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History of Architecture
- 1. The History of Architecture
- 2. Egyptian Architecture Mastabas 3000 BC QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Step Pyramids 2600 BC QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Straight Pyramids 2000 BC
- 3. Greek Architecture Temple to Athena at the Acropolis, The Parthenon QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 448-432 BC QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Temple to Nike 420 BC
- 4. Roman Architecture The Coliseum 72AD QuickTimeª and a QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. The Pantheon
- 5. Medieval Gothic QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Notre Dame Cathedral, France 1145-1220 AD
- 6. Ancient Far East Most commoners lived in one room mud huts QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Forbidden City: Imperial Palace, Beijing 1200-1400 AD built/ rebuilt 1st Century AD stacked Pagoda
- 7. Early Southwest and South American Dwellings/Structures QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Aztec Burial Pyramid 1100 AD Mesa Verde, Colorado 1100 AD
- 8. India QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Taj Mahal 1630-1650
- 9. Baroque QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Palace of Versailles, France Originally a hunting lodge, 1624 Louis XIV, rebuilt it in later 1600’s
- 10. American Architecture can fit into four main categories • Renaissance Revival -based on English, Italian, French and Dutch Architectural Methods of the 14th+ Century • Classical Revival -based on Greek and Roman Architecture • Medieval Revival -based on Dark Ages/Medieval Architecture • Modern -based on putting aside the past and looking toward the future
- 11. Renaissance Revival: (Colonial 1607-1830) 1775—1783: American Revolutionary War. Despite winning their independence, the colonies continue to model their architecture on English forms for many years. 1789: US Constitution Ratified. George Washington becomes 1st President. 1801: Thomas Jefferson becomes President of the United States. Rise of Federal Era.
- 12. English Colonial Seventeenth-century settlers from England brought with them a rural QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. English architecture that resembled late medieval forms. The familiar New England Saltbox and Cape Cod styles were QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor common to this era. are needed to see this picture.
- 13. Dutch Colonial Houses in the Dutch colonies incorporated steeply pitched gambrel roofs, QuickTimeª and a batten doors and TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. paired chimneys — details common to the architecture in their homeland.
- 14. French Colonial Elements of French Colonial architecture still exist in southern Louisiana and Mississippi. French QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor Colonial homes are needed to see this picture. featured tall, narrow doors and windows. The roofs were hipped or side gabled, and windows often had paired shutters.
- 15. Spanish Colonial One story, low-roofed dwellings characterized the homes and public buildings of Spain's American colonies. These homes often had a number of external doors QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor but few windows. Stucco are needed to see this picture. and adobe walls and flat or red tile roofs gave these dwellings their distinctive appearance. This style continues to influence the architecture of the American Southwest
- 16. Georgian Georgian homes incorporated characteristics QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor of the well-known English are needed to see this picture. Colonial homes along with paneled doors with ornate crowns and support pilasters. Georgian homes were designed to be high- style formal dwellings. They were typically symmetrical Square, symmetrical shape and evenly proportioned, Paneled front door at center with gabled or hipped roofs Decorative crown over front door and double-hung windows Flattened columns with nine to twelve panes on each side of door for each sash. Five windows across front Paired chimneys Medium pitched roof Mostly found in the Minimal roof overhang southern states.
