Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, located in eastern Denmark, with over 1.1 million residents in its metropolitan area. It has consistently ranked as one of the best cities in the world for quality of life. The city is also considered very environmentally friendly, with clean water in its inner harbor suitable for swimming and over a third of residents commuting by bicycle daily.

2. COPENHAGEN
Copenhagen is the capital and largest
city of Denmark, with an urban area with a
population of 1,167,569 (2009).
Location Copenhagen has repeatedly been
of recognized as one of the cities with the
Copenhag best quality of life and in 2008 it was
en in singled out as the Most Liveable City in
Denmark the World by international lifestyle
magazine Monocle on their Top 25 Most
Liveable Cities 2008 list.
It is also considered one of the world's
most environmentally friendly cities with
the water in the inner harbour being so
clean that it can be used for swimming and
36 % of all citizens commuting to work by
bicycle, every day bicycling a total 1.1
million km.

3. What is the Copenhagen Earth Summit?
What is the Copenhagen Earth Summit?
 From December 7 2009 environment ministers and
officials will meet in Copenhagen for the United
Nations climate conference to thrash out a successor
to the Kyoto protocol.
 The conference, held at the modern Bella Centre, will
run for two weeks.
 The talks are the latest in an annual series of UN
meetings that trace their origins to the 1992 Earth
Summit in Rio, which aimed at coordinating
international action against climate change.

4. Kyoto Protocol
 Adopted for use in 2005, The Kyoto Protocol is an
international environmental treaty under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that
established legally binding guidelines for the reduction of four
greenhouse gasses (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur
hexafluoride) and the gas groups of hydrofluorocarbons and
perfluorocarbons.
 Industrialized countries that ratified, or “agreed to”, the
protocol committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
5.2% over 1990’s emission rate. As of January 2009, there
were 183 participating countries working to reduce their
emissions.

5. MAJOR PLAYERS
 Representatives of 192 countries meet in one of the most
widely anticipated international conferences in
Copenhagen.
 Main Players from the developing countries were
India, China and the developed countries were the
European and American Countries.

6. The Summit Agenda
 Implementing low carbon solution
 Low carbon competitiveness
 Business strategies on climate change

7. Key elements of Copenhagen
Accord
 An inspirational goal of limiting global temperature increase to 2
degrees Celsius;
 A process for countries to enter their specific mitigation pledges by
January 31, 2010; broad terms for the reporting and verification of
countries’ actions;
 A collective commitment by developed countries for $30 billion in “new
and additional” resources in 2010-2012 to help developing countries
reduce emissions, preserve forests, and adapt to climate change;
 The accord also calls for the establishment of a Copenhagen Green
Climate Fund, a High Level Panel to examine ways of meeting the 2020
finance goal, a new Technology Mechanism, and a mechanism to
channel incentives for reduced deforestation.

8. Countries initiatives to maintain the
momentum

9. Final Outcome

10. Reactions
 Governmental
 US - "We've come a long way but we have much further
to go.“
 UK - "We have made a start but that the agreement
needed to become legally binding quickly. And accused
a small number of nations of holding the Copenhagen
talks to ransom.
 China- "The meeting has had a positive result, everyone
should be happy.“
 India- "We can be satisfied that we were able to get our
way"

11. Reactions
 Non-Governmental
 "good but not adequate.“
 "an abject failure".
 "effectively signed a death warrant for many of the
world's poorest children.”
 "The city of Copenhagen is a crime scene tonight. There
are too few politicians in this world capable of looking
beyond the horizon of their own narrow self-interest".

12. Analysis
Despite widely held expectations that the
Copenhagen summit would produce a legally binding
treaty, the conference was plagued by negotiating
deadlock and the resulting "Copenhagen Accord" is
not legally enforceable.
Failures were blamed on Developed as well as
Developing Countries

15. Purity and Impurity
 Pure things: Ganga, saints, gold, Brahmans, ritual
implements
 impure things: bodily substances, dead
bodies, menstrual blood, birth, death, leather, hair

18. Gandagi
 pan spit, excrement
 dirty wastewater drains and solid waste
 soap from bathing and washing
 bad business
 Moral degeneracy in the Kali Yuga

