1. Crop Seminar Agenda
09-Jan-2012
Presented by :
Mr. Purvish Diwanji
Managing Director
Satyajit Chemicals Pvt Ltd
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2. Soil Application or Foliar ?
What’s best for the Indian Farmer ?
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3. Placement Band
• Plough sole Placement
• Deep placement • Hill
• Localized • Row
Broadcasting
• Top Dressing Pelllet
• Basal application Solid Application
Fertilizer
(Soil
Application)
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4. What factors affect The Soil ?
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5. Water Holding
Aggregate size
Capacity
Organic Matter
Texture
Content
Cation
Temperature Exchange
Capacity
pH Latitude/Slope
Type Aeration
Nutrient
Interactions
Soil Nutrient
Mobility
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6. Soil pH
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7. Soil Texture
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11. Nutrient Interactions in Soil
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12. Nutrient Mobility in Soil
• Nitrogen Phosphorus
very mobile • Potassium Magnesium
moderately • Copper Iron
• Manganese Molybdenum
mobile • Sulfur Zinc
• Calcium
immobile • Boron
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13. • Nitrate Nitrogen
very mobile • Sulfate Sulfur Boron
Nutrient • Ammonium Nitrogen
moderately
Mobility mobile
• Calcium Molybdenum
• Magnesium Potassium
in Plants • Organic Nitrogen
immobile • Phosphorus Manganese
• Copper Iron Zinc
• Nitrogen Phosphorus
very mobile • Potassium Magnesium
Nutrient • Copper Iron
Mobility moderately • Manganese Molybdenum
mobile
in Soils • Sulfur Zinc
• Calcium
immobile • Boron
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14. What is Foliar Application of Fertilizers ?
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15. Liquid
Fertilizer
Starter Injection Aerial
Fertigation
Solutions Foliar to soil Application
Application
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16. Why Foliar Application ?
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17. • To correct any nutrient deficiency in a standing crop
• To maintain optimum level of a particular nutrient
• To give a crop the nutritional boost at a critical
juncture in life
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18. What are the factors affecting
Foliar Application ?
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19. Right
Source
Foliar
Application
Right Right
Timing Rate
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20. How does Foliar Application work ?
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21. Entry through STOMATA and CUTICLE
Cuticle Water
Water +
Nutrient
Stomata are minute pores present in large numbers on
the leaves. Their main function is to control the absorption
of gases (CO2), release of O2 and water vapour.
Xylem
The stomata thus also allow the passage of nutrient
Phloem bearing solutions into the plant body.
The cuticle is a waxy layer covering all the aerial parts of
Stomatal Stomatal the plant. While the cuticle consists of basically fatty acids
Cavity Pore and is mostly impermeable, there however exist
intermolecular spaces or holes in it.
Certain water-loving chemical radicals are also present in
Leaf Transversal Section the cuticle
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22. What are the advantages of Foliar over
Soil Application ?
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23. UTILIZATION OF APPLIED QUANTITY
More than 90% fertilizer is utilized by the plant when
applied in Foliar form. When a similar amount of fertilizer
is applied in the soil, the plant utilizes only 10%
TRANS-LOCATION WITHIN THE PLANT
95% of the foliar fed nutrient solution can be found in
the smallest root within 60 minutes if conditions are
right
FERTILIZER EFFICACY IN SANDY LOAM SOILS
In sandy loam soils, foliar applied fertilizers are up to 20
times more effective when compared to soil applied
fertilizers
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24. COMPARATIVE EFFICACY ( Soil v/s Foliar )
Nutrient Crop Foliar Soil Reference
Zn-Sulfate Annual 1 12 Lingle & Holmberg
(1956)
Phosphorus Tomatoes 1 20 Wittwer, et al (1957)
Fe-Sulfate Grain 1 25 Withee & Carlson
(1959)
Mg-Sulfate Grain 1 100 Krantz (1962)
Approximate ratios of amounts required for comparable response
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25. How to identify Nutrient Deficiency in leaves ?
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26. Nitrogen
Uniform over leaf,
small leaves
Sulphur
if symptoms also
Chlorosis on young leaves
Interveinal or
Magnesium
blotchy
Old & mature
leaves
Tip or edge scorch,
interveinal Phosphorous
yellowing/browning
Necrosis
Interveinal or
bloctchy, varying Magnesium
shades of color
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27. Sulphur,
Uniform over leaf
Iron
Leaf edges purple,
Chlorosis interveinal Sulphur
yellowing, cupping
Interveinal or Zinc, Manganese,
blotchy Iron, Copper
Young leaves
Interveinal blotches
and leaf edge Calcium
scorching
Necrosis
Yellow to brown
interveinal areas,
Boron
red to purple,
curled, torn leaves
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28. Californian standard used in Australia came from work conducted by Cook (1966) and Chritensen et
al. (1978), based on relative low yielding vines (3.5-4.5 tonnes / acre). The standard was then
modified after survey work in South Australia by Robinson et al. (1985) from which they proposed
some working standards. Continued work by various researchers has lead to the today’s standards
(Table 3).
Element Deficient Marginal Adequate High Toxic or
Excessive
As a percentage of dry matter of leaf
Nitrogen 0.8-1.1
Phosphorus Below 0.2 0.2-0.24 0.25-0.5 Above 0.5
Potassium Below 1.0 1.0-1.7 1.8-3.0
Calcium 1.2-2.5
Magnesium Below 0.3 0.3-0.3.9 Above 0.40
Sodium Above 0.5
Chloride Above 1.0
As mg/kg (parts per million) dry matter of leaf
Nitrate - N03 Below 340 340-499 500-1200 Above 1200
Manganese Below 20 20-29 30-60 Above 500
Zinc Below 15 15-25 Above 26
Copper Below 3 3-5 6-11
Boron Below 25 26-34 35-70 71-100 Above 100
Iron Above 30
Table 3. Nutrient standards. Adapted from Reuter and Robinson (1997)
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29. A fertile soil is not
necessarily a productive soil
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