2. OBJECTIVES
• To give a brief overview of the requirements for the
transport of dangerous goods by air
• To identify deficiencies in the supply chain that could
lead to serious accidents/incidents
• To demonstrate the challenges facing industry in
ensuring compliance with the regulations
3. DEFINITION OF DANGEROUS GOODS
Dangerous Goods are articles or substances which
are capable of posing a risk to health, safety,
property or the environment, and which are
shown in the list of Dangerous Goods in the
Dangerous Goods Regulations or which are
classified according to these Regulations.
4. ENABLING LEGISLATION FOR THE SAFE
TRANSPORT BY AIR OF DANGEROUS
GOODS
• Annex 18 to the Convention
• Aviation Act No. 74 of 1962
• ICAO Technical Instructions
• ICAO Technical Instruction Supplement
• Civil Aviation Regulations of 1997; Part 92
• SA-CATS-DG
• ICAO Emergency Response Guidance for aircraft
incidents involving dangerous goods
• Part 141 Dangerous Goods Training
• IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations – used by
industry (mostly IATA Members) – contains all the
requirements in the ICAO Technical Standards
5. USE OF THE ICAO TECHNICAL
INSTRUCTIONS and IATA DGR Manual
• Classify & identify proper shipping name
• Check if permitted on passenger/cargo aircraft or
if forbidden
• If forbidden, check if subject to exemption
• Check quantity and packaging
• Prepare consignment – mark/label/document
• Sign Transport Document and offer for transport
• State Variation Requirements
• Operator Variations
6. LIMITATIONS OF DANGEROUS GOODS ON
AIRCRAFT
• Forbidden for air transport under any circumstances
- certain explosives
- substances liable to produce dangerous evolution of
heat
• Forbidden for transport unless exempted by various
States
• Acceptable for transport on both Passenger and Cargo
Aircraft
• Forbidden for transport on a Passenger Aircraft,
but acceptable on Cargo Aircraft only
7. LEARNING FROM THE MISFORTUNES OF
OTHERS
PROBABLE CAUSE
• Valujet 592; Chemical Oxygen Generators
• Pan American B-707; Onboard nitric acid fire
• American Airlines DC-10; Chemical Oxygen
Generators
• Fed-Ex DC-10; Flammable Liquids in Lab
Machine
• Continental Airlines B-727; Safety Matches
• DC-8 Freighter in Dallas; Carbon Dioxide
fumes
• American Airlines DC-9; Hydrogen Peroxide
8. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
• Lack of training
• Negligence
• Reluctance to declare correct contents - Shippers
• Undeclared dangerous goods
• Mis-declared dangerous goods
• Lack of communication
• Incorrect packaging
9. UNDECLARED/HIDDEN DANGEROUS GOODS
A MAJOR RISK TO THE SAFETY OF CIVIL
AVIATION
• Risk to the safety of passengers & crew
• Risk of explosion
• Risk of smoke or fire
• Risk of incapacitation of crew – toxic inhalation
• Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
• Exposure to contaminated substances/liquids
• Risk to aircraft radiation contamination
• Incompatible dangerous goods - a ticking
time bomb
19. How Could They Have Been Prevented
• Correct content declaration
• Correct classification
• Adequately trained personnel
• Educated clients
• Documented and packed as dangerous goods
• UN Specification packaging
• Concerted effort by all to ensure an overall
level of safety (Don’t buck the system)
20. SUPPLY CHAIN (AS STRONG AS ITS
WEAKEST LINK)
Consolidator
Road C
A
R
Rail G
O
CARRIER
Sea T
Freight E
Forwarder/ R
Agent M
Shipper/ I
N
A
Courier L
Org.
PACKER
21. SUPPLY CHAIN - GENERAL CONSIDERATION
• Communication - Instructions from shipper clear
• Compliance with relevant regulations
• Supply chain commercially driven – No shortcuts
• Packing - 99% of undeclared dangerous goods not packed
in accordance with the regulations
• Honesty/trust - Reluctance of Shippers to declare contents
• Safety/security consciousness – do not compromise safety
• Know what you are shipping
• Liability issues in Supply Chain
• Dangerous goods packing organisations can
assist
22. SHIPPER’S RESPONSIBILITY GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
• Dangerous Goods not to be transported under any
circumstances
• Identified/classified
• Packed – essential component/Valid Package
Performance Test Certificate – expiry date of
packaging
• UN Specified Packaging
• Marked
• Labelled
• Accompanied by a properly executed transport
document (Shippers Declaration)
• Transport document to be signed by trained
personnel
23. OPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITY
• Acceptance Procedures
• Storage and loading
• Inspection
• Retention of records
• Training
• Provision of information, Including emergency
response information
24. DANGEROUS GOODS TRAINING
• Requirement of regulations – ICAO/CARS and
IATA DGR
• Job Specific
• Different categories of training
oShippers personnel involved in the preparation
of a dangerous goods shipment and contractors
oAir Operators personnel/aircrew/cabin
crew/acceptance personnel/warehouse/drivers
oRamp personnel/security screening personnel
oFreight Forwarders/processing dangerous
goods
• Training by a CAA accredited organisation
25. ENFORCEMENT BY THE APPROPRIATE
AUTHORITY (SACAA)
• CAR 185 & Section 19 of the Aviation Act of 1962
• Criminal charges - on conviction; fine or
imprisonment or to both fine & imprisonment
• First Time Offender – if not serious - warning
• Injury to persons or damage to property; SAPS
will consider findings before moving for possible
prosecution
• Safety/security is a co-operative venture
26. ROLE OF SHIPPERS IN TRANSPORTING
DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR
• Transported in accordance with Regulations
• Overall level of safety maintained at all times
• Security of dangerous goods
• Personnel current in dangerous goods training
• Ongoing training
• Educate clients &personnel about dangerous
goods
• If a chemical is forbidden for transportation by
Air check with CAA if Exemption is applicable
27. TODAY’S CHALLENGES
• Multi-modal transport – stake holders acting in silos?
• Vision for the future – key role players
• Fragmented regulations
• Proper management
• Identification of critical issues
• International requirements
• Complexities in compliance
• Harmonisation – A distant dream?
Hinweis der Redaktion
In 1953 the member Airlines of IATA recognised the growing need of transportation by Air of Dangerous Goods ( articles and Substances having Harzadous properties) which if not properly controlled could adversely affect the safety of passengers, crew and or Aircraft on which they are carried. Eperience in other modes of transport had demosntrated that this articles can be transported provided that they are properly packed and the quantities in each package were properly limited. Using this experience together with the industry knowledge, IATA developed the first Regulations for Dangerous Gooods Transpotation by Air, and the first edition of the DGR manual was published in 1956 as the IATA Restricted Articles Regulations.