- 17. Federalist/Adam Shortly after the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the Federal, or Adam, style became widely popular QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor throughout the newly are needed to see this picture. unified country. Based on the designs of British architect Robert Adam, this style incorporates many features found in Georgian homes, such as cornices with tooth-like dentils or Low-pitched roof, or flat roof other decorative molding Windows arranged symmetrically around a and double-hung windows center doorway with six panes in each sash. Semicircular fanlight over the front door Additionally, they often Narrow side windows flanking the front door incorporate an elliptical Decorative crown or roof over front door fanlight over the front door, Tooth-like dentil moldings in the cornice with side lights and Palladian window•Circular or elliptical windows decorative crowns as Shutters•Decorative swags and garlands ornamentation Oval rooms and arches
- 18. Classical Revival (1780-1940) Significant Dates • 1800: Completion of first White House -Federal style heavily influenced by Georgian architecture. • 1803: Louisiana purchase. America's territory expands past the Mississippi River. Westward immigration begins. • 1812 — 1815: War of 1812. The war marks a shift from America's dependence on English trade and architectural forms. • 1814: British forces burn the first White House and much of Washington DC. • 1825: Erie Canal is completed, speeding the immigration of European settlers into the western territories. • 1861—1865: US Civil War. The war marks the end of the popularity of Federal architecture. Much of the historical architecture of the Southern states is destroyed during the war
- 19. Greek Revival America began to define its own emerging architectural independence from its European heritage. Greek QuickTimeª and a Revival exteriors may TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor include an entry porch are needed to see this picture. supported by square or round columns, decorative pilasters, hipped or gabled roofs, transom windows and side lights surrounding the front door. These buildings often had flat roofs and colonnades inspired by the Pedimented gable monuments of ancient Symmetrical shape Greece. Heavy cornice Wide, plain frieze Bold, simple moldings Entry porch with columns Narrow windows around front door
- 20. Neo-Classical Very similar to Greek Revival but may have more elaborate column QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. work- Corinthian columns rather than Doric, always extending the full height of the house and with front gable pediment.
- 21. Medieval Revival 1837 – 1914 Significant Dates • 1837: Queen Victoria I begins reign in United Kingdom. • 1848: European and American immigrants populate the newly opened territories, spreading American architectural forms into Texas, California, and the Midwest. • 1865: Transcontinental Railroad finished, speeding America's industrialization and westward expansion. • 1890: Louis Sullivan designs the Wainwright Bldg. — considered by some the first skyscraper. • 1914—1918: World War I marks the decline of Victorian styles.
- 22. Gothic Revival Early Victorian houses drew inspiration mostly from Western Europe, usually QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor reinterpreting medieval are needed to see this picture. forms. Multi-colored and textured walls, steeply pitched roofs and asymmetrical facades are traditional features. Gothic Revival homes are most easily identified by the elaborate “gingerbread” trim below the gables, and the strong vertical emphasis of the windows and Steeply pitched roof rooflines QuickTimeª and a Pointed windows TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Grouped chimneys Asymmetrical floor plan Veranda Spires Gabled roofs Towers
- 23. Italianate Italianate homes featured elaborate porch QuickTimeª and a decoration, decorative TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. eaves, symmetrical facades and arched windows which were often paired. Some Italianate homes Low-pitched hip or flat roof featured a central square Balanced, symmetrical rectangular shape tower or cupola, and Tall appearance, with 2, 3, or 4 stories most had flat or low- Wide, overhanging eaves with brackets/corbels Square cupola pitched hipped roofs. Tall, narrow, double-paned windows with hood moldings Side bay window Heavily molded double doors Roman or segmented arches above windows and doors
- 24. Second Empire QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor Inspired by the ornate are needed to see this picture. cityscapes of Paris, Second Empire architecture incorporates rectangular or square floor plans, tall flat Mansard roof facades capped by Dormer windows project like eyebrows from roof Mansard roofs with Brackets beneath the eaves, balconies, and bay dormer windows, and Cupola double entry doors. Patterned slate on roof Roofs are frequently Wrought iron cresting above upper cornice patterned and bay Classical pediments windows are also Paired columns common. Tall windows on first story Small entry porch
- 25. The Voigt House Victorian: Queen Anne Queen Anne homes frequently feature QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor irregular floor plans, are needed to see this picture. multiple steep roofs and porches with decorative gables. Dominant octagonal or circular towers, corbelled chimneys, and highly Steep roof decorative windows and Complicated, asymmetrical shape Often front-facing gable entry doors with glass One-story porch that extends across one panels. or two sides of the house Round turrets or square towers Wall surfaces textured with decorative shingles Ornamental spindles and brackets Bay windows
- 26. Victorian: Eastlake QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Hackley and Hume Homes in Muskegon This colorful Victorian home is a Queen Anne, but the lacy, ornamental details are called Eastlake or Stick. The ornamental style is named after the famous English designer, Charles Eastlake, who was famous for making furniture decorated with fancy spindles.