20. Can religious groups and institutions
help?
 Create public awareness
 Mobilize sentiment toward specific goals
 Put pressure on agencies controlling water and
wastewater management
 Maintain a public appreciation for and worship of
rivers
 Connect the study of ecology, hydrology and water
resources to fundamental values, beliefs and
worldviews

23. Swatcha Ganga Campaign

24. RIVER ACTION PLAN
• CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to formulation of
action plan for restoration of the water body.
• Based on CPCB’s Recommendations, Ganga Action Plan was launched in
1986 to restore the WQ of the Ganga by interception, diversion and
treatment of wastewater from 27 cities/towns located along the river.
• Based on the experience gained during implementation of the Ganga
Action Plan, Govt of India extends river cleaning programme to other
rivers and lakes.

25. Objective of Ganga Action Plan Phase I
At the time of launching the main objective of GAP was to
improve the water quality of Ganga to acceptable standards
by preventing the pollution load reaching the river. However, as
decided in a meeting of the Monitoring Committee in
June, 1987, under the Chairmanship of Prof. M.G.K.
Menon, then Member, Planning Commission, the objective of
GAP was recast as restoring the river water quality to the
Bathing Class standard which is as follows:
Bio-Chemical Oxygen 3 mg/l maximum
Demand Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l minimum
Total Coliform 10,000 per 100 ml
Faecal Coliform 25,00 per 100 ml

26. Objective of Water Quality Monitoring
# For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their
prioritisation;
# To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different
water bodies or their part;
# To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in
existence;
# To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
# To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing
cost on pollution control;
# To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.
# To assess the fitness of water for different uses.

27. The Sankat Mochan Foundation, Varanasi, India (SMF)
 Founded in 1982 and working as a catalyst agent to arouse interest in
cleaning Ganga, SMF drew the attention of the Government Of India.
 In response, the Government created the Central Ganga Authority
(CGA) and the Ganga Project Directorate (GPA) in 1985.
 In 1986, the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched to clean the Ganga
River in Varanasi and other important cities.
 A total of about 4oo crores Rs. (out of which 50 crores were spent in
Varanasi) had been spent to intercept and divert the sewage coming
into the river, to treat the sewage, and to create a distribution system to
allow the treated sewage to be used by farmers for agricultural
purposes

28. Salient features of the SMF proposal for the GAP
phase II include:
 A pond system (AIWPS); a total interception and diversion of the
sewage currently flowing into the Ganges using a watertight interceptor
running parallel to the river.
 This interceptor would use no electricity-dependent pumps and would
depend on gravity for sewage removal to completely bypass the
religious bathing areas.
 The proposed sewage treatment system described by the SMF is
technically appropriate and is already working effectively. SMF needs to
be able to support the needed technical work to fully formulate the
construction plans for the sewage collection and treatment
systems. There is much to be done, but success is definitely in sight.

29. Govt to take IITs’ help in effort to clean
up Ganga :
 India has turned to seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) to help
it prepare a plan to clean the Ganga. The move comes after the
government has failed to do so after spending around Rs 900 crore over
25 years through the Ganga Action Plan.
 The joint committee comprising representatives from the IITs at
Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee
will submit their first plan to the ministry of environment and forests
(MoEF) . Jairam Ramesh, India’s environment minister, said the
situation would have been worse without GAP and added that the
“involvement of the IITs is a good step for the Ganga and all other river
conservation (efforts) in the future.”
 IIT-Kanpur will co-ordinate the effort, monitor progress of the plan
and help set up a project management board and project
implementation and coordination committee, according to the
agreement between the ministry and the IITs (both in Uttarakhand)
has been shelved

30. Unfortunately, the GAP was monopolized by the
bureaucracy and there was no room for citizens or the SMF
to participate effectively in implementation of the GAP.
With support received from SBI and SNF, the SMF set up a
first class water quality testing lab at Tulsi Ghat on the
banks of the Ganga in Varanasi and started monitoring the
river’s water quality, the quality of treated effluent coming
out of the sewage treatment plant, and the overall
performance of the GAP.

31. International Conference on Rivers, Kumbha
Mela 2001

32. New initiative seeks to protect river :
 In November 2010, the government declared the Ganges a
national river and established the Ganga River Basin
Authority to protect the river.

This new initiative comes a quarter of a century after the
first "Clean Ganga Campaign" began.

