2. FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels can be in the form of solids (coal), liquids
(petroleum) or gas (natural gas, methane).
They are believed to be fossilized remains of dead
animals and plants which have been exposed to heat
and a high degree of pressure over many millions of
years.
A study claimed that fossil fuels were involved in as
much as 86% of the primary global energy.
3. FOSSIL FUELS IN DAILY LIFE
Electricity: The most common use of fossil fuels is the
generation of electricity. Fossil fuels like coal run most
of the power plants in the world that generate
electricity.
5. THE ISSUE TODAY
Since we burn fossil fuels, using these fuels has become
an environmental issue.
Environmental problems such as greenhouse gas
accumulation, acidification, air pollution, water
pollution, are caused due to pollutants being released
in the air that are contained in fossil fuel
structures, e.g. sulphur and nitrogen.
The largest emissions of carbon dioxide into the air are
due to coal combustion. Still, it continues to be used
because it is cheaper.
6. ENERGY PLANTATION
Energy plantation is a process of producing energy.
Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas
represent the prime energy sources in the world
i.e., approximately 80% of the total use of more than
400 EJ(exajoules) per year.
However, it is anticipated that these sources of energy
will be depleted within the next 40–50 years.
Moreover, the expected environmental damages such
as the global warming and acid rain due to the
production of emissions from these sources have
tempted the world to try to reduce carbon emissions.
7. It can be reduced by 80% and shift towards utilizing a
variety of renewable energy resources (RES) which are
less environmentally harmful such as
solar, wind, biomass...etc in a sustainable way.
World energy supplies have been dominated by fossil
fuels for decades. Today biomass contributes about 10–
15% of this demand.
To prevent this renewable sources such as wind, solar
energy and Biomass must be used.
8. BIOMASS
Agricultural or Natural
waste is considered as
Biomass.
Biomass means living
matter.
E.g. Coconut
shell, wood, sugarcane
trash, rice husk, corn
waste, palm waste and
wooden chips.
This picture is taken from google
11. METHODOLOGY
Biomass can be converted to fuel by means of
numerous processes.
The actual choice of a process will depend on the type
and quantity of available biomass feedstock, the
desired energy carrier, environmental
standards, economic conditions and other factors.
For example, biomass can be directly burned as a fuel.
However, this manner of use can be regarded as a
source of very substantial pollution.
12. Therefore, it is necessary to convert biomass into
liquid or gaseous fuels which can replace oil.
A large variety of liquid and gaseous fuels can be
derived from biomass. There are many types of
process, here are the some main process.
Types:
1) Direct Combustion
2) Pyrolysis
3) Gasification
4) Chemical conversion
13. DIRECT COMBUSTION
Biomass can be burned directly in waste-to-energy
plants without any chemicals processing to produce
steam for making electricity.
Direct combustion and co-firing with coal for
electricity production from biomass has been found to
be a promising method in the nearest future.
Also biomass can be burned to provide heat for
industries and homes.
14. PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis of biomass is thermal decomposition of the
organic matters in the absence of oxygen.
Pyrolysis is a relatively slow chemical reaction
occurring at low temperatures to convert biomass to a
more useful fuel such as hydrocarbon rich gas mixture
and a carbon rich solid residue.
The main products of biomass pyrolysis depend on the
temperature, heating rate, particle size and catalyst
used.
The main pyrolysis reaction is
Biomass → Charcoal + Volatile matter
15. GASIFICATION
Gasification is the thermo chemical conversion of
biomass into gaseous fuels by means of partial
oxidation of the biomass at high temperatures.
The combustion products from complete combustion
of biomass generally contain nitrogen, water
vapor, carbon dioxide and surplus of oxygen.
However in gasification where there is a surplus of
solid fuel (incomplete combustion) the products of
combustion are combustible gases like Carbon
monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2) and traces of Methane
and non-useful products like tar and dust.
16. The production of these gases is by reaction of water
vapor and carbon dioxide through a glowing layer of
charcoal.
Thus the key to gasifier design is to create conditions
such that
a) biomass is reduced to charcoal and,
b) charcoal is converted at suitable temperature
to produce CO and H2.
17. CHEMICAL CONVERSION
Biomass can be converted into gas or liquid fuels by
using chemicals or heat.
In India cow manure is converted to methane gas to
produce electricity.
Methane gas can be converted to methanol, a liquid
form of methane.
18. CONCLUSION
The production of coal in our country is very low and
nowadays it is imported from Australia, after 40-50
years there will be lack of coal in our country.
So I conclude that from now on if we develop biomass
energy plantation in large scale it will be very useful
for our future generation and this will lead to pollution
free country and on the basis of demand on fuel, it can
also be used as a vehicle fuel.
