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Management Information Systems,
        Sixth Edition




            Chapter 7:
  Databases and Data Warehouses
Objectives

• Explain the difference between traditional file
  organization and the database approach to
  managing digital data
• Explain how relational and object-oriented
  database management systems are used to
  construct databases, populate them with data,
  and manipulate the data to produce information
• Enumerate the most important features and
  operations of a relational database, the most
  popular database model

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition       2
Objectives (continued)

• Understand how data modeling and design
  creates a conceptual blueprint of a database
• Discuss how databases are used on the Web
• List the operations involved in transferring data
  from transactional databases to data
  warehouses




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition         3
Managing Digital Data

• Businesses collect and dissect data for many
  purposes
• Data can be stored in database format
   – Easy access and manipulation
• Databases have had a profound impact on
  business
   – An information industry has been created
• Database technology integrated with the Internet
  has contributed to commerce significantly

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition    4
The Traditional File Approach
• Traditional file approach: no mechanism for
  tagging, retrieving, or manipulating data
• Database approach: provides powerful
  mechanism for managing and manipulating data
• Traditional approach is inconvenient:
   – Program-data dependency
   – High data redundancy
   – Low data integrity
• Data redundancy: duplication of data
• Data integrity: accuracy of data
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   5
The Traditional File Approach
               (continued)




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   6
The Database Approach
• Database approach: data organized as entities
• Entity: an object about which an organization
  chooses to collect data, such as:
   – People
   – Events
   – Products
• Character: smallest piece of data
   – A single letter or a digit
• Field: single piece of information about entity

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition       7
The Database Approach (continued)
• Record: collection of related fields
• File: collection of related records
• Database fields can hold images, sounds, video
  clips, etc.
• Field name allows easy access to the data
• Database management system (DBMS):
  program used to:
   – Build databases
   – Populate a database with data
   – Manipulate data in a database

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition      8
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   9
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   10
The Database Approach (continued)
• Query: a message to the database requesting
  data from specific records and/or fields
• Database must be properly secured
   – Not everyone should have access to all data
   – Users will have different views of the database,
     based on the data they are allowed to see




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition           11
The Database Approach (continued)
• Database administrator (DBA): the person
  responsible for managing the database
   – Sets user limits for access to data in the database
• DBMS is usually bundled with a programming
  language




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition         12
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   13
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   14
Database Models
• Database model: general logical structure
   – How records stored in the database
   – How relationships between records are
     established
• Database models differ in:
   – How records are linked to each other
   – How users can navigate the database, retrieve
     records, and create records



Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition        15
The Relational Model
• Relational Model: consists of tables
• Based on relational algebra
   – Tuple: record (or row)
   – Attribute: field (or column)
   – Relation: table of records
• To design a relational database, you must
  understand the entities to be stored in the
  database and how they relate
• Tables are independent of each other, but can
  be related to each other

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition     16
The Relational Model (continued)
• Key: a field whose values identify records
   – Used to retrieve records
• Primary key: a field by which records are
  uniquely identified
   – Each record in the table must have a unique key
     value
• Composite key: combination of fields that serve
  as a primary key



Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition      17
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   18
The Relational Model (continued)




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   19
The Relational Model (continued)
• Foreign key: a field that is common to two tables
   – Used to link the tables
   – This field is a primary key in one table and a
     foreign key in the other
• Join table: composite of tables
• Two types of table relationships:
   – One-to-many relationship: one item in a table is
     linked to many items in the other table
   – Many-to-many relationship: many items in a
     table are linked to many items of the other table
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition         20
The Object-Oriented Model
• Object-oriented database model: uses object-
  oriented approach for the database structure
• Encapsulation: combined storage of data and
  relevant procedures to process it
   – Allows object to be “planted” in different data sets
• Inheritance: the ability to create a new object by
  replicating the characteristics of an existing
  (parent) object
• Object-oriented databases (ODBs) store data
  objects, not records

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition          21
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   22
Relational Operations
• Relational operation: creates a temporary
  subset of a table or tables
• Used to create a limited list or a joined table list
• Three important relational operations:
   – Select: a selection of records based on conditions
   – Project: a selection of certain columns from a
     table
   – Join: join data from multiple tables to create a
     temporary table


Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition        23
Structured Query Language
• Structured Query Language (SQL): query
  language of choice for DBMSs
• Advantages of SQL:
   – It is an international standard
   – It is provided with most relational DBMSs
   – It has easy-to-remember, intuitive commands




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   24
The Schema and Metadata
• Schema: a plan that describes the structure of
  the database, including:
   – Names and sizes of fields
   – Identification of primary keys
   – Relationships
• Data dictionary: a repository of information
  about the data and its organization
   – Also called metadata: the data about the data



Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition        25
The Schema and Metadata (continued)
• Metadata includes:
   –   Source of the data
   –   Tables related to the data
   –   Field and index information
   –   Programs and processes that use the data
   –   Population rules: what is inserted, or updated,
       and how often