The government says its plan replaces older piecemeal
efforts with an integrated approach that looks at both the
quantity and the quality of the water flow.
 Now the government of India has considered Ganga Mya as
a national river. We are giving thanks to them after 50 years
Ganga is a matter of pride for all the Ganga putras.”

33. National River Conservation Directorate
The Central Ganga Authority, established in 1985 under
the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, lays down the
policies for works to be taken up under the Ganga
Action Plan. With the approval of the National River
Conservation Plan (NRCP) in July 1995, the Central
Ganga Authority has been redesignated as the
NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION DIRECTORATE
(NRCD). The NRCD coordinates the implementation of
the schemes under the Ganga and other Action Plans.

34. The methodology

35. Impact of Schemes on Health
 The efficacy of the schemes taken up under the Ganga Action Plan in the
towns of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Nabadweep (West Bengal) was
evaluated for the effects on the health of the people particularly those who
were directly affected by Ganga water.
 All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, Calcutta along with
NEERI, Nagpur carried out studies in these towns.
 The studies revealed that as the projects under GAP were being completed
there was a decreasing trend in the incidence of water borne diseases.
 However, in case of sewage farm workers handling untreated sewage, there
was prevalence of diarrhea, helminthic infection, skin diseases and
respiratory tract infection.

36. Limitations of Monitoring Programme
 Problems in data validation due to fluctuation in water
quality.
 Flow in many rivers dwindles due to short period of
monsoon.
 Environmental flows are not maintained, hence only urban
wastewater flows in the rivers after major abstraction points.
 Removal of outliers during validation of data may devoid
valuable information related to flushing of Industrial effluents
responsible for episodal pollution and fish kill.
 Need of software for processing, validation/trend analyses
and format data storage.
 Priorities for water quality management varies widely from
developed countries to developing countries.

37. Constraints in Maintaining the Network
 Sustainability of infrastructure and maintenance of
instruments and equipments.
 Financial as well as Manpower resources are inadequate
and reducing due to policy shift.
 Travel to long distances for monitoring and preservation of
samples in warm weather conditions adversely affect the
results.
 Analysis results needs in-depth validation and repeated
interaction with laboratories.
 Improper reporting of units, variation in analysis methods
and quality control of chemicals are cause of concern.
 Lack of training for laboratory and field staff.
 Lack of software to analyse the data for trend analyses and
data validation.

38. Problem areas (Iyer)
 forecasts of water scarcity, food insecurity; drought-prone
areas, arid zones, and other water-short areas
 flood-related damages and loss
 bitter and divisive inter-State river-water disputes and
ineffectiveness of the constitutional conflict-resolution
mechanism
 unresolved issues relating to rivers with Pakistan, Nepal and
Bangladesh
 acute water conflicts between users (agriculture / industry/
drinking water) and between areas (rural / urban)
 difficulties meeting UN Millenium Development Goals for safe
drinking water and sanitation facilities
 depletion of groundwater aquifers
 shrinking of wetlands
 pollution and contamination of water sources
 overall waste of water
 uncertainties arising from predictions of climate change

39. Exploitation
 The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga River can be
characterised as follows:
 Domestic and industrial wastes. It has been estimated that about 1.4 ×
106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0.26 × 106 m3 d-1 of industrial
sewage are going into the river.
 Solid garbage thrown directly into the river.
 Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing
residues of harmful pesticides and fertilizers.
 Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses
thrown into the river.
 Defecation on the banks by the low-income people.
 Mass bathing and ritualistic practices.

40. The Action Plan
It was realised that comprehensive co-ordinated research
would have to be conducted on the following aspects of Ganga:
• The sources and nature of the pollution.
• A more rational plan for the use of the resources of the
Ganga for agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries,
forests, etc.
• The demographic, cultural and human settlements on the
banks of the river.
• The possible revival of the inland water transport facilities
of the Ganga, together with the tributaries and
distributaries.

41. Strategies

42. Strategies
 Industrial waste
 Integrated improvements of urban environments
 Public Participation
 Technology option
 Operation and maintenance
 Implementation problems
 River Water Quality Management

43. Conclusion
 The GAP is a successful example of timely action due
to environmental awareness at the governmental level.
 Lessons learned
 poor resource recovery due to poor resource generation,
 the need for control of pathogenic contamination in
treated effluent