cardiorenal syndrome-a new emphasis

1. CARDIORENAL SYNDROME Dr.PraveenNagula Dr.Nagula Praveen

2. Sir Arthur Guyton

3. Case scenario 71 yr old man complaints of severe SOB and chest pain. Past h/o HTN,CHF--NYHA IV,CKD. Temporary dialysis 3-4 times /week for acute on chronic CKD. b/lcrackles,pedal edema. CXR cardiomegaly,smallrt pleural effusion,pulmonary venous congestion. Echo –LVH,DD,EF 40%,PASP 45 mmHg. BUN -22 mmol/l s. creatinine was2.23 mg/dl  CHF exacerbation–furosemide. Acute on chronic renal failure serum creatinine raised to 4.7 mg/dl –hemodialysis. Pericardial effusion and respiratory failure. Rx with milirinone,dopamine,dobutamine,furosemide,thoracocentesis,perciardiocentesis –patient improved.

4. Cardiorenal syndrome type 2

6. Definition

7. Epidemiology

8. Classification

9. Pathophysiology

10. Severe cardiorenal syndrome

11. Diagnosis

12. Treatment

13. Prognosis

14. Future

15. Trials

18. A pathophysiologic condition in which combined cardiac and renal dysfunction amplifies progression of the failure of the individual organ , so that CV morbidity and mortality in this patient group is at least an order of magnitude higher than in the general population -Eur Heart Journal :vol 26 :2008

20. EPIDEMIOLOGY Age adjusted CVD mortality is about 30 times higher in CKD than in general population. Risk of dying because of cardiovascular causes in patients with ESRD – 65 times higher in pts with 45-54 yrs, 500 times higher than general population in young cohort. 1/3 of patients with mild renal impairment –h/o overt CVD. Pretransplant CVD risk marker of post transplant CVD –loss of grafts.

21. CLASSIFICATION World congress of nephrology Based on patho physiology 5 sub types 1.CRS type 1 : acute cardio-renal syndrome 2.CRS type 2 : chronic cardio-renal syndrome 3.CRS type 3 : acute reno-cardiac syndrome 4.CRS type 4 : chronic reno-cardiac syndrome 5.CRS type 5 : seconary cardio-renal syndrome

22. Guyton model Extensively described normal physiological interactions between the control of extracellular fluid volume by the kidney and the systemic circulation by the heart.

24. Cardiorenal connection When one of the organs fails , a vicious cycle develops in which the reninangiotensin system ,the NO-ROS balance,SNS ,inflammation interact and synergize ,here called the cardiorenal connection

25. Important molecules NGAL—neutophilgelatinaseassosciatedlipocalin. Cystatin C Kidney injury molecule 1 N acetyl β (D) glucosaminidase Netrin 1 NHE –sodium hydrogen exchanger GST –glutathione s transferase L FABP –l type fatty acid binding protein. IL-6,8,18

26. Anemia –a crucial factor in the vicious cycle of CRS Integral part of advanced renal failure. Independent effect on CVD in CKD Every 1 gm/dl drop in mean hemoglobin –risk of cardiac failure increases by 25%. Increases LVH by 42%,increases death risk by 14%. Erythropoietin levels barely go up –TNF,IL -6 . TNF – interferes with absorption of iron from gut. Proteinuria –loss of EPO ,Iron ,transferrin---anemia . Glycosylation of interstitial cells –EPO in diabetics.

30. Blood pressure Blunting of nocturnal BP in uremics It is due to LVH or it leads to LVH High risk of vascular diseases in CKD. Decreased cardiac perfusion due to LVH –ischemia. At any given SBP –pulse pressure > 50 mm hg correlates with increased risk of death.

31. Calcium phosphate product Prognephron loss- - phosphate retention , hypocalcemia- sec hyperparathyroidism. It is independent risk factor of CVD. >60 mg2/m2 ---metastatic calcification. Vascular calcification begins 10-20 yrs earlier in these patients. Calcium regulatory proteins deficiency -- x2 heremanschmidglycoprotein,matrix G1 a protein –extraosseus calcification.