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition            26
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   27
Data Modeling
• Databases must be carefully planned and
  designed to meet business goals
• Data modeling: analysis of an organization’s
  data and identification of the data relationships
   – A proactive process
   – Develops a conceptual blueprint of the database
• Entity relationship diagram: a graphical
  representation of all entity relationships


Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition         28
Data Modeling (continued)

• Entity relationship diagram is composed of:
   –   Boxes: identify entities
   –   Lines: indicate relationship between entities
   –   Crossbars: indicate mandatory fields
   –   Circles: indicate optional
   –   Crow’s feet: identify “many”




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition          29
Data Modeling (continued)




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   30
Data Modeling (continued)




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   31
Databases on the Web
• Web is dependent on databases
   – Organizations must link their databases to the
     Web
• Interface between Web and database required
• Interface may be programmed in one of several
  Web programming languages, including:
   –   Java servlets
   –   Active server pages (ASP)
   –   PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
   –   Web application program interfaces (APIs)


Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition         32
Databases on the Web (continued)




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   33
Data Warehousing

• Most data collections are used for transactions
• Accumulation of transaction data is useful
• Data warehouse: a large repository database
  that supports management decision making
   – Typically relational
   – Data is collected from transactional databases
• Data mart: a smaller collection of data focusing
  on a particular subject or department


Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition         34
From Database to Data Warehouse
• Transactional databases are not suitable for
  business analysis
   – Contain only current, not historical data
• Data warehouse requires large storage capacity:
   – Mainframe computers are often used
   – Scalability is an issue
   – Data warehouses grow continually




Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition    35
Phases in Data Warehousing
• Three phases in transferring data from a
  transactional database to a data warehouse:
   – Extraction phase: create files from transactional
     database
   – Transformation phase: cleanse and modify the
     data format
   – Loading phase: transfer files to data warehouse
• A properly built data warehouse becomes a single
  source for all data required for analysis
• Data mining and online analytical processing
  (OLAP) use data in data warehouses

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition       36
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   37
Summary
• Organizations collect vast amounts of data
• Database approach has several advantages
  over traditional file approach
• Character: smallest piece of data
• Field: made up of multiple characters
• Record: collection of related fields
• File: collection of related records
• Database management system (DBMS): tool to
  construct databases


Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   38
Summary (continued)
• Relational and object-oriented database models
  have different advantages
• Keys are used to form links among entities
• Primary keys are unique identifiers
• Object-oriented database maintains objects that
  contain data and procedures that process it
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is an
  international standard for querying databases
• Database designer must construct a schema to
  construct a database
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition   39
Summary (continued)
• Database designers conduct data modeling and
  create entity relationship diagrams to plan
  databases
• Many databases are linked to Web
• Data warehouses contain huge collections of
  historical transaction data
• Data warehouse requires data extraction,
  transformation, and loading of transactional data
• Invasion of privacy is exacerbated by database
  technology
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition    40

