1. MODULE 2 -
PHYSIOLOGY OF
EXERCISE AND SPORT

2. EFFECT OF TRAINING ON
CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

4. Blood pressure is the amount of force (pressure) that blood exerts
on the walls of the blood vessels as it passes through them
SYSTOLIC BP: (ventricular contraction)
When your heart beats, it contracts and pushes blood through the
arteries to the rest of your body. This force creates pressure on
the arteries.
A normal systolic blood pressure is below 120.
DIASTOLIC BP: The diastolic blood pressure number or the bottom
number indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart
rests between beats. A normal diastolic blood pressure number is
less than 80.

5. EFFECT OF TRAINING ON
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

6. • Heart rate
• Stroke volume
• Cardiac output
• Blood flow
• Blood pressure
• Blood

7. HEART RATE (HR)
Resting HR Healthy Adults:
Averages 60 to 80 beats/min
Elite endurance athletes :
28 to 40 beats/min
have been recorded.
As you begin to exercise, your heart rate increases
proportionately to the intensity of exercise
i.e higher the intensity, the higher your heart rate
Heart rate increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity
until a maximum heart rate is reached.

8. STEADY STATE HEART RATE:
Although heart rate increases rapidly with the onset of
activity, providing exercise intensity remains constant, heart rate
will level off. This is known as steady-state heart rate where the
demands of the active tissues can be adequately met by the
cardiovascular system
Exception:
In a hot climate, a steady-state heart rate will gradually increase. This
phenomenon is known as cardiac drift.
The cardiovascular drift is associated with sweating and a
redistribution of blood so that peripheral circulation is increased.
Body fluids are lost, reducing the volume of blood returning to the
heart causing a decrease in stroke volume (see Starling's law). The
heart rate increases in an attempt to compensate for the lower
stroke volume and maintain a constant cardiac output.

9. STROKE VOLUME
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected
per beat from left ventricle.
Measured in ml/beat.
Stroke Volume - 70 ml/beat
Stroke volume increases proportionally with
exercise intensity.

10. STROKE VOLUME INCREASES
• Intrinsic to myocardium, involves enhanced cardiac filling in
diastole, followed by more powerful systolic contraction.
• Neuro Hormonal influence: Normal ventricular with
subsequent formal ejection and emptying during systole
• Training adaptations that expand blood volume and reduce
resistance to blood flow in peripheral tissues

11. CARDIAC OUTPUT
During exercise both heart rate and stroke volume
increase which results in an increase in cardiac output.
Most significant indicator of circulatory system to meet
the demands for physical activity
Cardiac output [Q ] = Stroke volume * Heart rate
At rest the cardiac output is about 5L/min
During intense exercise- 20-40L/min

12. BLOOD FLOW
The vascular system can redistribute blood to
those tissues with the greatest immediate demand
and away from areas that have less demand for
oxygen.
REST - 5 L EXERCISE - 25 L
Liver - 27% Liver - 2%
Kidneys - 22 % Kidneys - 1%
Muscles - 20% Muscles - 84%
Skin - 6% Skin - 2%
Brain - 14% Brain - 14%
Others - 7% Others - 3%

14. BLOOD PRESSURE
At rest: 120/80 mm Hg
RANGES:
Systolic blood pressure -110-140mmHg
Diastolic blood pressure - 60-90mmHg for
During exercise
Systolic pressure INCREASES to over 200 mmHg
Diastolic pressure on the other hand REMAINS RELATIVELY
UNCHANGED regardless of exercise intensity

15. Resistance Exercise:
Higher systolic pressure
Upper Body Exercise:
SBP and DBP increases substantially as smaller arm
muscle mass and vasculature offer greater ressistance
to blood flow than more larger and vascularized lower-
body regions.

16. BLOOD & OXYGEN TRANSPORT
AT REST:
1L arterial blood carries 200 ml oxygen.
Trained / Untrained athletes circulate 5L of blood per minute at
rest
therefore, 1000 ml of oxygen become available per minute

17. a-VO2 DIFFERENCE
At Rest: Oxygen content of blood varies from about
200 ml of oxygen per 1L of arterial blood
to 140 ml of oxygen per 1L of venous blood
The difference in oxygen content of arterial and venous blood is
known as a-VO2 difference.
Exercise:
Capacity of each 1L of arterial blood to carry oxygen increases during exercise.
At rest, the a- VO2 difference is approximately 50 ml of O2 for every 1L of blood ; as the
rate of work approaches maximal levels, the
a-VO2 difference reaches 150 ml / 1L of blood

18. Effect of training respiratory system.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FyhYHlA7bZ
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19. MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
(VO2 MAX )
The highest amount of oxygen an individual can
take in, transport and utilize to produce ATP
aerobically while breathing air during heavy
exercise.

20. CRITERIA TO TEST IF TEST RESULTS
REPRESENT MAXIMAL TEST
1. Lactate value > 8mmol/L
2. A heart rate +/- 12 beats/min of predicted maximal heart
rate (220 - age)
3. A respiratory exchange ratio of 1.0 or 1.1
The ratio between the amount of CO2 exhaled and O2 inhaled
in one breath
4. plateau in oxygen consumption

21. NOTES:
As our bodies perform strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we attempt to
shuttle more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of
its energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. Some
circumstances, however, --such as evading the historical saber tooth tiger or lifting
heavy weights--require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately
deliver oxygen. In those cases, the working muscles generate energy anaerobically.
This energy comes from glucose through a process called glycolysis, in which
glucose is broken down or metabolized into a substance called pyruvate through a
series of steps. When the body has plenty of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled to an
aerobic pathway to be further broken down for more energy. But when oxygen is
limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called
lactate, which allows glucose breakdown--and thus energy production--to
continue. The working muscle cells can continue this type of anaerobic energy
production at high rates for one to three minutes, during which time lactate can
accumulate to high levels

22. VO2max values of some athletes (ml/kg/min):
Steve Prefontaine, middle distance runner, American record
holder 84.4
Lance Armstrong, Tour de France Cycling Champion 83.8
Alberto Salazar, world record holder, marathon 78.0
Grete Waitz, world class female distance runner 73.5

23. CLASS ACTIVITY
Print page from text book -
table 5.2 pg 128.
Is it a true VO2 Max test result?

24. LACTIC ACID THRESHOLD
What is LACTIC ACID?
It is formed from glycogen by muscle cells when
the oxygen supply is inadequate to support
energy production.

26. LACTATE THRESHOLD
The point during exercise of increasing intensity
at which blood lactate begins to accumulate
above resting levels, where lactate clearance
is no longer able to keep up with lactate
production
The lactate threshold for most males is between
165 and 180 beats per minute, with females
being slightly higher, at about 175 to 185
beats per minute

27. LACTATE LEVELS
Normal amount of lactic acid circulating in the blood is about 1
to 2 millimoles/litre of blood.
The onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
occurs between 2 and 4 millimoles/litre of blood.
In non athletes this point is about
50% to 60% VO2 max and in trained athletes
around 70% to 80% VO2 max.

28. TRAINING PHASES

29. Pre Competition
• Correct Nutrition Deficiencies if any
• Correct Body Composition
• Improve all aspects of fitness
During Competition
• Focus on specific foods
• Hydration
• Recovery
Post Competition - Off season
• Revisit body composition
• Eating habits
• Prevent weight gain