32. Proteinuria,hypoalbuminemia Hypoalbuminemia Hyperlipidemia Coagulation abnormalities following hyperfibrinogenemia , increase in factor III,vWBF. Microalbuminuria—marker of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Hypoalbuminemia—risk factor in HD pts. Hyperhomocysteinemia , impaired NO synthesis. Increased plasma volume in HD pts. Albumin-- Negative acute phase protein. Increased acute phase proteins in HD pts.

34. Down regulates albumin mRNA.

35. Inhibits albumin synthesis , inhibits appetite directly , indirectly through leptin.

37. Angiotensin II RAAS –diabetics and HTN Angiotensin II –vasoactivepeptide,true cytokine that regulates cell growth,inflammation and fibrosis. Increases TNF alpha,IL-6,NF kB Stimulates superoxide lipid peroxidation and inactivation of NO producing oxidative stress. Promotes atherosclerosis. Endothelial cell apoptosis MMP 1,MMP-9 lead to proliferation,migration of smooth muscles cells—fibrosis.

39. Moderate levels 16-30umol/l in CKD.(4.4-10.8umol/L)

40. Enhances vascular smooth muscle proliferation.

41. Prothrombotic environment in coagulation.

42. Activates factor V,X,XII.

43. Decreased activation of protein C, thrombomodulin.

44. Modualtion of annexin II.

47. E selectin,VCAM -1 ICAM 1 by endothelial cells.—chemoattractant to monocytes,mediated by MCP 1.

48. Opsonises LDL

49. Activates complement via classical pathway.

50. Decreases NO synthesis.

51. Progression of atherosclerosis.

53. CRS Type 1 Ronco, C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527-1539 Copyright ©2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

54. Early diagnosis of CRS type 1 is important as serum creatinine rises when the AKI is already established. Novel biomarkers are needed –rise within few hours of onset of AKI NGAL –neutrophilgelatinaseassosiatedlipocalin –earliest and sensitive marker of ischemic/nephrotoxic injury detected in blood /urine. Kidney injury molecule 1 is a highly specific marker for ischemic AKI.

55. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of AKI

56. Management of CRS 1 Diuretics–useful in volume overloaded non hypotensive patients. Loop diuretics ,thiazides Overzealous use –worsening renal function Exacerbates neuro hormonal activity , activates RAAS , Inc SVR ,worsens LVF . Inotropes --dopamine,dobutamine,milirinone Vasodialtors – nesiritide Wang et al –no effect of nesirtide on GFR, RPF,urine output ,sodium excretion Ultrafiltration(aquapheresis) Arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists—tolvaptan EVEREST trial Adenosine A1 receptor antagonists

57. CRS type 2 Chronic congestive cardiac failure –chronically reduced renal perfusion –chronic renal venous congestion—chronic renal dysfunction. Prevalence of renal dysfunction in CHF is approx .25% Pathophysiology is poorly understood. ESCAPE study –no relation between the pulmonary artery catheter measured blood variables and serum creatinine.

58. Pathophysiology Low cardiac output--- activation of RAAS –SNS ---subclinical inflammation ---endothelial dysfunction—increased renal vascular resistance—accelerated atherosclerosis. Relative or absolute erythropoietin deficiency. Activation of the receptor of erythropoietin leads to reduced risk of apoptosis , inflammation and fibrosis.

60. CRS Type 2 Ronco, C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527-1539 Copyright ©2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

61. Management Diuretics – volume expanded state ACEI ARBs block RAAS ---decLVH,proteinuria,decrease progression of CKD . Vasodilators may also be useful.