- 27. Victorian: Shingle Style A Victorian home covered in shingles. QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Typically found in New England coastal regions. Asymmetrical Shingles Arches Open Porches
- 28. Richardson Romanesque Romanesque architecture features massive stone walls, large arched windows, porches, and entries, paired columns, QuickTimeª and a extensive use of sculptural TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. stonework, and grandly scaled interiors reminiscent of the great palaces of Europe. Often found in public buildings, rarely in homes. Constructed of rough-faced, square stones Round towers with cone-shaped roofs Columns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designs Low, broad "Roman" arches over arcades and doorways Patterned masonry arches over windows
- 29. Tudor Revival The inclination away from QuickTimeª and a standardization was nowhere better portrayed TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. than in the ideals of the Tudor Revival. Exterior color schemes were typically of brown, white and black, sometimes combined with red brick. Incorporating Decorative half-timbering exposed framing, thatch or shingle roofs, and rough- Steeply pitched roof hewn stonework, Tudor Prominent cross gables Revival homes were intentionally made to Tall, narrow windows appear older than they Small window panes actually were. In fact, the apparently primitive Massive chimneys construction details of such Decorative chimney pots houses were often purely decorative
- 30. Modern 1890 – 1940+ Significant Dates • 1830: Inventions of Railroad and Steam Power. Arts & Crafts movement is a reaction against industrialization. • 1849: California Gold Rush prompts many to go west. Spanish Colonial architecture influences the rise of Mission style architecture. • 1865: End of Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction mark the rise of Arts and Crafts Movement in earnest. • 1901: Gustav Stickley begins publication of "The Craftsman". The first issue is dedicated to William Morris and the second to John Ruskin, leaders of the Arts & Crafts movement in Europe. • 1908: Sears Roebuck catalog introduces the mail order house: the average kit home has 30,000 pieces. Between 1908 and 1940, 100,000 homes are sold. • 1929 — 1939— The Great Depression: The comparatively affordable bungalow gains popularity over more elaborate styles. • 1935: Frank Lloyd Wright builds Fallingwater; modern architecture with elements drawn from the Arts & Crafts Movement. • 1941: Start of World War II marks the decline of Arts & Crafts movement.
- 31. Arts and Crafts: Craftsman /Bungalow QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Its greatest American proponent was Gustav Stickley, whose periodical "The Craftsman" gave the Wood, stone, or stucco siding Low-pitched side gabled roof style its name. Craftsman Wide eaves with triangular brackets houses were generally one Exposed roof rafters and a half to two stories Porch with thick square or round columns Stone porch supports tall. They were Exterior chimney made with stone environmentally sensitive Open floor plans; few hallways structures that made Numerous windows Some windows with stained or leaded glass exceptional use of their Beamed ceilings surroundings. Dark wood wainscoting and moldings Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating
- 32. Meyer -May House Arts and Crafts: Prairie Another stylistic variation QuickTimeª and a within the Arts and Crafts TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Movement is the Prairie style, popularized through the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Often appearing to nestle into their surroundings, Prairie forms often are horizontal in emphasis with low pitched roofs and large over-hanging eaves. Low-pitched roof Although firmly grounded in the Arts and Crafts tradition, their Overhanging eaves forward looking use of Horizontal lines materials such as reinforced Central chimney concrete and dramatic Open floor plan expanses of windows, have lead many to consider this the Rows of small windows first Modern style. One-story projections
- 33. Arts and Crafts: Four-Square Prairie Symmetrical design with a “box” foundation, although porch may be off- QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. centered. Most prominent characteristic of prairie would be the long overhanging eaves.
- 34. Mission QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. As populations in California and America's Southwest expanded, architecture throughout America was increasingly influenced by the remnants of Spanish colonial design. One resulting style was Mission, spanning not only Smooth stucco siding architecture but furniture Roof parapets design and other decorative arts. Mission architecture Large square pillars showcases stucco walls with Arcaded entry porch decorative parapets, red tile roofs, arched rooflines Red tile roof above square piers, and open, widely overhanging eaves.