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ITE 101 - Week 7

  • 1. Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition Chapter 7: Databases and Data Warehouses
  • 2. Objectives • Explain the difference between traditional file organization and the database approach to managing digital data • Explain how relational and object-oriented database management systems are used to construct databases, populate them with data, and manipulate the data to produce information • Enumerate the most important features and operations of a relational database, the most popular database model Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 2
  • 3. Objectives (continued) • Understand how data modeling and design creates a conceptual blueprint of a database • Discuss how databases are used on the Web • List the operations involved in transferring data from transactional databases to data warehouses Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 3
  • 4. Managing Digital Data • Businesses collect and dissect data for many purposes • Data can be stored in database format – Easy access and manipulation • Databases have had a profound impact on business – An information industry has been created • Database technology integrated with the Internet has contributed to commerce significantly Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 4
  • 5. The Traditional File Approach • Traditional file approach: no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, or manipulating data • Database approach: provides powerful mechanism for managing and manipulating data • Traditional approach is inconvenient: – Program-data dependency – High data redundancy – Low data integrity • Data redundancy: duplication of data • Data integrity: accuracy of data Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 5
  • 6. The Traditional File Approach (continued) Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 6
  • 7. The Database Approach • Database approach: data organized as entities • Entity: an object about which an organization chooses to collect data, such as: – People – Events – Products • Character: smallest piece of data – A single letter or a digit • Field: single piece of information about entity Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 7
  • 8. The Database Approach (continued) • Record: collection of related fields • File: collection of related records • Database fields can hold images, sounds, video clips, etc. • Field name allows easy access to the data • Database management system (DBMS): program used to: – Build databases – Populate a database with data – Manipulate data in a database Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 8
  • 11. The Database Approach (continued) • Query: a message to the database requesting data from specific records and/or fields • Database must be properly secured – Not everyone should have access to all data – Users will have different views of the database, based on the data they are allowed to see Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 11
  • 12. The Database Approach (continued) • Database administrator (DBA): the person responsible for managing the database – Sets user limits for access to data in the database • DBMS is usually bundled with a programming language Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 12
  • 15. Database Models • Database model: general logical structure – How records stored in the database – How relationships between records are established • Database models differ in: – How records are linked to each other – How users can navigate the database, retrieve records, and create records Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 15
  • 16. The Relational Model • Relational Model: consists of tables • Based on relational algebra – Tuple: record (or row) – Attribute: field (or column) – Relation: table of records • To design a relational database, you must understand the entities to be stored in the database and how they relate • Tables are independent of each other, but can be related to each other Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 16
  • 17. The Relational Model (continued) • Key: a field whose values identify records – Used to retrieve records • Primary key: a field by which records are uniquely identified – Each record in the table must have a unique key value • Composite key: combination of fields that serve as a primary key Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 17
  • 19. The Relational Model (continued) Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 19
  • 20. The Relational Model (continued) • Foreign key: a field that is common to two tables – Used to link the tables – This field is a primary key in one table and a foreign key in the other • Join table: composite of tables • Two types of table relationships: – One-to-many relationship: one item in a table is linked to many items in the other table – Many-to-many relationship: many items in a table are linked to many items of the other table Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 20
  • 21. The Object-Oriented Model • Object-oriented database model: uses object- oriented approach for the database structure • Encapsulation: combined storage of data and relevant procedures to process it – Allows object to be “planted” in different data sets • Inheritance: the ability to create a new object by replicating the characteristics of an existing (parent) object • Object-oriented databases (ODBs) store data objects, not records Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 21
  • 23. Relational Operations • Relational operation: creates a temporary subset of a table or tables • Used to create a limited list or a joined table list • Three important relational operations: – Select: a selection of records based on conditions – Project: a selection of certain columns from a table – Join: join data from multiple tables to create a temporary table Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 23
  • 24. Structured Query Language • Structured Query Language (SQL): query language of choice for DBMSs • Advantages of SQL: – It is an international standard – It is provided with most relational DBMSs – It has easy-to-remember, intuitive commands Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 24
  • 25. The Schema and Metadata • Schema: a plan that describes the structure of the database, including: – Names and sizes of fields – Identification of primary keys – Relationships • Data dictionary: a repository of information about the data and its organization – Also called metadata: the data about the data Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 25
  • 26. The Schema and Metadata (continued) • Metadata includes: – Source of the data – Tables related to the data – Field and index information – Programs and processes that use the data – Population rules: what is inserted, or updated, and how often Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 26
  • 28. Data Modeling • Databases must be carefully planned and designed to meet business goals • Data modeling: analysis of an organization’s data and identification of the data relationships – A proactive process – Develops a conceptual blueprint of the database • Entity relationship diagram: a graphical representation of all entity relationships Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 28
  • 29. Data Modeling (continued) • Entity relationship diagram is composed of: – Boxes: identify entities – Lines: indicate relationship between entities – Crossbars: indicate mandatory fields – Circles: indicate optional – Crow’s feet: identify “many” Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 29
  • 30. Data Modeling (continued) Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 30
  • 31. Data Modeling (continued) Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 31
  • 32. Databases on the Web • Web is dependent on databases – Organizations must link their databases to the Web • Interface between Web and database required • Interface may be programmed in one of several Web programming languages, including: – Java servlets – Active server pages (ASP) – PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) – Web application program interfaces (APIs) Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 32
  • 33. Databases on the Web (continued) Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 33
  • 34. Data Warehousing • Most data collections are used for transactions • Accumulation of transaction data is useful • Data warehouse: a large repository database that supports management decision making – Typically relational – Data is collected from transactional databases • Data mart: a smaller collection of data focusing on a particular subject or department Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 34
  • 35. From Database to Data Warehouse • Transactional databases are not suitable for business analysis – Contain only current, not historical data • Data warehouse requires large storage capacity: – Mainframe computers are often used – Scalability is an issue – Data warehouses grow continually Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 35
  • 36. Phases in Data Warehousing • Three phases in transferring data from a transactional database to a data warehouse: – Extraction phase: create files from transactional database – Transformation phase: cleanse and modify the data format – Loading phase: transfer files to data warehouse • A properly built data warehouse becomes a single source for all data required for analysis • Data mining and online analytical processing (OLAP) use data in data warehouses Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 36
  • 38. Summary • Organizations collect vast amounts of data • Database approach has several advantages over traditional file approach • Character: smallest piece of data • Field: made up of multiple characters • Record: collection of related fields • File: collection of related records • Database management system (DBMS): tool to construct databases Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 38
  • 39. Summary (continued) • Relational and object-oriented database models have different advantages • Keys are used to form links among entities • Primary keys are unique identifiers • Object-oriented database maintains objects that contain data and procedures that process it • Structured Query Language (SQL) is an international standard for querying databases • Database designer must construct a schema to construct a database Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 39
  • 40. Summary (continued) • Database designers conduct data modeling and create entity relationship diagrams to plan databases • Many databases are linked to Web • Data warehouses contain huge collections of historical transaction data • Data warehouse requires data extraction, transformation, and loading of transactional data • Invasion of privacy is exacerbated by database technology Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition 40