62. Cardiorenal syndrome type 3 AKI --- RAAS , NO reactive oxygen species , SNS.---acute cardiac dysfunction by fluid overload and accelerated HTN ---manifested as acute pulmonary edema. Hyperkalemia---cardiac arryhthmias and SCD Metabolic acidosis –cardiac inotropy –pulmonary vasoconstriction –RHF. Acute uremia --- myocardial contractility affected. Renal ischemia --- SIRS –proinflammatory cytokines--- delayed cardiodepressant response. Cardiac troponins , NT pro BNP,TNF,IL—6, Myeloperoxidase ---early detection

63. CRS Type 3 Ronco, C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527-1539 Copyright ©2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

64. Management Rx of accelerated HTN ,hyperkalemia,metabolic acidosis. Hemodialysis. CRRT

65. CRS 4 Primary CKD –CHF Microalbuminuria ---increases CV risk by 2-4 times. Declining GFR – assosciated with increasing CV risk. Anemia, hypervolemia , HTN, abn calcium and phosphate metabolism,oxidative stress and inflammation,endothelialdysfunction,ADMA,hyperhomocystenemia,proteinuria Hypervolemia and hypertension – lvh –IHD—DCM Abnormal calcium and phosphate metabolism --- coronary artery calcification noted.

66. CRS Type 4 Ronco, C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527-1539 Copyright ©2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

67. Oxidative stress and inflammation : enzymes involved are NADPH oxidase,SOD,NOS,myeloperoxidase are capable of oxdizing LDL. Increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers like CRP,IL-6,fibrinogen –along with oxidized LDL – proatherogenic – endothelial dysfunction. Worsened by co existing hypoalbuminemia.---scavenger Increased production of AGE ---pentosidine N carbo methyl lysine --accelerated atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction – ADMA ADMA –competitive inhibitor of NO synthase.renal tissue.

68. Management Cessation of smoking,control of diabetes,HTN. Correction of anemia –iron supplements and erythropoietin Hb 11-12 gm % hct >36% Loop diuretics ,ACEI, ARB s,bb Calcium * phosphate ionic product to be kept below 50 mg2/m2 Sevelamer –better one in retarding calcification. Statins --anti proteinuric effect Vitamin E N acetyl cysteine.

69. CRS 5 Cardiac and renal dysfunction due to acute or chronic systemic cause. Sepsis acutely. Diabetes,amylodiosis,SLE TNF alpha , IL 1B, IL – 6. Pathophysiology of CRS type 1 and 3 – sepsis CRS type 2 and 4 –chronic

70. CRS Type 5 Ronco, C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527-1539 Copyright ©2008 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Restrictions may apply.

72. Management Treatment of underlying cause. Vasopressors Inotropes Diuretics Intensive renal replacement therapy in sepsis.

83. Major disadvantage is angioedema. Adenosine A1receptor antagonist BG 9719. Targeted renal delivery of drugs—fenoldopam ,nesiritide.

84. Trials EVEREST trial ESCAPE study HOPE,HDFP,MRFIT,HOT ,framingham heart study--- increased cardiovascular risk begins early in renal insufficiency. SHARP trial—lowering of LDL by 1 mmol/l for for 4-5 yrs reduces risk of coronary event by 20%. EUPHORIA trial UNLOAD trial

85. Future early diagnosis of the syndrome is needed. Pathophysiology of the syndrome to be known in detail. New alternative therapies other than diuretics are expected with results from large trials. The transplantation of organs to be encouraged. Diagnostic criteria to be developed.

86. Take home message CRS is a pathophysiological condition. Treatment is to be individualized based on the etiology. Early diagnosis is important for better survival. Early novel biomarkers are to be used in diagnosis. Each patient with either CKD,CVD to be assessed with risk factors and followed up. Scope for research.

89. Medicine update ,volume 20,2010.

90. Oxford journals – guyton revisited SCRS

91. JACC – vol 52,no.19 2008---cardiorenal syndrome.

92. Medscape education.

93. Experimental and clinical cardiology—pubmed.