- 35. Art Nouveau 1890-1905 Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to interior QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor architecture and are needed to see this picture. furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.
- 36. Art Deco 1925-1935 These were the buildings of the future: sleek, geometric, QuickTimeª and a dramatic. With their TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. cubic forms and zigzag designs, art deco buildings embraced the machine age and scientific planetary discovery. Stream-line Curved walls Vertical juxtaposition against rectilinear Glass walls Horizontal or zig zag banding
- 37. International Style 1930’s - Part of the Modern Movement. Architects working in the International style gave QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor new emphasis are needed to see this picture. to the expression of structure, the lightening of mass, and the enclosure of dramatic spaces. Form follows Function. Box- like White-typically Glass Open floor plan
- 38. Mid Century Modern Ranch Influenced by the Early Modern Movement. Homes are known for being one story with QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. walk out. Open floor plans with wood interior and large south facing glass exteriors to patio. Large stone fireplaces typically two sided.
- 39. Earth Friendly Homes -1960’s- • Earth bermed/ earth sheltered /hay bail homes • Solar-Passive • Natural Materials that are native to the land • Directional placement • Wind powered QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
- 40. Current Trends in Architecture • “Mc Mansions” – Urban sprawl • The New Urbanism – Controlling urban sprawl QuickTimeª and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Communal Living – Controlling urban sprawl • Green Architecture – LEED certification – Recyclable materials – Concern for environment – Concern for social and political issues
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Mastaba • The first pyramids are referred to as mastabas. These were Relatively low, rectangular, flat-roofed burial mounds for the pharaohs. They were made of mud brick or stone. Step Pyramid • In about 2780 B.C. the architect Imhotep stacked six progressively smaller mastabas one on top of the other for King Djoser. This, the first step pyramid, still stands at Sakkara, near Memphis. Bent Pyramid • During the reign of Snefru, founder of the Fourth Dynasty (2680-2560 B.C.), the sides of a step pyramid were filled in with stone and covered with lime. This was a necessary step in the evolution of the straight-sided pyramid, but there was an intermediary step -- the bent pyramid. Halfway up the pyramid, the angle was a steep approximately 51 degrees, but then for the top half, the incline was more gradual (only about 43 degrees). Pyramid • During the reign of Khufu, (Cheops) Snefru's son, the straight-sided Pyramid of Giza, angled at about 51 degrees, was built. 4
- Doric and Iconic -doric first simple flute, slab top iconic -fluted, curled leaves at top and a frieze that went all around
- Roman architecture came after or was influenced by Greek architecture. They are known for contributingt eh arch and the use of concrete and the colussium (greece had ampitheaters) The Colosseum or Coliseum, originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (lat. Amphitheatrum Flavium), is an amphitheatre in Rome, capable of seating 50,000 spectators, which was once used for gladiatorial combat. Construction was initiated by Emperor Vespasian and completed by his sons, Titus and Domitian, between AD 72 and AD 90. It was built at the site of Nero's enormous palace, the Domus Aurea. The Colosseum's name is derived from a colossus (a 130-foot, or 40-metre, statue) of Nero which once stood nearby. The Colosseum is located at 41.53° N 12.293° E.The construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed by his son, Titus, in the 80s AD. It was built at the site of Nero's enormous palace, the Domus Aurea, which had been built after the great fire of Rome in AD 64. Some historians believe that the construction of the Colosseum might have been financed by the looting of King Herod the Great's Temple in Jerusalem which occurred about AD 70. Dio Cassius said that 9,000 wild animals were killed in the one hundred days of celebration which inaugurated the amphitheatre opening. The arena floor was covered with sand, presumably to allow the blood to drain away.The Colosseum hosted large-scale spectacular games that included fights between animals (venationes), the killing of prisoners by animals (see: Zoophilia: Roman games and circus) and other executions (noxii), naval battles (naumachiae, via flooding the arena) up until AD 81, and combats between gladiators (munera). It has been estimated that several hundreds of thousands died in the Colosseum games. Saint Ignatius of Antioch was martyred there. Tile-covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as the primary building material and more daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves. The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall.
