether the next generation network is a fixed or mobile
network and the wireless access broadband would be used
both for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to
differentiate between fixed and mobile networks both fixed
and mobile users will access services through a single core
network. Cloud based data services are expected to come.

37. 9/11/2012
EMERGING TREND “4G”
One standard known as IEEE 802.16e (belonging to the Mobile
WiMax family) is now commercially available and is a
37
precursor to 4G.
Comprehensive IP SOLUTION on “Anytime Anywhere” basis.
BSNL has license in India.
To make India a leader in telecom technology TeNet created
CeWiT (Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology) to do
research in 4G.

38. EMERGING TREND “Nanotechnology:5G”
A practical method for direct writing of metal lines less than five
nanometers (5 nm) wide, a big step in creating contacts to and
interconnects between nanoscale device structures like carbon
nanotubes and graphene that have potential uses in electronics
applications.

39. INDIA PRESENTS A HOST OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR TELECOM COMPANIES
Infrastructure
Rural Sharing Managed
Telephony Services
Value-Added
Growth Virtual Private
Services
Avenues Network
WiMax
Enterprise
Telecom
3G Services
To reduce their network deployment costs, many service providers are considering
infrastructure sharing offers the following advantages:
Virtual Private Network is a private data network  Improved service quality
that provides connectivity within closed user groups via  Increased affordability for customers
public telecommunication infrastructure. Competition is  Faster roll out of services in rural and remote areas
likely to heat up in the VPN segment as DoT has  Significant reduction in initial set up costs
relaxed the norms for private players.  Increased environmental aesthetics
 Lower operating costs for service providers
Enterprise Telecom Services includes key
services, such as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP),
Managed services is another segment that is attracting telecom companies.
dedicated telecom communication systems, IT
On account of the rapidly growing subscriber base, service providers find it difficult
infrastructure enabled unified communication services,
to manage their infrastructure and network management operations. In such
etc. Telecom service providers are increasingly targeting
cases, they completely or partially outsource their infrastructure or network
enterprises by providing dedicated services and is
management operations.
expected to witness major developments in near future.
39

40. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES – 3G AND WIMAX TO ASSIST IN PENETRATION OF
TELECOM SERVICES IN INDIA
The Indian government plans to auction the spectrum for 3G services by inviting bids from
domestic as well as foreign players, and creating a competitive environment that offers better
services to consumers. Therefore, the 3G spectrum is among the major investment
opportunities and growth drivers of the telecom industry.
 The immense potential for 3G is reflected by the 30–40 percent annual growth in Value-
Added Services.
 Cell phone manufacturers are striving to develop USD 100 priced 3G handsets for the Indian
market.
 India expects to replicate its 2G growth in 3G services.
WiMAX has been one of the most significant developments in wireless communication in the recent
past. Since this mode of communication provides network access in inaccessible locations at a speed
of more than 4 Mbps, it is expected to be a major factor in driving telecom services in India, especially
wireless services. Thus, it will lead to the increased use of telecom services, Internet, value-added
services and enterprise services. WiMAX is expected to accelerate economic growth and assist in
providing better education, healthcare and entertainment services.
 It is estimated that India will have 13 million WiMAX subscribers by 2012.
 Aircel is the pioneer in WiMAX technology in India.
 The state-owned player, BSNL, aims to connect 74,000 villages through WiMAX.
 Bharti, Reliance and VSNL have acquired licenses in the 3.3GHz range to utilise the opportunities
offered by this domain.
40

41. Value-Added Services and Rural Telephony holds large market
potential in India
Value-Added Services in India (2006–07)
The VAS industry was worth USD 632 million in
Person to
Application & Game & Data, 7% 2006–07. The industry is estimated to grow by 60
Application to
Others (MMS
percent in 2007–08 and become an USD 1,011
Person SMS,
15% etc.), 3% million opportunity.
Ringtone
Dow nload, 35%
Person to Person
SMS, 40%
The VAS industry is currently focussing on the entertainment sector, such as the Indian film
industry and cricket; however, there is scope for growth in other avenues as utility-based
services, such as location information and mobile transactions.
Rural Telephony Urban Rural Teledensity in India
50
As the government targets to increase rural teledensity
40
Teledensity (%)
from the current 2 percent to 25 percent by 2012, rural
telephony will require major investments. This 30
segment will boost the demand for telecom services, 20
equipment, Internet services and other value-added
10
services; thereby, offering great market opportunities
for telecom players. 0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
At Year Ending March
Urban Total Rural
41

42. 9/11/2012
•Internet Protocol TV
•Also called Triple play.
• Currently available in Jaipur , Delhi, Mumbai, Jodhpur,
and a few more cities have been added to the list.
42