- Roman influence of arches but peaked stained glass rose windows symbols, ambiance Dripping sand castle, spires Vaults Flying Buttresses Gargoyles
- Buddhist architecture was always symmetrical based on an axis and most temples had an underground palace
- The Taj Mahal in Agra is indisputably the most famous example of Mughal architecture. Described by Rabindranath Tagore as "a tear on the face of eternity", it is in popular imagination a veritable "wonder of the world".The white-splendored tomb was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his favourite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal ("Chosen of the Palace"). She married Shah Jahan in 1612 to become his second wife and inseparable companion, and died in childbirth at Burhanpur while on a campaign with her husband in 1629. Shah Jahan was, it is said, inconsolable to the point of contemplating abdication in favour of his sons. The court went into mourning for over two years; and Shah Jahan decided to commemorate the memory of Mumtaz with a building the like of which had never been seen before.Detail of carving on wall of Taj MahalThe dead queen was brought to Agra and laid to rest in a garden on the banks of the Jamuna river. A council of the best architects was assembled to prepare designs for the tomb. Though some attribute the design to Geronimo Verroneo, an Italian in the Mughal service, evidence suggests that it was designed by Ustad Isa Khan Effendi, a Persian, who assigned the detailed work to his pupil Ustad Ahmad. The dome was designed by Ismail Khan.The tomb which is higher than a modern 20-storey building took 22 years to complete with a workforce of 20,000. Craftsmen from as far as Turkey came to join in the work. The marble was quarried at Makrana near Jodhpur in Rajasthan. Precious stones were imported from distant lands. A two mile ramp was built to lift material up to the level of the dome. It is alleged that on its completion, Shah Jahan ordered the right hand of the chief mason to be cut off so that the masterpiece could never be recreated. As one might expect, numerous other legends are associated with the Taj Mahal: thus, according to one story, Shah Jahan desired to have another Taj built across the river, this one entirely in black marble
- PALACE OF VERSAILLES he Palace of Versailles was the official residence of the Kings of France from 1682 until 1790. It was originally a hunting lodge, built in 1624, by Louis XIII. It was expanded by Louis XIV beginning in 1669. He used it as a little lodge as a secret refuge for his amorous trysts with the lovely Louise de la Valliere and built a fairy tale park around it. Jules Hardouin Mansart, the king's principal architect, drew the plans to enlarge what was turning more and more into a palace from A Thousand and One Nights. The terrace that overlooked the gardens was removed to make way for the magnificent Hall of Mirrors, the Galarie de Glaces. It is here from which the king radiated his power and where the destiny of Europe was decided over a century. The French classical architecture was complemented by extensive gardens.
- Batten door --the z shaped door z to keep the door square. Not always in a z shape.
- A desire for architects to move away from the gaudy Baroque and return to classicism and purity of architecture
- The Arts and Crafts Movement, with its call to return to the ideals of craftsmanship and the honest use of materials that characterized past eras, evolved as a reaction to the increasing industrialization of the Victorian era. Spanning the Victorian Age and extending into the World War II years, the architectural and decorative impulses of the Art and Crafts Movement were expressed in various forms around the world.The founder, and one of the main voices shaping this movement, was the Victorian Englishman, William Morris. A poet, writer, designer and socialist, Morris spent time studying at Oxford University, intending to become a clergyman. He soon discovered he was far more interested in the decorative arts.The American Arts and Crafts Movement is characterized by the Craftsman style in architecture. Craftsman houses were generally one and a half to two stories tall. They were environmentally sensitive structures that not only suited, but made good use of their surroundings – the materials that went into Craftsman houses were usually native.In both architecture and art, the American Arts and Crafts movement shows a nostalgia for the personal and private in design and use. Decoration and color are muted and made useful rather than eliminated. Quality and craftsmanship is emphasized, and each element is given weight as part of integrating the design into the complete environment.